228Ra/226Ra/224Ra and 87Sr/86Sr isotope relationships for determining interactions between ground and river water in the upper Rhine valley

Ground and river waters of the upper Rhine valley (Alsace, France) were investigated for chemical composition of the major elements, Sr isotopes and radionuclides from the U and Th series. In particular, the isotope ratios and concentrations of Ra and Sr were used as geochemical tracers to distinguish between different types of water and their interactions. The bulk chemical analyses suggest that the surface waters in the Rhine valley can be described as mixtures between Ca-Na-HCO3-rich ground water and less mineralized slightly acidic river waters which have migrated through crystalline (mainly granitic) basement rocks of the Vosges mountains. Mixing of these waters yields positive correlation between bulk Sr, U, Ca and HCO3, indicating that carbonate-rich sediments are the main source of U and (non-radiogenic) Sr in the Rhine valley aquifers. The combination of the Ra and Sr isotope systems (228Ra/226Ra, 87Sr/86Sr) shows, however, that probably three sources contribute to the surface river waters in the upper Rhine valley, i.e. (i) a highly radiogenic crystalline component, (ii) a ground water source and, (iii) a third component from infiltrating Rhine water along the flow path of the parallel running river Ill in the northerly direction. The Sr and Ra isotope systems were also used to calculate small-scale mixing fractions of tributaries along the flow path of the Ill. Mixing ratios of non-pure end-member waters were determined using three isotope diagrams (i.e. 224Ra/226Ra vs. 228Ra/226Ra) and the results obtained with the Ra isotope system were found to be consistent with the data using Sr isotope relationships (i.e. 87Sr/86Sr vs. 1/Sr).     

长江经济带城市黑臭水体空间分布格局及影响因子

满足人民群众对优美生态环境的需要是建设美丽中国的核心要务,而城市黑臭水体是危害城市居民生产生活和身心健康的重要污染源。该研究以长江经济带城市黑臭水体为研究对象,综合运用GIS技术与地理探测器方法,识别其空间特征及分布规律,探究不同因子对黑臭水体空间格局的影响差异并提出整治建议。研究表明:(1)长江经济带城市黑臭水体空间分布呈凝聚型分布,且空间分异较为明显。核密度表现为多单核中心独立、次级中心带状及零星分布特征。(2)黑臭水体重心位置处在湖北和湖南省中部城市区域,其系统具有明显无标度区,分形特征显著,空间结构复杂性强。(3)不同类型黑臭水体均属正值空间相关性,呈"上游冷、中下游热"的冷热点区差异格局。(4)空间结构的地理探测影响因素在全域范围内贡献力不明显,分区影响因子匹配凸出。工业废水排放量、居民生活用水量、排水管道长度等是显著影响因素。建议应从严守生态规矩、建立黑臭水体治理体制机制、完善识别评定技术标准体系、创新实践整治、丰富理论研究等方面推进城市黑臭水体治理和消除。     

Paleosols of the Solonchanka IX site and climate of the Transural steppe zone in the fourth century AD

Studies on paleosols under an archaeological landmark of a rare type (a complex of kurgans with “whiskers”) dating from the Early Iron Age (the fourth century AD) have been performed in the steppe zone of the Transural Plateau. The size and shape of third-order soil polygons under stony ridges (“whiskers”) between the kurgans have been described in detail. The results have shown that the paleosol under the kurgans erected at the turn of the Late Sarmatian and Hun times (1600 years ago) is characterized by a higher humus content and deeper location of the carbonate horizon, compared to the recent soil. This indicates that an increase in atmospheric humidity took place in the fourth century AD.     

Post-irrigation impact of domestic sewage effluent on composition of soils,crops and ground water--a case study

