Full-scale study of removal effect on Cyclops of zooplankton with chlorine dioxide

Cyclops of zooplankton propagated excessively in eutrophic water body and could not be effectively inactivated by the conventional disinfections process like chlorination due to its stronger resistance to oxidation. In this paper, a full-scale study of chlorine dioxide preoxidation cooperating with routine clarification process for Cyclops removal was conducted in a waterworks. The experimental results were compared with that of the existing prechlorination process in several aspects: including the Cyclops removal efficiencies of water samples taken from the outlets of sedimentation tank and sand filter and the security of drinking water and so on. The results showed that chlorine dioxide might be more effective to inactivate Cyclops than chlorine and Cyclops could be thoroughly removed from water by pre-dosing chlorine dioxide process. The GC-MS examination and Ames test further showed that the sort and amount of organic substance in the treated water by chlorine dioxide preoxidation were evidently less than that of prechlorination and the mutagenicity of drinking water treated by pre-dosing chlorine dioxide was substantially reduced compared with prechlorination.     

投饵养鱼对潘家口水库围隔中浮游植物及水质的影响

2009年8月～10月在潘家口水库进行现场围隔试验,研究了投饵、投饵单养鳙鱼(Aristichthy novilis)、鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio)及投饵混养鳙鲤鱼对浮游植物和水质的影响.结果表明,试验期间潘家口水库水体浮游植物密度维持在2.6×106个·L-1水平,氮、磷质量浓度比达112,磷是潜在的限制性...     

放养鲢鱼预处理高藻原水的除藻效能及特性

为减轻藻类对水厂常规处理工艺净水效能的影响,在某水厂预沉池中进行了放养滤食性鲢鱼去除高藻水中藻类的生产性试验研究.结果表明,以水华微囊藻为优势种的高藻原水经过在水厂预沉池放养鲢鱼进行预处理之后,藻类总量、蓝藻和水华微囊藻含量分别下降了了61.8%、76.1%和78.2%.原水藻类含量的大幅降低有效减轻了后续常规工艺的藻类负荷,为水处理创造了有利条件.分析认为鲢的滤食选择和不同的藻类规格是对蓝藻和绿藻不同去除效率的原因.试验表明,放养鲢鱼的生物控制技术适用于处理群体性蓝藻占优势地位的高藻原水.     

鲢鱼联合常规水处理工艺除藻特性

将鲢鱼引入到某水厂预沉池中用以去除藻类,并对该水厂从原水到滤后水中藻类种类和数量进行监测.结果表明,鲢鱼对水华微囊藻可进行有效滤食,但对单细胞绿藻滤食效果不佳,从而导致预沉池出水中水华微囊藻数量和比例大幅下降,使单细胞绿藻获得了更大的生长优势.预加氯对叶绿素a氧化作用显著.混凝沉淀过程对杆状藻类去除明显,具有较长突起尖刺的藻类会阻碍混凝沉淀效果.少量个体较小和突起物带有尖刺的藻类能够深入滤池.当原水中微囊藻浓度较高时,鲢鱼联合常规水处理工艺能够对藻类实现较为彻底的去除.     

次氯酸钠对剑水蚤灭活动力学及紫外强化灭活

水源水体富营养化导致剑水蚤孳生,进入供水系统后威胁供水安全.为高效控制剑水蚤污染风险,通过适当增加NaClO灭活CT值（NaClO浓度与接触时间乘积）范围,系统研究了NaClO对剑水蚤灭活动力学过程,同时探讨了紫外照射对灭活效果的强化作用.结果表明：NaClO对剑水蚤的灭活动力学过程符合迟滞型两阶段准一级动力学过程,灭活反应活化能为3774J/mol;pH值对灭活动力学过程的影响,主要通过改变溶液中HOCl和ClO^-物质的量及其化学稳定性来实现.当灭活CT值超出70mg min/L时,中性条件下NaClO对剑水蚤的灭活效率最高,碱性次之,酸性最差;浊度物质会削弱NaClO对剑水蚤的灭活效果,浊度物质会迟滞NaClO从液相主体向剑水蚤体表边界层的传质过程,被剑水蚤体表吸附后也会阻碍NaClO向剑水蚤体内的渗透过程.紫外照射尽管无法实现对剑水蚤的灭活,但可以强化NaClO对剑水蚤的灭活效果,经紫外照射后,剑水蚤灭活迟滞期消失或缩短,同时灭活反应速率常数增加.当pH值为6、7和8时,紫外照射预处理后,各自灭活反应速率常数分别由0.0093、0.02185和0.0206提高至0.0105、0.02673和0.0286.     

