近61年来长江荆南三口水系连通性演变特征

基于1955～2016年不同时期的长江荆南三口水系相关数据,从水系水力连通性强度、水系连通度和水系连通性水平三视角分析研究区水系连通变化过程。结果表明：2016年与1955年相比,（1）区域的水文连通性呈现下降的趋势,但变化幅度不大;(2)水系连通环度α、节点连接率β、水系连通度γ分别减少了45.45%、10.8%、8.46%,节点连接率β下降得最为明显;（3）基于水系自然社会功能的水系连通性（E）和基于水流阻力与水文过程（F）这两种水系连通性评价方法,联合评价了荆南三口水系连通性,两种结果均显示,研究区水系连通性均呈下降趋势,由1955年的0.2367和0.3434依次下降到2016年的0.1588、0.2517。该研究可为该地区实施河湖水系连通工程,修复河流生态系统提供理论参考。     

苏北里下河典型区河网水系演变特征研究

在自然地理气候变化和人类活动胁迫的双重作用下，平原河网地区水系格局发生了很大的变化。以江淮下游里下河典型区--盐都区为例，基于1970s、1980s和2010s年的3期水系数据，利用GIS和遥感解译等技术，选取河网水系数量、结构和连通指标，对河网水系时空演变特征及其影响因素进行分析研究。结果表明：（1）研究区河网密度和河网水面率均呈不断减少趋势，两者分别下降21.3%和10.2%。研究区河流曲度较小，河网连通性较好，河网曲度和连通度总体上变化较弱。（2）研究区河网水系变化存在时空差异性。河网水系在缓慢城市化时期（1970s～1980s）的衰减率高于快速城市化时期（1980s～2010s），特别在城镇化发展缓慢区域表现显著。城镇化发展快速区域，其河网水系持续减少且变化剧烈。（3）研究区河道变化存在着等级差异性。城镇化等人类活动对河网水系的影响，呈现出先低等级（Ⅳ级）河道、后高等级（Ⅰ~Ⅲ级）河道的特征规律。其中，低等级河道数量持续减少且变化强度剧烈，高等级河道数量变化不大且其面积和长度均有所增加。 关键词： 平原河网；水系变化；演变特征；里下河地区     

城市化进程对长江下游平原河网水系格局演变的影响

以长江下游典型平原河网地区苏州市为例,基于1970s、1990s、2010s的遥感影像以及1960s、1980s、2010s水系数据,构建水系结构参数指标,重点探讨不同城市扩张方式对不同等级水系的干扰程度,以揭示城市空间扩展与水系结构演变的关系。结果表明:(1)城市扩展具有阶段性、趋向性,且受到自然环境和社会经济的影响与制约。(2)河网水系的改造和演化在不同城市化进程下表现出区域差异:近年来快速城市化区域的河网密度、水面率等水系结构指标变幅较大;80年代城市化区域变幅次之;进入高度城市化阶段的老城区,变化最小且稍有增加,其中近50年来河网密度在上述3个区域总体变幅为-21.06%、-16.23%以及1.88%。(3)河流结构发育受城市化进程显著影响,自然状态下河流长度与面积之比较大,河流结构更为稳定,而进入城市化阶段后,河流结构稳定性随之降低。该研究为城市化地区河流水系保护、城市规划及防洪减灾提供参考与理论支撑。     

长江干流典型区域河流生境健康评价

河流生境是河流生态系统中的重要组成部分，是维持河流健康的重要因素。河流生境健康的准确评估可以为河流生态系统的保护与修复提供重要依据。针对长江干流生境特点，从河流物理生境形态、河流岸边带生境和水环境特征3个方面选取了10个指标，构建了长江干流生境评价的指标体系。基于该评价体系，在2017年8~9月对长江干流的金沙江下游、三峡库区、长江中下游3个典型区域的127个调查断面进行河流生境综合评估。结果表明：金沙江下游、三峡库区、长江中下游河流生境综合指数（RHI）分值的分别为133.9、124.6、130.8，总体评价等级均为“良”。水流情势、受人类活动干扰是金沙江下游生境变化的主要驱动因子，河岸渠化硬化、河岸植被覆盖、河岸植被带宽则是三峡库区和长江中下游生境变化的主要驱动因子。建议长江上游区域强化水生生物重要栖息地完整性保护，中下游区域加强岸边带、洲滩的生态修复，恢复江湖连通性，构建长江流域生态廊道和生物多样性保护网络。     