Long-term irrigation with sewage water adds large amounts of carbon, major and micro- nutrients to the soil. We compared the spatial distribution of N, P, K and other micronutrients and toxic elements in the top 0.6 m of an alluvial soil along with their associated effects on the composition of crops and ground waters after about three decades of irrigation with domestic sewage effluent as a function of distance from the disposal point. Use of sewage for irrigation in various proportions improved the organic matter to 1.24-1.78% and fertility status of soils especially down to a distance of 1 km along the disposal channel. Build up in total N was up to 2908 kg ha(-1), available P (58 kg ha(-1)), total P (2115 kg ha(-1)), available K (305 kg ha(-1)) and total K (4712 kg ha(-1)) in surface 0.15 m soil. Vertical distribution of these parameters also varied, with most accumulations occurring in surface 0.3 m. Traces of NO3-N (up to 2.8 mg l(-1)), Pb (up to 0.35 mg l(-1)) and Mn (up to 0.23 mg l(-1)) could also be observed in well waters near the disposal point thus indicating initiation of ground water contamination. However, the contents of heavy metals in crops sampled from the area were below the permissible critical levels. Though the study confirms that the domestic sewage can effectively increase water resource for irrigation but there is a need for continuous monitoring of the concentrations of potentially toxic elements in soil, plants and ground water.     

乌东德水库水温预测及低温水减缓措施

乌东德水库为季调节水库,采用宽度平均的立面二维水温数学模型对水库水温结构进行预测,结果表明:乌东德水库水温结构呈季节性分层特征,电站运行对下游水温过程有一定程度的春季低温水和冬季高温水影响。如果采用单层取水方案,在2~8月的下泄水温低于坝址现状水温,最大降幅为2.0℃,下泄低温水将对坝下鱼类产卵繁殖产生不利影响。乌东德水电站拟采取分层取水的措施,对低温水较为敏感的鱼类产卵期3~6月采用叠梁门取水。相比于单层取水,叠梁门方案对低温水的改善效果较明显,下泄水温提高了0.8~1.1℃,能一定程度地减缓升温期水温延迟效应。     

Isolation of natural organic matter — The influence on the assimilable organic carbon

The biofilm formation potential (BFP), determined by the assimilable organic carbon (AOC), was measured in water samples containing natural organic matter (NOM), and in “identical” samples reconstructed from NOM isolated by reverse osmosis (RO) and dissolved in distilled water. The results showed identical BFP in natural and reconstructed NOM water samples within the standard deviation of the AOC measurements. These results indicate that the composition of the NOM is the single most important parameter for the BFP of natural waters, and that the RO isolation of NOM produces a powder which, after dissolution in distilled water, is representative for the natural water containing NOM with regard to BFP determined by AOC.     

Determination of the utility of groundwater with respect to the geochemical parameters: a case study from Tuticorin District of Tamil Nadu (India)

In modern living, rapid development has created an increase in demand for groundwater. An endeavor has been made to understand the hydrogeochemical parameters to determine the utility of groundwater. This situation is severe in coastal hard rock aquifers due to the influence of salinity ingression and other anthropogenic influence. A total of 135 groundwater samples were collected from the coastal aquifer of the Tuticorin district and analyzed for major cations and anions during premonsoon (PRM) and postmonsoon (POM). The ions analyzed were used to determine the drinking, agricultural and domestic utility of groundwater. The electrical conductivity (EC) contour shows that the groundwater quality is poor along the coast. The parameters were compared with WHO (Guidelines for drinking water quality recommendations, WHO, Geneva, 2004) standard for drinking purpose. A groundwater classification method has been developed for groundwater in the area using a dynamic water quality index (WQI). On the basis of the WQI so computed, groundwater in the area has been spatially classified into “excellent,” “good,” “poor” and “very poor” to “Unsuitable” water types variation lithologywise. Corrosivity ratio and hardness were noted to be higher and found to be unsuitable in majority of the regions for domestic purpose. Higher fluoride concentration was noted in the central part of the study area represented by complex geology comprising of the hornblende biotite gneiss and charnockite. Sodium percentage (Na%), sodium absorption ratio, residual sodium carbonate, Wilcox (Classification and use of irrigation waters, US Department of Agriculture, Washington, 1955), permeability index, residual sodium bicarbonate, magnesium hazard, Kelly’s ratio and potential salinity also indicate that most of the groundwater samples are not suitable for irrigation purposes.     