孤东水库水体富营养化评价及其生态控制研究

对孤东水库水生物状况进行系统调查和水体富营养状态进行评价,在此基础上,提出了生态修复技术,通过理论计算与试验确定草食性和滤食性鱼类的投放量,并进行了围格试验.结果表明,孤东水库菹草优势度达80%,浮游植物量为22,32mg/L,单位面积上的总磷浓度是0.310 g/(m<'2>·a),水体处于富营养化状态,通过保持孤东水库鲢、鳙鱼的水体生物量在19-25 g/m<'3>左右,在9月藻类繁殖高峰期,生物量由14.6 mg/L降为3 mg/L.总磷、总氮和高锰酸盐指数年均值分别由生态控制前的0.06 mg/L、3.06 mg/L和4.42 mg/L降为0.03 mg/L、1.58 mg/L和3.73 mg/L,水库水质改善效果明显,同时下游水厂的单方水药耗也由生态控制前的42g/rn3降至25g/m<'3>.试验证明,通过采用合理投放草食性和滤食性鱼类的生态修复技术,可以有效控制水库富营养化状态,并取得显著的社会、经济效益.     

大水面放养水葫芦对太湖竺山湖水环境净化效果的影响

利用水葫芦等生长快、生物量高的漂浮植物来净化污染水体,已成为目前水体生态修复的一种快捷有效的方法.在太湖竺山湖放养水葫芦后对水体营养盐吸收和水质净化效果的影响进行了研究.结果表明,受风浪扰动等影响,水体交换强烈,水葫芦放养区内溶解氧含量变化幅度在3.50～11.20 mg/L之间,未出现厌氧现象.水葫芦须根具有较强的吸...     

供水系统水质生物稳定性与细菌生长相关分析

以上海市某水厂实际供水系统为研究对象,从水源、水厂净水工艺到输配水管网对城市供水水质生物稳定性与微生物生长相关性进行了系统分析.结果表明,由于水源污染和常规净水工艺局限性,水厂出水水质不能保障生物稳定性,在输配管网中,BDOC、浊度、余氯、异养菌数量存在明显的相关性.控制出厂水有机物含量,保持管网免受二次污染和强化消毒可有效减少管网中微生物繁殖生长.     

Effect of filter-feeding fish silver carp on phytoplankton species and size distribution in surface water： A field study in water works

Silver carp were introduced into the pre-sedimentation pond to control excessive phytoplankton in raw water.The effectiveness of the filter-feeding silver carp on phytoplankton control and the effect of silver carp on phytoplankton community were investigated.The results showed that Microcystis could be effectively removed by silver carp stocked in the pre-sedimentation pond,and simultaneously,the concentration of single-cell phytoplankton increased obviously.The difference in phytoplankton species and singlecell phytoplankton size between in the water and in the gut of silver carp indicated that phytoplankton smaller than 5 μm,such as Chamydomonas and Platymonas,were almost not be filtered by silver carp,phytoplankton with the size between 5 and 20 μm could be partly filtered,and large size phytoplankton,mainly colony-forming Microcystis could be filtered almost completely.These filterfeeding characteristics directly caused the phytoplankton size distribution biased toward miniaturization.Therefore,this biological treatment using silver carp could be applied only to deal with groups of Microcystis-dominated eutrophic water,and was not appropriate in water bodies where single-cell micro phytoplankton were dominant.Especially when silver carp are used in water treatment,a cautious attitude should be taken based on the evaluation of phytoplankton biomass and species structure features in raw water.     

低pH对草鱼血液酸碱平衡的影响

研究了低pH(6.0—4.0)对草鱼血液酸碱平衡、p_(o2)及p_(co2)的影响,结果表明,低pH引起草鱼严重的酸血症.亚致死pH(6.0—5.0)时,血液酸碱平衡的影响主要表现为碱贮备[HCO_3]的丧失,血液pH的明显下降经机体缓冲调节可趋于稳定.致死低pH(4.0)时,血液pN和[HCO_3]下降均非常显著,并在96h内随酸化时间延长而日趋严重.仅在pH≤4.0的酸水中草鱼存在低氧症影响问题.草鱼是一种酸敏感性鱼类,为确保成鱼在天然水体的生存和繁育,水质pH至少应维持在6.0以上.     

