Ordination of Plant Communities in Forest Biogeocenoses under Conditions of Air Pollution in the Northern Kola Peninsula

The species diversity and structure of the tree, herb–dwarf shrub, and moss–lichen layers in the biogeocenoses (BGCs) of pine forests of the Kola Peninsula were analyzed in the zone affected by the Pechenganikel Combined Works. Relationships of the diversity of phytocenoses with the amount of atmospheric fallout and the concentrations of accessible compounds of polluting elements (nickel and copper) and nutrients (potassium, magnesium, and nitrogen) in forest litters were revealed.     

Zooplankton as an Indicator of the State of Lake Ecosystems Polluted with Mining Wastewater in the Kola Peninsula

The most informative characteristics of the zooplankton-community response to the effect of industrial wastewater from mines have been determined using water bodies of the Kola Peninsula as an example. It has been demonstrated that qualitative and quantitative characteristics of zooplankton depend on the degree of industrial pollution of a water body and adequately reflect differences in the conditions of zooplankton growth between the whole water bodies and their individual parts. The role of zooplankton as an indicator has been assessed and the possibility of including it in the system of monitoring of water objects has been substantiated.     

Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metals and <Superscript>137</Superscript>Cs in Spruce Forest Soil under Conditions of Regional Pollution

The influence of horizontal structure of spruce forest on the spatial distribution of acid-soluble Zn, Cd, Pb compounds and ¹³⁷Cs in the litter and the humus horizon of soddy podzolic soil has been studied in the territory with the regional background level of industrial fallout. It has been found that the distribution pattern of Zn in the forest litter is a result of biogeochemical processes. The litter in fern–wood sorrel microplots contains increased amounts of Zn and Cd, while the contents of Pb and ¹³⁷Cs are decreased. The distribution patterns of Pb and ¹³⁷Cs in the litter are positively correlated with each other, since both elements are deposited from the atmosphere, and similar mechanisms account for their redistribution in the spruce forest ecosystem.     

Dynamics of vegetation in the tundra-taiga ecotone on the Kola Peninsula depending on climate fluctuations

The dynamics of northern forest boundary and the state of vegetation in the tundra-taiga ecotone in the northwestern Kola Peninsula have been evaluated using Landsat satellite images obtained in 1986 and 2005, the years encompassing the period of recent climate warming. Values of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) in these years have been calculated to construct a differential index image reflecting changes in the vegetation. Its analysis has revealed an increase in the density of open forests and in the thickness of dwarf shrub vegetation, which has expanded to the lichen tundra.     

Heavy Metals in Organs and Tissues of the European Black Vulture (Aegypius monachus): Dependence on Living Conditions

The distribution of Fe, Zn, Cu, Cd, Mn, Pb, and Ni in the organs and tissues (kidneys, liver, lungs, brain, heart, muscles, and feathers) of the European black vulture (Aegypius monachus) was studied. It was shown that heavy metals were not responsible for the mass mortality of these birds in southern Primorye in the winter of 2001–2002. The level of pollution with heavy metals of the range of European black vultures wintering in this region (northern China and western Mongolia) may be regarded as insignificant.     

长三角典型城郊农田土壤-浙贝母重金属迁移特征研究

城郊生态系统中土壤重金属分布及其在土壤—植物系统的迁移和富集特征是城乡共生体土壤安全研究的热点问题。以典型经济作物浙贝母(Fritillaria thunbergii)为例,基于野外采样和实验分析,对长三角代表性城郊农田中土壤—植物系统重金属的分布、富集和迁移特征开展研究。结果表明:受人类活动的影响,城郊农田土壤中重金属除Cr外,Cu、Zn、As、Cd和Pb的平均含量超过土壤背景值,并且不同重金属在空间分布上表现较高的空间异质性。除Cd和Cr外,浙贝母植株不同部位重金属含量表现为叶、茎显著高于鳞茎,叶中重金属含量可达到鳞茎的5～10倍,表明叶比鳞茎更易富集重金属。重金属迁移系数分析表明,Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Cd和Pb主要富集在浙贝母植株的地上部分,且不同重金属在植株中的迁移和富集能力具有较大的差异。浙贝母地上部分对Cr、As和Pb的富集能力较低,对Cu、Zn和Cd的富集能力相对较强。相比而言,鳞茎对不同重金属的富集能力均较弱,综合污染评价也表明,浙贝母鳞茎中重金属含量并未超过污染标准。     