退田还湖对鄱阳湖洪水调控能力的影响

利用实测资料统计了鄱阳湖近50年来湖盆形态和洪水水情的变化,表明由于围垦的作用,1954~1992年鄱阳湖面积共减小1 300 km2,容积共减少81×108 m3,调节系数从17.3%下降到13.7%,调洪能力降低20.8%;20世纪90年代与50年代相比,年最高水位平均值抬高1.80 m。计算了退田还湖对近50年来两次特大洪水（1954年洪水和1998年洪水）最高水位的效应值,表明分别可使1954年洪水和1998年洪水的最高水位降低0.72 m和0.68 m。估算了退田还湖对鄱阳湖洪水位频率的影响,表明50年一遇和100年一遇的洪水位分别可降低0.63 m和0.68 m。计算还表明,高水还湖（单退）降低洪水位的作用与圩区还湖前夕的内涝程度密切相关,说明及时排除圩区的内涝对保障退田还湖的防洪减灾作用至关重要。分析了退田还湖面临的主要问题,分别是高水还湖圩区的内涝问题和平垸行洪（双退）圩区的血防问题;探讨解决这两个问题的具体对策,分别为单退圩堤采用“限高加固,排空待蓄”的运作方式,双退圩堤采用“敞开进洪,兼顾血防”的运用方式。     

BOD-DO modeling and water quality analysis of a waste water outfall off Kochi, west coast of India

Water quality scenarios around an offshore outfall off Kochi were simulated using MIKE21 water quality model, assuming a high Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD=50 mg l(-1)) effluent discharge. The discharge is introduced into the model through an outfall located at a distance of 6.8 km from the shore at a depth of 10 m. Three scenarios were simulated with different discharge rates such as 2, 5 and 10 m3 s(-1), with BOD load of 8640, 21,600 and 43,200 kg day(-1) respectively. Model simulations were carried out to estimate the assimilation capacity of the waters off Kochi for the three discharge rates. The results show that for 10 m3 s(-1) effluent discharge, the initial BOD of 50 mg l(-1) reduced to 3.33 mg l(-1) at the outfall after 48 h. High BOD values were confined to an elliptical area of approximately 8 km2 around the outfall. Based on this, the assimilative capacity of the waters off Kochi in terms of BOD can be estimated as 38,000 kg day(-1). It is suggested that offshore waters could be used as a feasible alternative to the Kochi backwaters for the disposal of treated effluent.     

长江经济带绿色水资源效率时空分异研究——基于SE-SBM与ML指数法

长江经济带作为全球最大的内河流域经济带,是我国"新常态"经济发展的重要新引擎。为确保以"黄金水道"为依托的长江经济带健康发展,应着力打造沿江绿色发展轴,重视生态保护及污染治理,尤其是水资源利用的可持续化。将长江经济带沿线11个省市作为研究对象,基于经济-环境-社会可持续绿色发展的理念建立SE-SBM模型,定量分析2002～2016年长江经济带绿色水资源效率时空变化,并利用ML指数方法探讨绿色水资源效率影响因素。研究表明:(1)长江经济带绿色水资源效率随时间出现轻微下降趋势,区域性差异明显,上、下游均出现不同程度的效率值下降,中游稳定于较低水平,形成水资源效率"上游下游中游"的格局;(2)重庆、贵州、上海3个地区平均水资源利用率达到DEA有效,浙江、江西、湖北效率值处于较低水平,江苏、云南水资源利用效率波动明显;(3)技术进步指数是影响水资源效率的主要因素。基于以上研究结果,从打造区域系统性开发,实现经济协调发展;提高技术效率,加大节水技术改造;实施"三水共治",强化水资源管理三方面提出政策建议。旨在促进长江经济带水资源合理开发利用,实现区域经济、社会可持续发展。     

Environment-forming role of black saxaul, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Haloxylon aphyllum</Emphasis> (Minkw.) Iljin in the Karnabchul Desert

The environment-forming role of desert tree plants has been studied in the light of A.A. Uranov’s concept of phytogenic field using the example of black saxaul, Haloxylon aphyllum (Minkw.) Iljin, in the Karnabchul Desert. It has been shown that the environment-forming influence of this species leads to considerable changes in the light regime, air and soil moisture and temperature regimes, and soil humus and salt contents within its phytogenic field. Consequently, pertinent changes take place in the dynamics of abundance and distribution pattern of the main plant species and wormwood–ephemeral vegetation.     

