基于集对分析法的重大危险源危险性评价

介绍了集对分析方法的基本原理,给出了考虑指标权重与不考虑指标权重两种情况下的系统危险性评价步骤,并将系统危险性的评价结果与集对势相结合来判断系统危险性态势,以某涂装车间为例,对其进行了危险性评价.结果表明,在不考虑指标权重与考虑指标权重两种情况下,该涂装车间均处于"一般安全"等级,但后者的安全等级程度更低,也说明了该涂装车间需要进一步采取安全措施,提高其安全程度,从而避免事故的发生.     

漂流旅游重大危险源及其评价

依据工业重大危险源(重大危害设施)定义,引申定义漂流旅游重大危险源.以国家旅游局的相关规定为漂流旅游重大危险源辨识基础,应用安全系统工程原理,综合考虑人、机、环境、管理等因素,对系统的重大危险源进行辨识.由于各相关因素之间的相互影响,各因素对总体--漂流旅游重大危险源风险评价的影响,采用层次分析方法建立层次结构模型,构造判断矩阵,进行层次排序和一致性检验,从而建立漂流旅游重大危险源风险综合安全评价体系.     

抚顺市健康风险评价

抚顺是一个矿业和重工业城市,在生产发展过程中,其环境受到了一定的污染.采用健康风险评价法来研究其大气、水体和土壤污染给居民带来的健康风险.结果表明:抚顺市的大气风险值在标准值之内,污染并不严重,而且在"九五"之后有好转的趋势;大伙房水库的基因毒物质的风险值要高于躯体毒物质的风险值,在基因毒物质之中,Cr的风险值最高;在土壤中,躯体毒物质的风险值要高于基因毒物质的风险值,而且以下的污染最为严重.整体来看,抚顺市的大气污染给居民的身体健康造成的影响不太大,而水体污染和土壤污染则对居民健康有较大的影响.     

Risk assessment: an approach to control hazards in mines

Accidents and injuries related to work are major occupational health problems in most of the industrialized countries.Traditional approaches to manage workplace safety in mines have mainly focused on job redesign and technical aspects of engineering systems.It is being realized that compliance to rules and regulations of mines is a prerequisite;however,it is not sufficient to achieve further reduction in accident and injury rates in mines.Proactive approaches are necessary to further improve the safety standards in mines.Unsafe conditions and practices in mines lead to a number of accidents,which in turn may cause loss and injury to human lives,damages to property,and loss of production.Hazard identification and risk assessment is an important task for the mining industry which needs to consider all the risk factors at workplaces.Applications of risk management approaches in mines are necessary to identify and quantify potential hazards and to suggest effective solutions.In this paper,the following risk estimation techniques were discussed:(i)DGMS(Directorate General of Mines Safety,India)risk rating criterion,and(ii)a matrix based approach.The proposed tools were demonstrated through an application in an opencast coal mine in India.It was inferred that the risk assessment approach can be used as an effective tool to indentify and control hazards in mines.     

Risk indicators for major hazards on offshore installations

Major hazards risk indicators are proposed for offshore installations, based on what has been used by the Petroleum Safety Authority Norway for the Risk Level approach in the Norwegian offshore petroleum industry. Since 2002 also leading indicators are used, in the sense that indicators for barrier performance are included together with the lagging indicators. There are individual indicators for a number of barrier functions, including fire and gas detection, a number of safety valves, active fire protection and mustering of personnel. The performance of the leading indicators during several years of data collection as well as lessons learned from the project are discussed. This is followed by a review of how indicators may be used by individual companies, and how the lessons may be utilised by individual companies to develop risk indicators for individual installations as well as company wide indicators.     

西安市重大危险源应急救援体系构建

随着城市化进程的加快,城市人口的积聚和城市规模的不断扩大,城市重大危险源不断增加,严重威胁着城市的安全发展.本文论述了城市重大危险源应急救援体系的发展现状及存在的问题,并在分析西安市重大危险源和应急救援体系现状的基础上,构建了西安市重大危险源应急救援体系,提出了西安市应对重大危险源事故的思路.     