基于改进熵权物元模型的河网尺度物理生境评价——以太湖流域为例

平原河网地区社会经济快速发展过程中，河网水系受人类活动干扰强烈，生境退化现象突出。以太湖流域为研究区域，选取盒维数（D）、区域河流坡降（P）、河网复杂度（CR）、河网实际结合度（γ）、区域河网加权曲度（SR）、骨干河网密度（R）等6个物理生境指标，基于改进熵权物元模型，构建了河网尺度的物理生境评价体系。研究结果显示，太湖流域物理生境质量多处于“较好”~“差”等级；生境因子的质量：盒维数（D） >河网复杂度（CR） >区域河网加权曲度（SR）>河网实际结合度（γ）=骨干河网密度（R） >区域河流坡降（P）；太湖流域物理生境空间分异现象明显，西部丘陵地区物理生境质量优于城镇化程度高的东部平原地区。河网尺度的物理生境评价体系较为直观的反映了流域物理生境现状，有效的完善了平原河网地区生境评价结果。     

Some industrial effluents in Durgapur and their impact on the Damodar river

The industrial waste effluents from two industries of Durgapur have been traced along the course of Tamla Nalah at selected sites up to its confluence with the Damodar river and downstream. There are evidences of contamination of the river with toxic pollutants—ammonia, phenol, cyanide, sulphide, and trace mercury from Tamla Nalah. The upstream river water (Durgapur barrage), which is believed to be fairly pure, is actually not much better than the downstream river water. Monitoring data for about a year are presented and discussed.     

Radium contamination of the banks of the river Laak as a consequence of the phosphate industry in Belgium

For over half a century, phosphate ores of marine origin, containing 226Ra, have been processed in Belgium to produce calcium phosphate for use in cattle food. As a result, the waste water containing 226Ra were discharged into two little rivers, one of which is the Laak. The purpose of this study was to chart the radium contamination of the river banks and some areas that are regularly flooded by the river. It was seen that enhanced concentrations of 226Ra do occur along the river banks, but that the contaminated area is mostly confined to a 10 m strip on both sides of the river, even in the flooding zones. At present, no dwellings are present on top of the contamination and no crops for direct human consumption are grown there, so there is no immediate threat to the population.     

河口三角洲地表水文连通性研究进展

三角洲通常位于河流与湖泊、海洋等大型地表水体的过渡带,分布全球约8%人口。受地势低缓、流域来沙减少和海平面上升等多因素作用,三角洲系统被认为是诸多地表类型中高度敏感和脆弱的地带。近年来,地表水文连通性成为三角洲水文水动力领域新的热点问题。通过国内外相关文献调研,系统阐述了水文连通性概念、三角洲地表水文连通性组成以及三角洲形态和水文连通性的联系。研究表明:三角洲地表水文连通性可分为结构连通性、功能连通性和过程连通性;基于图论方法的结构连通性仅表征河网在三角洲水文连通性的作用,而功能连通性和过程连通性反映水文水动力要素的空间分布及其与气象等环境要素的耦合关系,但亟需有效的野外观测和调查数据;三角洲形态与水文连通性存在一定联系,部分形态指标可用于刻画三角洲地表水文连通程度。因三角洲具有高度时空异质性和复杂地形地貌等特点,从学科发展趋势和应用需求的角度出发,未来应综合采用野外观测、数理统计和数值模拟等多学科交叉的研究策略,为三角洲湿地生态系统应对当前快速变化环境等重大问题提供科学依据。     