基于水力学条件的江家口坝#br# 下集诱鱼进口流场研究

建设过鱼设施是减缓河流大坝修建对鱼类不利影响的重要措施。本文以江家口坝址至坝下580 m处的河段为研究区段,构建基于MIKE21的平面二维水动力模型,根据工程的水文情势选用典型工况对坝下流场进行分析,探究不同工况下鱼类可能的上溯路径。结果表明：主流流量在5.40~40.74 m3/s,集诱鱼流量在2.50 m3/s情况下,主流受集诱鱼进口流量约束,将偏向右岸往下游流动。在仅考虑2号机组下泄17.67 m3/s流量下,河道存在目标鱼类洄游的上溯路线,距集诱鱼进口30～100 m处,河道中间满足鱼类适宜流速和水深,鱼类将沿着河道中间洄游;距集诱鱼进口0～30 m处,右岸流速逐渐升高并成为鱼类适宜流速,鱼类将从右岸洄游并最终到达集诱鱼进口;集诱鱼进口处,右岸水深高于中间水深约10%～40%,高于左岸水深90%～170%,集诱鱼进口处的高水深将有利于鱼类进入。对于“T”形集诱鱼进口汇流,集诱鱼流量占12%左右能产生较好的集诱鱼进口水力学特征。研究成果可为集诱鱼进口处鱼类上溯提供参考依据。     

Heavy Metals in the Environment of the Middle Urals and Their Effects on the Organism

The kinetics of accumulation of essential and toxic trace elements (TE) in vitally important organs were studied in small mammals typical of the Middle and Southern Ural fauna. The results revealed a discrepancy between the increased uptake of Cd, Zn, Pb, and Cu by animals and the virtually constant concentrations of heavy metals (HMs) in their organs, which could be explained by the existence of special elimination systems activated upon excessive HM uptake. It is shown that HM accumulation in animal tissues is energy-dependent and species-specific, and the effects of highly toxic TE correlate with physiological processes.     

重金属污染耕地修复治理试点对农户生产的溢出效应研究

基于2017年在江西和湖南两省的农户调研数据,实证分析重金属污染耕地修复治理试点对试点周边农户生产行为的影响,并检验试点溢出作用对农户生产行为的异质性影响.研究发现:重金属污染治理试点的启动,引起周边农户水稻种植面积与水稻面积占比减少,但通过技术溢出使农户对耕地修复技术的采用量提升;进一步分析发现,靠近治理试点的区域,风险厌恶者减少水稻种植,但增加技术施用量治理污染;时间偏好低的农户等待政策试点范围扩大,不会改变水稻种植规模但会减少治理技术投入;随着试点间隔时间的扩大,位于试点区域周边的农户增加水稻种植面积,但减少治理技术采用量.研究结论为我国耕地重金属污染的治理与治理试点范围的扩展提供了有益的借鉴.     

Anatomical Structure of Ectomycorrhiza in Abies sibirica Ledeb. and Picea obovata Ledeb. under Conditions of Forest Ecosystems Polluted with Emissions from Copper-Smelting Works

Changes in the anatomical characters of ectomycorrhiza in Siberian fir and Siberian spruce were studied in natural forests polluted with heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, As, and Fe) and sulfur dioxide. As technogenic load increased, the total radius of mycorhiza terminals and plant roots included in them increased in the organic horizon and decreased in the mineral part of the soil. The absolute thickness of fungal mycorhiza caps and their relative contribution to the total volume of consuming organs increased under pollution. The observed responses were regarded as adaptive, aimed at compensating the adverse effects caused by technogenic pollution.     

基于环境容量的县域农用地土壤重金属风险概率预警研究

《土壤污染防治法》的正式出台,标志着我国土壤污染防治工作由"现状治理"转向"风险预防",为此开展区域土壤重金属风险预警研究具有一定的理论与现实意义。以太湖沿岸某产粮县为研究对象,以2015年为基准年,运用重金属输入-输出通量模型和土壤环境负载容量法对研究区耕地土壤中的As、Hg、Cr、Cd、Pb 5种重金属15年(2030年)与35年(2050年)后的风险概率进行预警研究。研究结果表明:大气干湿沉降成为除As以外其他4种土壤重金属的主要来源,畜禽粪便、化肥投入与灌溉水也会在一定程度上影响土壤重金属输入;此外,研究区耕层土壤中As、Cr、Pb 3种重金属整体情况较为良好,Hg、Cd污染风险概率较高,主要分布在研究区中部的O镇、P镇。通过GIS技术与区域物质流通量模型的结合能够很好地对不同区域以及不同重金属污染类型的区域进行风险预警,这可以为土壤污染差别化管控策略的制定提供重要思路。     

Assessment of the Antioxidant Potential of Plants in Urban Ecosystems under Conditions of Anthropogenic Pollution of Soils

The leaves of 22 woody and herbaceous plant species growing in urban ecosystems of Kalinigrad were analyzed for the total contents of water-soluble antioxidants (TAC) and polyphenol contents. The soils of test plots were assayed for lead contents in the accumulative horizon. A significant excess over the background Pb level was revealed in soil samples from residential and industrial/utility areas (42% of the city territory), and TAC in plant tissues was found to decrease with an increase in Pb concentration in the soil. The role of polyphenols in forming the antioxidant potential of urban plants growing under conditions of technogenic soil pollution was evaluated. Based on cluster analysis of the water-soluble antioxidant and polyphenol accumulation patterns, the plants were classified into four groups. The results of this study may be used for comprehensive assessment of the resilience of urban plants to anthropogenic impact and improvement of the approaches and methods for monitoring industrial pollution in urban areas.     