长江主要支流岸线资源综合评价及管控分区研究

岸线作为与人类密切相关的重要自然资源,在人口、资源、环境和经济发展互动关系中居于核心地位。长江岸线资源作为长江经济带发展的重要支撑资源与重点开发对象,发挥着无可替代的重要生产、生活和生态功能。在长江"共抓大保护,不搞大开发"的背景下,针对长江生态修复的重大科技需求,中国科学院于2017年启动了中国科学院科技服务网络计划(STS)重点项目"长江经济带岸线资源调查与评估"。项目实施以来,项目组通过高清遥感影像解译,结合野外考察和实地监测,获得了长江7条主要支流自然本底、资源条件、利用现状、生态环境的系统数据,以统筹岸线资源开发利用、强化岸线资源保护、维系近岸陆域和水域优良生态环境为目的,研判长江主要支流岸线资源条件及开发利用总体态势,结合岸线生态环境敏感性分析,识别岸线资源利用过程中存在的关键问题,评估岸线的开发利用活动对生态环境的累积性影响。在岸线资源综合评价的基础上,对岸线空间管控区进行划定,提出不同岸线类型管控要求。     

Assessing and managing sediment contamination in transitional waters

Sediment contamination remains a global problem, particularly in transitional waters such as estuaries and coastal lagoons, which are the recipients of chemicals from multiple near- and far-field sources. Although transitional waters are highly productive ecosystems, approaches for assessing and managing their sediment contamination are not as well developed as in marine and fresh waters. Further, although transitional waters remain defined by their variable and unique natural water quality characteristics, particularly salinity, the biota inhabiting such ecosystems, once thought to be defined by Remane's “paradox of brackish water”, are being redefined. The purpose of the present paper is to build on an earlier but now dated (> 12 years old) review of methods to assess sediment contamination in estuaries, extending this to all transitional waters, including information on integrative assessments and on management decision-making. The following are specifically discussed: chemical assessments; bioindicators; biomarkers; and, biological surveys. Assessment and management of sediment contamination in transitional waters need to be focused on ecosystem services and, where appropriate and possible, be proactive rather than reactive when uncertainty has been suitably reduced.     

Ground water input to coastal salt ponds of southern Rhode Island estimated using 226Ra as a tracer

The naturally occurring radionuclide 226Ra (t1/2 = 1600 years) was used as a tracer to determine ground water input to Point Judith, Potter, Green Hill and Ninigret ponds in southern Rhode Island. Measurements of 226Ra activity were made in samples collected from salt ponds, pore waters, sediments, and local ground water wells during June-August, 1997. These results were combined with a simple box model to derive ground water input fluxes of 0.1-0.3 cm3 cm-2 d-1 (2-5 x 10(7) L d-1), which are comparable to previous estimates of ground water input to these ponds.     

红壤稻田系统水分和养分转换效益研究

田间模拟施肥和水分管理模式的定位试验结果表明：施肥和水分管理模式显著地影响水分和养分的转化和生产效益。单施N的产量效应为4.5 kg/kg,而NP或NPK配施养分的产量效应分别为8.8 kg/kg和8.0 kg/kg;有机物料循环的增产率为56.5%;在有机物循环的基础上配施NPK化肥最大的增产率可达79.8%。常规灌溉年需水量为5 838 m3/hm2,田间水分分配为：蒸散占1/2,翻耕整地占1/6,植物构成占1/21,田间渗漏占1/14,其它环境耗水(维持)占1/5。晚稻灌溉占全年的71%,7～9月是灌溉需水高峰期,占全年灌溉量的68%。生产灌溉效率：生物量3.67 kg/m3,精谷量1.48 kg/m3。双季稻生产的灌溉,以早稻保持水层灌溉,晚稻按需配额灌溉的模式比较适宜。     

基于多源异构数据集的长江经济带岸线资源综合管理平台研发

中国科学院科技服务网络计划(STS计划)重点项目"长江经济带岸线资源调查与评估"自2017年启动实施以来,通过卫星遥感、地面调查、标准数字化、模型模拟、社会经济统计等方式,积累了丰富的岸线资源数据。平台以岸线资源开发利用与生态环境变化等观测要素的一体化、协同化管理为目标,对海量多源异构数据进行同化、清洗与标准化,制订数据加工和整编的标准规范,建立岸线资源综合利用时空数据库,并形成以数据标准化管理与成果可视化展示及查询为核心的岸线资源综合管理平台。     

Gold Mining in the Greek “Village of Gaul”: Newspaper Coverage of Conflict and Discursive Positioning of Opposing Coalitions