Salinity evolution of the Tigris River

Major modifications regulating the Tigris River, originated in the 1940s and continuing to the present, have resulted in changes in salinity in the system over time and in different portions of the river course. The increase in salinity is due to decreases in stream discharge due to dams, water management structures such as the Lake Tharthar system, irrigation return flow, and soluble minerals in the basin. This research documents the increase and evaluates the causes of the salinity increase of the river from predevelopment to present using published and previously unavailable data. The predevelopment salinity was under 600 ppm, since 1984 has exceeded the 1000 ppm threshold recommended for drinking water downstream of Amara. A minimum instream flow for the river is calculated at Baghdad and Kut at 185 cubic meters per second (cms), approximately 15% of the mean historical flow of the river, but above the lowest minimum flow recorded at 140 cms. Recommended salinity management options discussed include (1) eliminating Lake Tharthar as a water storage facility, (2) managing saline inflows from tributaries, and (3) employing a minimum instream flow for the river.     

河流健康研究进展与前瞻

河流健康研究是目前河流生态学领域研究热点之一。首先介绍了河流健康概念的产生、发展及其不同的内涵,辨析了河流生态系统健康、流域生态系统健康概念与河流健康概念的区别与联系,认为河流健康是指河流既能保持河流生态系统完整性,又能维持其对人类社会提供的各种服务功能。在分析河流健康内涵的基础上,着重回顾分析了国内外河流健康评价的实践情况以及河流健康评价方法,根据河流健康评价方法的评价原理,河流健康评价方法主要分为预测模型法和多指标方法。针对目前河流健康研究领域存在的主要问题,提出了河流健康研究的发展方向,认为今后开展河流健康评价研究还需在评价指标选取、评价标准确定、评价尺度选取以及河流健康评价与河流管理集成等方面进一步加强。     

Managing the urban environment in a developing country: The Ogunpa river channelization scheme in Ibadan City,Nigeria

A disastrous flood in Ibadan City, Nigeria in April 1978 aroused public interest in the Ogunpa river channelization scheme which had earlier been embarked upon by government. A questionnaire survey of 399 residents near the river was designed to examine three issues: (a) the losses sustained and the people's reaction to and perception of the causes of the flood; (b) their perception of the present and future uses of the river; and (c) their perception of the prospects of the channelization scheme.The results show that about 75% of the respondents were affected by the flood; 41% each lost property worth about N2960.00. Yet, many could not hope to move out of the flood zone mainly because of shortage of residential accomodation in the city. The factors given as being responsible for the flood were poor drainage, heavy rains, refuse disposal in the river, shallowness of the river channel and the unplanned layout of streets and buildings. Indeed, the major use of the river has been as a refuse dump, so that it is heavily polluted. Many respondents would like the river to be reclaimed to alleviate some of the socioeconomic problems confronting them. Recreational use of the river was not much considered. Majority of respondents thought the channelization scheme would bring some benefit. But, they are sceptical about its lasting impact unless it is done within the framework of a comprehensive programme of urban land management and protection and the improvement of living conditions in the city.     

城镇化对太湖平原河网的影响——以太湖流域武澄锡虞区为例

为探讨近年来城镇化快速发展等对太湖流域腹部地区平原河网水系的影响,选取城镇化快速发展且城镇化程度很高的武澄锡虞区为例开展了研究。以1960年代、1980年代和2003年水系为基础,依据河道宽度对水系分级,并从河流地貌学角度定量分析了河网密度、水面率、河网复杂度、河网结构稳定度、分维数等结构特征及长时间序列的水位变化。结果表明：研究区水系要素基本上都在减小;不同等级的河流长度和河湖面积除一级河流面积增加外,均呈减少趋势。河网密度、水面率、分维数均变小,河网复杂度、河网结构稳定度下降,河网演化趋于主干化、单一化,河湖连通性下降。城镇化前后变化显著,且1980年代以来变化加快。同时城镇化背景下的水系衰减对河网蓄泄功能也产生了较大影响,使得年平均水位和汛期水位呈现上升趋势,导致洪灾风险增大。故在城镇化过程中应遵循河网演变规律,促进水系的保护     