Distribution of Fine Roots of Coniferous Trees over the Soil Profile under Conditions of Pollution by Emissions from a Copper-Smelting Plant

The distribution of fine conducting roots of Siberian spruce, Siberian fir, and Scotch pine over the soil profile was studied in the taiga ecosystems polluted with heavy metals and SO₂. Under conditions of heavy pollution, tree roots were not found in the forest litter. Regardless of the level of technogenic load, the largest amount of conducting roots concentrated in the upper layer of mineral soil.     

Effects of Soil Hydrothermal Conditions on the Complexes of Soil Invertebrates in Coniferous and Deciduous Forest Cultures

The effects of hydrothermal conditions on the complexes of soil invertebrates in 20-year-old cultures of Siberian stone pine, larch, Scotch pine, spruce, birch, and aspen are considered. The role of soil temperature and moisture content in determining the density of pedobionts and their vertical distribution is revealed. Seasonal fluctuations of hydrothermal parameters are shown to affect the vertical migrations of soil invertebrates and the dynamics of trophic structure of their complexes under forest cultures during the growing season.     

Effect of Extractive Compounds from Lichens and Mosses on the Development of Basidiospores and Mycelium of Tinder Fungus

It has been shown that extracts from the thalli of lichens and mosses have an adverse effect on the viability and germination of spores and suppress the asexual reproduction of the haploid mycelium. The dikaryotic mycelium and its conidial spores are more resistant to the action of extractive compounds from lichens and mosses.     

我国城市土壤重金属污染及其治理研究进展综述

本文从城市土壤中重金属元素的污染来源、污染危害、污染空间特征、污染评价方法和治理方法等方面来对我国城市土壤重金属污染问题的研究进展进行综述,并提出了相关的治理对策建议。     

Effect of Heavy Metals (Cu,Co, Cd) on the Early Development of Mytilus edulis (Mollusca; Bivalvia)

Russian Journal of Ecology - The effect of dissolved heavy metals (Cu, Cd and Co) on the early development of blue mussel Mytilus edulis from the White Sea was studied in an acute 72-hour...     

三峡水库消落带优势草本植物残体淹水后温室气体排放特征

三峡水库消落带淹水后植物腐烂分解，向水体释放碳、氮养分，可能导致二氧化碳（CO₂）、甲烷（CH ₄）和氧化亚氮（N₂O）等温室气体（GHGs）排放，消落带可能成为大气GHGs的排放源，但目前植物淹水腐解导致的GHGs排放还缺乏定量研究。选择三峡水库消落带优势草本植物狗牙根（Cynodon dactylon (Linn.) Pers.）、水蓼（Polygonum hydropiper）、鬼针草（Bidens bipinnata Linn.）和苍耳（Xanthium sibiricum Patrin ex Widder.）的茎叶，开展为期120 d的室内浸泡模拟淹水实验，测定植物残体干重、上覆水的水化学指标和养分浓度并监测其动态变化，同时测定水-气界面GHGs排放速率，旨在查明消落带植物残体淹水后的GHGs排放过程和通量及其植物种间差异。结果表明:植物残体淹水初期（前15 d）干重下降较快，随后下降变缓，其中苍耳干重损失最大，狗牙根干重损失最小；植物残体淹水初期（前15 d）水-气界面的GHGs快速排放，淹水第4~7 d达到峰值，中后期（第30 d起）平稳排放，鬼针草和苍耳淹水后水-气界面GHGs排放速率显著高于狗牙根和水蓼（P<0.05），鬼针草和苍耳淹水后CO ₂和CH₄累积排放量显著高于狗牙根和水蓼，苍耳、鬼针草和水蓼淹水后N₂O累积排放量显著高于狗牙根，总体而言，狗牙根淹水后GHGs排放量最低；消落带优势草本植物残体淹水后的CO₂和CH ₄排放速率随上覆水的DOC浓度升高而增加， N₂O排放速率与上覆水的NO^-₃-N浓度具有正相关关系，受NO^-₃-N浓度驱动。同时，植物形态和其碳氮含量影响植物淹水分解速率、进而影响养分释放和GHGs排放。