生物水净化剂对养殖水质及饵料生物的影响

用生物水净化剂对投加无机肥和有机肥的养殖水体进行试验研究。结果表明,无论是投加无机肥或有机肥的养殖水体,生物水净化剂对其水质都有较强的净化作用。与对照组相比较,处理组NH3-N、叶绿素均有不同程度的降低,NH3-N最高降幅达到89.4%,COD得到有效控制,透明度显著增加。在有机肥实验中,生物水净化剂对藻类有明显的抑制作用,浓度越高,对藻类的抑制作用越明显。饵料生物方面,尽管生物水净化剂对大型浮游动物(轮虫和浮游甲壳动物)的直接影响不明显,但它对原生动物有明显的促进作用。因此,生物水净化剂在改善养殖水体水质方面有较高的应用价值。     

Pilot-scale study of removal effect on Chironomid larvae with chlorine dioxide

Introduction C hironom id, from the dipteran fam ily Chirono- m idae, is a non-biting m idge that is w idely distributed in the northern hem isphere at tem perate latitudes. C hironom id larvae can be found both in lentic and lotic environm ents, usually …     

用物理-生态集成技术局部控制富营养化

利用物理-生态工程集成技术对贵州省百花湖(水库)麦西河河口富营养水体进行局部生态修复.结果表明,同期内,富营养化指标总氮、总磷、叶绿素和化学耗氧量工程区内明显低于工程区外,最大相差分别为0.61 mg.L-1、0.041 mg.L-1、23.06μg.L-1和8.4 mg.L-1;透明度工程内明显高于工程外,最大超过1.50 m;富营养化指数工程区内明显要低于工程区外,最大相差20,工程区外属于中-富营养化,而工程区内属于贫-中营养化;浮游植物丰度和生物量工程区内低于工程区外,工程区外浮游植物丰度到达2 125.5×104cells.L-1,而工程区内仅33×104cells.L-1.工程区外浮游植物生物量以蓝藻为主,硅藻和甲藻的比例较小;在工程区内,除了部分蓝藻外,硅藻和甲藻的比例较高,还有一部分裸藻.经过1年多的运行,物理-生态集成技术水质改善生态工程有效地控制了工程区内水华的发生,改变了浮游植物群落结构,控制了富营养化趋势,物理-生态集成技术适合贵州高原河口富营养化水质改善.     

调水型水库藻类对调水氮、磷浓度与水量的响应

以南方某典型的调水型水库为研究对象,采用EFDC模型建立了水库的三维水动力和富营养化模型,并根据长历时的水文和水质数据对模型进行了率定和验证.基于模型计算结果,分析了水库氮、磷浓度对藻类生长的影响,计算了藻类对调水氮、磷浓度及调水量的响应关系.结果表明,水库氮、磷浓度对藻类生长的限制作用很小.在降幅相同的情况下,降低磷浓度比降低氮浓度的藻类浓度降幅更大,削减60%的氮,叶绿素a无明显下降,削减60%的磷,叶绿素a平均下降12.4%,分别削减90%的氮和磷,叶绿素a分别平均下降17.9%和35.1%.当调水量高于现状的20%,藻类浓度随调水量增大而降低,当调水量低于20%,藻类浓度随调水量增大而升高,调水量比现状增大1倍,叶绿素a平均降低25.7%,调水量降至20%,叶绿素a平均升高38.8%.本研究对于支撑水源地的富营养化控制工作具有重要意义.     

Short-term effects of drawing water for connectivity of rivers and lakes on zooplankton community structure

During 28-29,September 2005,water was drawn from Hanjiang River and Houguan Lake to the Yangzi River via Sanjiao Lake and Nantaizi Lake in Wuhan in order to provide favorable conditions for ecosystem restoration.To evaluate the feasibility and validity of drawing water as a means of ecosystem restoration,zooplankton populations were studied 3 times (before,immediately after finishing and a month after drawing water)at seven locations from 27 Sept.2005 to 2 Nov.2005.Water quality in the lakes was mostly improved and zooplankton species richness decreased as soon as drawing water had finished but increased a month after drawing water.Zooplankton density and biomass was reduced in the lakes by drawing water but was increased at the entrance to Sanjiao Lake because of landform geometry change.Before drawing water,most species in Sanjiao lake e.g.,Brachionus sp.and Keratella sp.were tolerant of contamination.After drawing water oligotrophic-prone species such as Lecane ludwigii and Gastropus stylifer emerged.We conclude that drawing water could be important for improving water quality and favour ecosystem restoration.Dilution of nutrient concentrations may be an important role in the effect.     

Short-term e ects of drawing water for connectivity of rivers and lakes on zooplankton community structure

During 28–29, September 2005, water was drawn from Hanjiang River and Houguan Lake to the Yangzi River via Sanjiao Lake and Nantaizi Lake in Wuhan in order to provide favorable conditions for ecosystem restoration. To evaluate the feasibility and validity of drawing water as a means of ecosystem restoration, zooplankton populations were studied 3 times (before, immediately after finishing and a month after drawing water) at seven locations from 27 Sept. 2005 to 2 Nov. 2005. Water quality in the lakes was mostly improved and zooplankton species richness decreased as soon as drawing water had finished but increased a month after drawing water. Zooplankton density and biomass was reduced in the lakes by drawing water but was increased at the entrance to Sanjiao Lake because of landform geometry change. Before drawing water, most species in Sanjiao Lake e.g., Brachionus sp. and Keratella sp. were tolerant of contamination. After drawing water oligotrophic-prone species such as Lecane ludwigii and Gastropus stylifer emerged. We conclude that drawing water could be important for improving water quality and favour ecosystem restoration. Dilution of nutrient concentrations may be an important role in the e ect.     