1973～2017年扬中市江岸冲淤遥感监测及古河道塌江分析

江心岛沿江地区的泥沙淤积、水流侵蚀以及江堤坍塌对江心岛面积形态、滩涂围垦、航道变化、河口生态等都会产生重大影响。以长江干流第二大江心岛——扬中市为研究对象，基于遥感影像监测了1973~2017年沿江区域冲淤变化和塌江区域，结合多种资料分析变化成因。结果表明：（1）1973~2017年扬中市沿江地区冲淤变化分3个阶段，不同阶段淤积和冲蚀特点鲜明；（2）经过经纬度定位， 扬中市塌江区域发生在1930年扬中市主岛太平洲右侧两个江心岛之间的夹江与西南—东北向的一条古河道的交汇处；（3）塌江事件与常规水流冲刷无关，古河道出口被堵形成水压，沿江区域江底“深槽”引发“旋流”掏空底部泥沙，加上汛期后江水下泄，内外压力差加大直接引发塌江。     

Role of hydrological factors in species diversity of algal communities: A case study of the Komarovka River, Primorye, Russia

Studies on the Komarovka River, flowing in the zone of mixed conifer-broadleaf forests in the southwestern Sikhote-Alin Mountains (Primorye, Russia), have shown that the formation of river flow and multispecific phytobenthos communities takes place mainly within 60–70 km² of its catchment area. The summer-autumn runoff rate and taxonomic composition of algae in this river segment are closely correlated with the catchment area. The relative water content of the river decreases downstream because of decrease in the number of tributaries, while changes in the taxonomic diversity of algae depend on river flow velocity and water temperature.     

流域立法视角下生态流量保障的制度供给--以长江流域为例

生态流量保障的重难点在于流域生态流量不足问题的妥善解决。生态流量不足基于产生的原因可分为“自然型”和“人为型”。“人为型”生态流量不足的根源在于《水法》第4条规定的三生用水关系未得到妥善处理,实质上是水资源分配和管理不合理所致。具体表现为水资源保护理念镶嵌在制度表层、生态流量缺乏核心制度保障、流域规划匮乏强效监督机制、流域水资源分配信息公开不足、末端行政考核制度偏重水质管控、生态用水制度顶层设计与地方实施间落差巨大等。流域立法作为立法体系的中间环节,对上位法具有填补协调功能,对地方立法具有引领指导作用。建议在流域立法过程中,通过制度设计解构流域生态流量保障现存的制度困境,主要包括以下几个方面:一是完成流域特有保护理念到实体制度的转型。二是基于流域生态修复、水资源生态红线管控制度的开展以及有效衔接规划环境影响评价制度的需要,建立生态流量管控指标制度体系不可或缺。三是基于流域规划对三生用水的初始分配性,将生态流量供给纳入流域规划体系中,从水资源分配初始阶段保障生态流量,同时强化流域水资源规划制度的监督机制,健全规划制定的程序性规范,明确科学考察和调查评价人员的构成规则、方式及模式。四是依法加深政府信息公开程度保障公众的知情权、参与权及监督权。五是完善行政考核制度体系强化对生态流量供给的考核。     

Preliminary assessment of current radiation doses to the population of Brodokalmak from contamination of the Techa River

Significant quantities of liquid radioactive waste were discharged to the Techa River in the southern Urals region of Russia in the early years of operation of the Mayak PA plant (1948–1951). A collaborative project is underway under contract to the European Commission to consider the radiological impact of radioactive contamination in the Southern Urals. Part of this project involves the calculation of radiation doses currently received by the population of Brodokalmak on the Techa river. The assessment made use of local data on the habits of the population and measurements of radionuclide activity concentrations in food and water. Exposure pathways included in the assessment were ingestion of foods and external exposure to gamma radiation from radionuclides deposited on the banks of the river. A range of doses was calculated for different age groups, firstly, assuming that the restrictions in place are retained and, secondly, assuming that there are no restrictions. These restrictions include bans on drinking river water, fishing and bathing in the river and the prohibition of use of the river and surrounding flood plains by humans and cattle. With restrictions the highest dose estimated was 0.56 mSv y⁻¹ for the most exposed adults and without restrictions this increased to 3.4 mSv y⁻¹.     

