一种新型高铺展性水成膜泡沫的性质以及灭火性能研究

介绍了一种自制的多组分水成膜泡沫溶液,并对该泡沫溶液的各种性能(表面张力,铺展性,灭火性能等)进行了表征,同时与传统的水成膜泡沫进行了对比.试验结果表明,该泡沫溶液的表面张力和界面张力很低.极低的表面和界面张力导致该泡沫在液体燃料表面具有很强的铺展性,能在极短的时间内在燃料表面铺展成一层液膜,使燃料表面迅速隔氧降温,从而达到迅速灭火的作用.在通过压缩空气泡沫系统进行灭火的试验中,不论泡沫浓度处于3%或6%,在液体流量较大的情况下,该泡沫对标准柴油火的熄灭时间都在3秒之内.另外,泡沫溶液的铺展性和所形成的泡沫的灭火性能的试验结果表明水成膜泡沫的灭火速率主要是由其在燃料表面形成水膜的速率决定,而形成水膜的速率主要是由泡沫溶液的铺展速率、即铺展性决定的.     

抗醇泡沫灭火剂在水溶性有机溶剂表面铺展能力的实验研究

为了研究抗醇泡沫灭火剂在水溶性有机溶剂表面的铺展能力,发明了一种新的实验方法,正交实验了9种配方。得到了粘度、发泡倍数和表面张力对铺展能力的影响数据,通过方差分析验证了数据的可靠性。研究发现抗醇泡沫灭火剂的粘度和发泡倍数可以影响其在醇类表面的铺展能力,但是表面张力对铺展无影响。对于泡沫的铺展存在一个最佳粘度和最差发泡倍数。扩散系数不能表征抗醇泡沫灭火剂在水溶性有机溶剂表面的铺展能力。     

全氟辛酸钠-辛基三乙基溴化铵混合水溶液在油面上的铺展研究

氟表面活性剂水溶液在油面上的铺展是水成膜泡沫灭火剂的基础.通过研究全氟辛酸钠(SPFO)与辛基三乙基溴化铵(C8NE)复配后的水溶液在环己烷、正庚烷、90号汽油上的铺展行为,表明阴、阳离子表面活件剂之间产生的强烈增效作用不仅提高了铺展性能,使本来不能铺展的单一SPFO和C8NE水溶液变为铺展,而且大大降低了氟表面活性剂的用量.考察两种表面活性剂不同混合比例及总浓度对铺展速度、铺展量、临界快速铺展浓度的影响,并通过表面张力的测定从机理方面进行辅证.在所研究的浓度范围内,SPFO-C8NE混合体系的总浓度越高,混合比越接近等摩尔,越有利于快速铺展和增大铺展量.等摩尔SPFO-C8NE混合溶液在不同油面上铺展量从大到小依次为环己烷、90号汽油、正庚烷.     

赔偿和罚款不应列入事故直接损失

GB6441-86《企业职工工伤亡事故经济损失统计标准》自1986年制定以来，对完善我国企业伤亡事故的统计、调查和处理，增强安全生产工作中的经济观念，起到了积极的作用。然而施行22年至今，该标准中的一些不足之处也显现出来。获悉国家安全监管总局会同国家标准委员会拟对该标准进行修改，并向笔者所在单位征求意见。笔者认为事故赔偿和罚款不应列入事故直接损失范围。     

钻屑瓦斯解吸指标K_1影响因素理论分析

工作面突出危险性预测是防治煤与瓦斯突出的一个重要环节,提高预测指标测定的准确性对于减少"低指标突出"现象,保证安全生产有重要意义。钻屑解吸指标K1是工作面煤与瓦斯突出预测的重要指标之一。基于扩散理论和钻屑瓦斯解吸指标K1物理意义建立了K1的数学表达式,根据该式研究了瓦斯压力、损失时间、煤粒粒度、扩散系数对K1的影响。结果表明:钻屑解吸指标K1与瓦斯压力呈幂指数关系;相同条件下,损失时间越长测得的K1越小,并且钻屑的粒度越小表现越明显;扩散系数表征瓦斯绕过微孔和煤基质的能力,相同条件下扩散系数越大测得的K1越大;煤粒粒度对K1的影响较大,现场测定过程中煤粒粒度组成对获得真实的K1和准确的临界值至关重要。     

《环境影响评价技术导则 土壤环境》编制问题探讨

基于编写环境影响评价系列技术导则应遵循的5个原则:科学性、普适性、时效性、经济可行性、导则之间的衔接性,通过对地下环境结构、生态系统构成要素、地下水导则中地下水定义范畴进行讨论,传统上"土壤层"为生态系统的组成部分,建议在土壤导则中将土壤定义为生态系统"土壤层"之外的包气带的土(岩)。由于我国地形地貌及地质条件极其复杂,制定统一的土壤标准极不现实,现状监测的目的主要是留存对照值,建议根据土地利用的性质采用相应的环境风险筛选值,即人体健康的清洁值作为评价标准。     

上海市氮氧化物污染与气象条件关系特征分析

根据上海市1998-2000年NOx浓度监测数据,对其月变化、城乡差异进行分析.将NOx浓度最低、最高月份值与气象条件进行了对比.结果表明,NOx浓度年内月变化呈"U"型,在冬季出现最高值,夏、秋季较低.其原因主要是冬季稳定型气象条件出现频率高,不利于污染物扩散;夏、秋季则相反.应用SPSS统计分析软件,对NOx浓度与各气象要素进行相关分析.结果表明,NOx浓度与风速有很强的负相关性,与气温、气压、太阳辐射等要素也有明显的相关性.在此基础上,提出了NOx浓度的气象学预报模式.NOx浓度城乡差异明显,城区高于郊区.因为NOx的主要来源为机动车排放,集中于城区;另外郊区建筑物不像城区那么密集,扩散条件比较好.     

为企业排忧解难——访全自动过滤材料测试仪研发项目负责人杨文芬

GB 2626-2006《呼吸防护用品——自吸过滤式防颗粒物呼吸器》是我国劳动防护用品领域的一项强制性标准,在最初的实行阶段并未能得到生产企业较好地落实,原因在于企业无能力购买检测防尘口罩过滤效率的检测仪器。为解决这个难题,国家劳动保护质量监督检验中心经过3年时间,研发出价格适中、检测准确、操作简单的"全自动过滤材料测试仪",并获得2011年度"神华杯"中国职业安全健康协会科学技术奖三等奖。     

克拉玛依城市污水处理工艺分析

克拉玛依南郊污水处理厂采用Orbal氧化沟工艺处理城市生活污水.该工艺构筑物少,操作简便,抗冲击负荷能力强,能适应不同水质水量的冲击.利用该工艺处理的废水出水稳定,出水污染物浓度远低于国家二级排放标准(GB18918-2002),且可以进行污水的二次利用.介绍了该工艺的设计指标、流程、各处理构筑物和设备,对设计特点和处理效果进行了分析.     

基于典型案例的电梯轿厢意外移动保护装置的设置及检验探讨

检规TSG T7001-2009第2号修改单新增了对轿厢意外移动保护装置的检验要求,其中对检测子系统的检验理解存在着一定的争议.本文从轿厢意外移动保护装置的设置和组成出发,结合相关检验案例和标准要求探讨了对轿厢意外移动保护装置检验要求的理解,最后对轿厢意外移动保护装置的检验方法进行了分析,并提出了检验方面的建议.     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。