几种常见氧化剂对水中摇蚊幼虫氧化杀灭效能的试验研究

进行了几种水处理氧化剂———氯气、二氧化氯、臭氧对水体中摇蚊幼虫灭活效果的试验研究,并对原水中摇蚊幼虫经二氧化氯预氧化、混凝沉淀后的灭活效果进行了考察.结果表明,二氧化氯对摇蚊幼虫的灭活效果受水体pH值、有机物含量和藻类含量影响较小,与其它2种氧化剂相比,二氧化氯对原水中摇蚊幼虫具有更好的灭活作用;混凝烧杯实验证实,原水中的摇蚊幼虫经混凝沉淀后,与矾花沉降,不会对沉后的水产生影响;并且二氧化氯投加量1.0mg·L-1时,摇蚊幼虫在24h内死亡,投加量2.0mg·L-1时,死亡时间为6h;采用预投二氧化氯的水处理工艺可以起到控制摇蚊幼虫在沉淀池中孳生的作用.     

电化学氧化技术对藻源性湖泛的降解效果

为探索电化学氧化技术降解藻源性湖泛的可行性和实施效果,选取太湖藻华发生水域的浓缩藻类在室内稀释后,于高温黑暗条件下腐烂形成湖泛水样. 用钛基阴阳极板于24 V额定电压、100 W额定功率的变压器下在室内进行降解,并分别设置3个试验组和1个对照组. 结果表明:反应51 h后ρ(Chla)从初始的2 909.87 μg/L降至72.02 μg/L,降解率达97.6%;悬浮物〔OSM(有机悬浮物)、ISM(无机悬浮物)、TSM(总悬浮物)〕、含氮污染物〔TN、TDN(溶解性总氮)〕、COD_Mn、DOC(溶解性有机碳)的降解率分别为40.8~94.7%、37.4~58.9%、78.8%、40.1%;电化学氧化法对水体有机物的降解效果好,而短期内水体藻类污染物的自降解能力较为微弱. 电化学氧化法能有效去除湖泊水体中的藻类污染物,并且极板功率较小、反应时间短.      

Comparison of different phosphate species adsorption by ferric and alum water treatment residuals

As safe byproducts of drinking water treatment processes,ferric and alum water treatment residuals(FARs) have the potential to be new phosphate(P) immobilization materials.In this study,batch experiments were conducted to investigate and compare the adsorption characteristics of three P species by FARs.The results showed that the kinetic processes of different P species’ adsorption by FARs could be described by a pseudo second-order model.The ranking list of the initial adsorption rates with respect to different phosphates was pyrophosphate,phytate,orthophosphate,hexametaphosphate and glycerophosphate.Of the six models considered,the two-site Langmuir model most effectively described the adsorption characteristics of the various P species.Upon fitting the results,the maximum adsorption capacities were determined to be 40.24 mg/g for phytate,18.04 mg/g for pyrophosphate,17.14 mg/g for orthophosphate,15.86 mg/g for hexametaphosphate and 10.81 mg/g for glycerophosphate.In addition,the adsorption processes of the different P species were spontaneous endothermic processes and were favored at lower pH values.The pH dependency was found to be especially true for orthophosphate,where the adsorption capacity decreased by 1.22 mg/g with an increase in pH from 5 to 9.Fractionation of the adsorbed P species from the FARs demonstrated that Al-P and Fe-P were the dominating forms,constituting approximately 80%-90% of the total P fractions,which indicated that the adsorbed P species had a low leaching risk and could stably exist in the FARs.Therefore,the FARs could be effective in controlling pollution in water caused by different P species.     

鲤鱼对纳米二氧化钛的生物富集

建立了浓硫酸-硫酸铵酸化消解-ICP测定水样及鱼样中纳米二氧化钛的方法,并研究了纳米二氧化钛在鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio)体内的富集.酸化消解-ICP测定方法对20.0 mg/L纳米二氧化钛水样,测定的相对标准偏差仅为4.53%.纳米二氧化钛在水样和鱼样中的加标回收率分别为94%～104%和90%～103%,可以精确测定环境样品中纳米二氧化钛浓度.纳米二氧化钛在鱼体内有较高的富集,暴露于3 mg/L、10 mg/L纳米二氧化钛悬浮液的鲤鱼,25 d时鱼体内的二氧化钛浓度分别达到2.1 mg/g和5.8 mg/g.达到平衡时,BCF分别为675.5和595.4.纳米二氧化钛在鱼鳃、内脏中有很大程度的富集,肌肉部分对纳米二氧化钛的富集最少.