Integrated hydro-economic assessment of restoration of the Alexander-Zeimar River (Israel-Palestinian Authority)

This paper examines hydro-economic aspects of the Alexander-Zeimar basin. The Alexander-Zeimar River is a transboundary river originating in the Palestinian Authority and flowing through Israel to the Mediterranean Sea. Since the 1950s, the river has been used as a sewage outlet. The major purpose of this study is to estimate the costs and benefits derived from a restoration plan, which has been in place in the river since the mid-1990s. A hydrological model combined with market and non-market valuation (travel cost method) techniques was used to estimate the condition of the situation before and after the restoration project was implemented. The total restoration plan was compared to alternative partial plans. Interestingly, a cost–benefit analysis on the different restoration options revealed that only a complete cleanup of the river results in a positive net benefit ($0.49–3.23 million annually).     

重点流域水污染防治“十二五”规划的总体设计

国家重点流域水污染防治十一五规划实施以来,取得了显著进展,80%考核断面水质达标,60%规划治污项目完成。为进一步提高流域规划编制的科学性和执行的有效性,重点流域水污染防治十二五规划力求在治污思路、管理方略等方面取得突破,以求能提高治污效益,显著改善水环境质量。     

平原河网区河流连通性评价研究

河流连通性对流域水文过程特征、水环境条件以及河湖蓄泄能力等有较大影响。平原河网地区是河流高度发育并受到城市化等人类活动深刻影响的区域,并且区域内水系结构破坏、河流连通受阻已成为洪涝灾害频发的重要原因之一。为此通过对现有的河流连通评价方法的分析,尝试建立基于水流阻力与水文过程的平原河网河流连通性评价方法,并以鄞东南平原河网为例开展了应用分析,结果表明2010年的河流连通性比1990年的明显减小。同时,通过对比分析几种河流连通性评价方法可以看出,基于水流阻力与水文过程的河流连通性评价方法能较好的评价平原河网区河流连通性,评价结果优于其他方法计算结果,更符合实际情况,可为平原河网区河流连通性定量评价提供参考     

Search for social justice for the victims of erosion hazard along the banks of river Bhagirathi by hydraulic control: a case study of West Bengal,India

Frequent erosion along the banks of the river Bhagirathi–Hooghly constitutes one of the most important hazards in West Bengal, India. This frequent nature of erosion is induced by hydraulic control by the construction of Farakka Barrage in 1975 and Indo-Bangladesh water sharing treaty of 1977 and 1996. Water sharing treaties result in fluctuating discharge on 10-day scale in the lean period (January–May). The stream discharge variability affects the bank erosion through its impacts on erodibility factors of banks. It has been observed that in the pre-Farakka period bank erosion was huge only during the monsoon months, and rest of the year, there was little or no bank erosion because in the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods, the river Bhagirathi received very little or no discharge from the river Ganga. But in the post-Farakka period, the river Bhagirathi received considerable amount of water in variable quantities from the river Ganga, especially in lean period which has steadied the river bank erosion in the year round. It is to mention that benefits of this planning are to survive the port-industrial economy of South Bengal and provision of fresh water for inhabitants of Kolkata. So beneficiaries of this controlled hydrology must have to pay affluent tax for the victims by this project. In this paper, the nature, mechanism and pattern of bank erosion and its impact on socio-economic vulnerability of the people in the selected erosion-prone areas have been depicted. At the end, a search for social justice for the victims has been articulated from the perspective of Pareto-optimal justice.