某电子垃圾拆解园周边农田土壤中多环芳烃的污染特征及风险评估

研究了某电子垃圾拆解园周边151个农田土壤样品中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染特征和环境风险。结果表明,125个表层土壤样品中PAHs总质量浓度在149.0~2.0×104μg/kg,均值为1 805.5μg/kg,随着剖面土壤深度增加,PAHs含量总体呈递减趋势。通过来源解析,电子拆解园周围土壤中PAHs污染主要由废弃的电子电器元件的粗放燃烧和汽车尾气排放共同引起。土壤风险评估表明,7种类二噁英毒性PAHs的毒性当量(TEQPAH)在6.000×10-5~0.689pg TEQ/g,平均值为0.015pg TEQ/g;苯并(a)芘、二苯并(a,h)蒽、苯并(a)蒽、苯并(b)荧蒽、茚并(1,2,3-cd)芘致癌风险率超出百万分之一的样本比例分别为20.53%、6.62%、1.99%、2.65%、2.65%,其中采样点1、68两个点位表层土壤的苯并(b)荧蒽致癌风险率超过了万分之一。     

京郊灌渠水体和底泥中多环芳烃污染特征

以美国环境保护署(USEPA)公布的16种优先控制多环芳烃(PAHs)作为目标污染物,对通州区和大兴区灌渠水体和底泥中PAHs种类、浓度进行研究,并进行源解析,以了解京郊灌渠水体和底泥中PAHs的污染现状和主要污染来源,为农业环境保护和农产品质量安全提供科学依据和数据支持。结果表明:通州区灌渠水体和底泥中16种PAHs全部检出,水体和底泥中总PAHs分别为2.19~83.02 ng/L、52.61~785.22μg/kg;大兴区灌渠水体中检出15种PAHs,底泥中检出13种PAHs,水体和底泥中总PAHs分别为2.72~36.56 ng/L、2.69~39.20μg/kg。灌渠水体中以2~3环PAHs为主,底泥中以4~6环PAHs为主。     

南宁市城市近郊型地下河表层沉积物多环芳烃污染特征及来源解析

为研究西南岩溶地区城市近郊型地下河沉积物中多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染特征及来源,选择南宁市清水泉地下河进行分析,沿地下河流动方向共采集8个表层沉积物样品,并检测16种PAHs的含量。结果表明,地下河表层沉积物中总PAHs为257.7～609.5ng/g(基于表层沉积物干质量计算),整体浓度处于中等污染水平;从PAHs组成来看,16种PAHs均被检出,且含量表现为4环PAHs5～6环PAHs2～3环PAHs;空间分布规律呈下游中游上游的趋势,且2～3环PAHs占比先增大后降低,而4～6环PAHs占比变化则相反;不同区域的PAHs来源各不相同,上游地区PAHs为燃烧来源,中游地区PAHs为石油来源,下游地区为混合来源,燃烧来源、石油来源与混合来源对PAHs的贡献率分别为28.4%、16.5%和55.1%。     

西安市各功能区7月大气降尘中多环芳烃污染特征及风险评价

为了解西安市7月大气降尘中多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染特征,在对西安市各功能区7月大气降尘样品采集的基础上,测定分析了样品中PAHs的含量、组成、来源、生态健康风险及其与总有机碳(TOC)的关系。结果表明:(1)西安市7月大气降尘中PAHs为0.92～20.60μg/g,平均值为8.10μg/g,其中荧蒽、菲、芘、和苯并[a]芘含量相对较大。各功能区大气降尘中PAHs主要以4环为主。(2)PAHs与TOC之间存在显著相关性,而各单体PAHs与TOC呈现不同程度的相关性。(3)西安市7月大气降尘中PAHs主要来源于机动车排放、燃煤和低温燃烧。(4)依据终生癌症风险增量(ILCR)模型,大气降尘中PAHs对不同暴露人群的风险值均为10~(-6)～10~(-4),存在人体可耐受致癌风险。生态风险评价显示,大气降尘中PAHs污染存在潜在生态风险。     

鞍山市城区夏季PM_(2.5)中多环芳烃组成特征及来源解析

通过采集鞍山市城市PM_(2.5)样品,使用气相色谱—质谱联用仪分析PM_(2.5)样品中的多环芳烃(PAHs)含量,并进行PAHs组成特征及来源研究。结果表明,鞍山市6个采样点13种PAHs质量浓度总和为10.54~14.26ng/m3,平均为12.08ng/m3,苯并[a]芘日均浓度均未超过《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095—2012)日均浓度限值;低分子量PAHs比例较低,5、6环PAHs呈相对优势分布,表明交通污染源对鞍山市PM_(2.5)中的PAHs贡献较大;利用比值法和主成分分析(PCA)法对PAHs来源进行解析,两种方法均表明,PAHs污染主要来自柴油、煤炭燃烧源和焦炉源,污染类型为煤烟和交通复合型。     