The present study analysed media discourse on a gold mining controversy in Greece. Social actors shaped a pro-mining and an anti-mining coalition. The “village of Gaul” was a discursive resource used to depict conflict and it could denote either “resistance,” for anti-mining advocates, or “anarchy,” for pro-mining advocates. The same actor could be found to perform both the role of a powerful majority as well as the role of a repressed minority, which engaged varying scales of reference. Discursive positioning allowed for a switching among majority and minority roles. Each camp attempted to transform incalculable hazards into calculable risks and this was accompanied by a discursive appropriation of the past and the future of the study area. Social divide seems to have advanced discursive positioning of coalitions in a spiral-logic of interactionist confrontation at the cost of losing any common ground. Implications for environmental communication and environmental governance are discussed.     

基于水力学条件的江家口坝#br# 下集诱鱼进口流场研究

建设过鱼设施是减缓河流大坝修建对鱼类不利影响的重要措施。本文以江家口坝址至坝下580 m处的河段为研究区段,构建基于MIKE21的平面二维水动力模型,根据工程的水文情势选用典型工况对坝下流场进行分析,探究不同工况下鱼类可能的上溯路径。结果表明：主流流量在5.40~40.74 m3/s,集诱鱼流量在2.50 m3/s情况下,主流受集诱鱼进口流量约束,将偏向右岸往下游流动。在仅考虑2号机组下泄17.67 m3/s流量下,河道存在目标鱼类洄游的上溯路线,距集诱鱼进口30～100 m处,河道中间满足鱼类适宜流速和水深,鱼类将沿着河道中间洄游;距集诱鱼进口0～30 m处,右岸流速逐渐升高并成为鱼类适宜流速,鱼类将从右岸洄游并最终到达集诱鱼进口;集诱鱼进口处,右岸水深高于中间水深约10%～40%,高于左岸水深90%～170%,集诱鱼进口处的高水深将有利于鱼类进入。对于“T”形集诱鱼进口汇流,集诱鱼流量占12%左右能产生较好的集诱鱼进口水力学特征。研究成果可为集诱鱼进口处鱼类上溯提供参考依据。     

Physical model study of thermal and chemical pollution in the Shuaiba offshore area of Kuwait

The cooling and process waters of the industrial plants located in the Shuaiba Industrial Area in Kuwait are supplied by a complex system of seawater outlets and intakes. Discharge of heated water from the industrial plants is considered a major problem since it may recirculate directly through the intake towers, and the cooling water withdrawn may be at a higher temperature than is desirable. Higher cooling water temperature reduces the efficiency of industrial plants and causes thermal pollution, which adversely affects the water of the Arabian Gulf. In addition, the discharged process water may cause chemical pollution in the offshore area.An undistorted physical model with a scale of 1:50 was constructed and tested with the basic objectives of determining the temperature field in the Shuaiba offshore area identifying possible recirculation patterns and temperature increase at the intake, examining the flow and mixing characteristics of chemical effluents discharged, and investigated alternative remedial measures.The model test results showed that, in line with the field tests, the temperature of the sea water at the intakes was about 1.7–2.5°C higher than the ambient temperature. When heated water from the larger outlets was allowed to discharge into a channel running parallel to the shoreline and curved to stay parallel to the outside of the southern breakwater of the Shuaiba harbor, the temperature increase at the intakes was limited to 0.8–1.0°C and tests showed that the concentration of conservative chemical pollutants at the intakes was reduced by about 50%.     

“Stop Blaming the Cows!”: How Livestock Production is Legitimized in Everyday Discourse on Facebook

In 2016, Swedish climate reporting declined in quantity and shifted focus somewhat from climate change as such to the harmful climate impacts of meat consumption. The latter prompted discussions in social media—an increasingly important forum for public debate but infrequently studied in environmental communication research. Despite strong evidence that a meat and dairy-based diet is harmful for the environment, meat consumption is increasing, and this qualitative study aims to—through the lens of social representation theory—contribute knowledge about how livestock production is legitimized in everyday discourse on Facebook. The article identifies representations that legitimize livestock production through polarization between (1) livestock production and other (environmental) issues, (2) environmentally “good” and “bad” countries, and (3) “reliable” and “unreliable” information. It concludes by discussing the influence of national ideology on the legitimization of livestock production and the potential of social media to counter the post-politicization of environmental issues.