北京西三环地区大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的分布

2012年3-8月对北京西三环地区大气颗粒物进行分级采样,利用气相色谱(GC)/质谱(MS)联用仪对颗粒物中多环芳烃(PAHs)含量进行测定.结果表明,检出的16种PAHs总质量浓度(∑16PAHs)平均为46.73ng/m3;苯并[a]蒽(BaA)等6种单体浓度与∑16PAHs呈良好线性关系;PAHs粒径分布特征表明,其更易富集在细颗粒物上;不同环数PAHs分布特征为:3环＞4环＞5环＞6环＞2环,随着颗粒粒径减小,高环数PAHs含量增加.温度、湿度和紫外线(UV)指数与∑16PAHs呈负相关.通过特征化合物比值分析法对PAHs进行源解析发现,采样期间PAHs主要来源为燃烧源,交通源影响微弱.     

某焦化厂PM2.5中多环芳烃的排放特征及其对周边环境影响

为了解焦化厂在装煤过程中产生的PM2.5及其周边区域空气环境PM2.5中多环芳烃（PAHs）的含量,采用微纤维石英滤膜对PM2.5采样,并通过气相色谱-质谱仪分析PM2.5上负载的16种毒性较大PAHs。结果表明：焦炉装煤除尘烟气PM2.5中PAHs的成分主要受到炼焦配煤的影响;布袋除尘器对装煤除尘烟气中高环PAHs的处理效果显著;焦化厂周边空气环境中PM2.5中的PAHs浓度呈明显空间递减趋势。采用特征比值法分析得到该区域空气环境中PAHs主要来源于煤炭燃烧,用毒性当量法分析得到焦化厂区域PM2.5中PAHs的毒性为其他区域的9~90倍,高环PAHs的毒性贡献较大。     

吉林省电厂周边农田土壤中多环芳烃含量特征及风险评价

为探究吉林省电厂周边农田土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)残留情况,选取了4座燃煤电厂,对其周边农田土壤中3种低环PAHs(萘(NAP)、菲(PHE)、蒽(ANT))和苯并(a)芘(BaP)进行了含量特征、污染水平、潜在风险及来源分析。结果表明:NAP、PHE、ANT和BaP均有检出,3种低环PAHs中ANT占比最高,与国内其他典型污染源周边农田相比,处于较低水平;综合质量基准法和质量标准法两种生态风险评价方法可知,电厂周边农田土壤生态风险水平较低;通过健康风险评价可知,BaP的致癌风险处于可接受范围,NAP、PHE和ANT不存在非致癌风险;电厂周边的农田土壤中PAHs主要来源于化石燃料、木材以及高分子化合物的燃烧。     

杭州市菜区苯并（a）芘污染状况的分析及防治对策

本文论述了菜区Bap的污染来源并分析了杭州市莱区土壤和蔬菜中Bap的含量,其中土壤中Bap浓度为42.32～376.75μg/kg,蔬菜中为0.0384～1.8128μg/kg干重;评述了蔬菜Bap污染程度;初步分析了污染土壤与蔬菜的关系;并提出防止菜区Bap污染的对策。     

皖江城市带3个典型城市地表灰尘中多环芳烃的分布特征、来源和健康风险

测定了皖江城市带合肥、芜湖、池州3个典型城市夏、冬两季的地表灰尘中多环芳烃(PAHs)含量,分析了PAHs的时空分布特征、与黑碳(BC)的相关性,并在对PAHs进行来源解析的基础上进行了健康风险评价。结果表明：总PAHs平均质量浓度以芜湖(5.20μg/g)最高,合肥(2.98μg/g)次之,池州(2.30μg/g)最低;商业区(4.22μg/g)、交通区(3.89μg/g)、工业区(3.48μg/g)的质量浓度高于绿地区(3.24μg/g)和住宅区(2.75μg/g);冬季(3.75μg/g)高于夏季(3.14μg/g)。地表灰尘中PAHs与BC的相关性不大,主要来源于交通的油类高温燃烧和石油挥发泄漏,以及煤和生物质的高温燃烧。3市的地表灰尘PAHs健康风险总体较低,只有皮肤接触途径存在潜在的健康风险。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.