重大危险源监控系统发展历程

从重大危险源安全监管的现实需求出发，对重大危险源监控系统进行全面系统地研究，及时掌握重大危险源监控技术的发展进程，是安全科研工作的必需．本文对重大危险源监控系统的发展历程进行研究与总结，指出各类监控系统的优缺点，便于科研人员及时了解与掌握重大危险源监控技术的最新进展，为重大危险源安全监管提供重要的科技支撑。     

Global process industry initiatives to reduce major accident hazards

In the past 10 years, the vapor cloud explosion at Texas City, the ammonium nitrate explosion in Toulouse, a pipeline disaster in Belgium, and three near total loss events in Norway have highlighted that major accident process safety is still a serious issue. Hopes that PSM or Safety Case regulations would reduce process events by 80% have not proven true. The Baker Panel, convened after Texas City developed a series of recommendations, mainly around leadership, incentives, safety culture and more effective implementation of PSM systems. Many US-based companies are working hard to implement the Baker recommendations. In Europe, an approach built around safety barriers, especially relating to technical safety systems, is being widely adopted.The author’s company has carried out a global survey of process industry initiatives, for both upstream and downstream activities, to identify what the industry itself is planning to enhance process safety in the next 5-10 years. This paper presents a summary of some of the major programs and initiatives as apply to traditional oil majors, newer national oil companies, and the chemical industry. These are a mixture of Baker recommendations, barrier approaches and tighter integration of process safety and asset integrity. While the factor of 10 improvement achieved in occupational safety over the past 20 years seems unattainable for process safety, a factor of 3-4 improvement in the next 20 years does seem possible. This would call for significant effort on the part of operators, but the benefits fully justify the effort.     

重大危险源事故风险预警技术研究

重大危险源事故风险预警技术是事故控制技术中的一大研究重点。本文通过对比分析安全生产领域常用事故预警模型的优缺点,总结了事故预警模型的发展趋势,提出了基于模糊综合评判技术和动态模糊神经网络技术的重大危险源事故风险预警模型,详细陈述其构建过程,最后对液化石油气蒸气云爆炸事故应用该模型,得到了较好的预测效果,实现了风险程度的定量化预警。该预警模型具有快速的自学习能力和容错能力,能够同时处理多种风险因素、自动生成模糊规则并满足预警系统的实时性要求,可应用于重大危险源在线监控预警系统,为企业端和政府端监管者提供有效的重大危险源事故风险定量化预警信息,为遏制重大灾难事故的发生、减少死亡人、数受伤人数和直接经济损失提供先进的理论和技术支撑。     

区域地质灾害评价的有效性周期分析

区域地质灾害评价有效性周期是指评价可靠性的持续时间,它的影响因素主要包括地质灾害背景条件的复杂性、研究区的范围或规模、突发性自然事件以及人类工程活动等。通过分析这些因素对区域地质灾害评价的有效性周期的影响模式,提出了确定区域地质灾害评价有效性周期的基本方法。通过对汶川地震前后的青川县滑坡危险性区划进行比较,对北京市2001年、2009年的地质灾害易发性评价结果进行比较,分析了确定区域地质灾害评价有效性周期的必要性,同时验证了确定有效性周期的方法的适宜性。     

Learning organisations for major hazards and the role of the regulator

A learning organisation is one that not only values and encourages learning from its own experiences, but also looks beyond itself for lessons, and avoids complacency. To be a learning organisation is a key part of the safety culture of any organisation involved with major hazard processes. It facilitates learning which can reduce the risk from major accident hazards. The paper provides a learning organisation toolkit which synthesises, from various literature sources, an understanding of what a learning organisation is and how to begin to develop one within an organisation. The paper illustrates how the regulator can be a learning organisation for major hazards, using the example of HSE's offshore fire, explosion and risk assessment team.     

贮罐类重大危险源三维风险分级模型研究

为了实现重大危险源分级监管,基于风险管理理论,建立贮罐类重大危险源定性三维分级模型和风险定量分级模型。提出风险评价敏感性因素,选取可能性影响因素、严重性影响因素、敏感性影响因素3类风险评价指标。使用层次分析法(AHP)计算贮罐风险分级指标权重。根据风险可接受准则,将贮罐类重大危险源风险等级划分为4级,实现基于三维风险模型的贮罐类重大危险源快速分级。结果表明:用贮罐类重大危险源三维风险分级模型,通过简单数学模型计算贮罐风险值,能为企业提供风险分级标准,有助于实现政府对贮罐类重大危险源分级监管。     

Computerized hazards analysis : The backbone of a hazards analysis effort/basis for a corporate hazards information exchange

Computerized hazards analysis has many obvious advantages. Criticality codes can be assigned, modified, sorted, grouped, and regrouped. Critical event assignments can be automatically tracked. Graphics capability can show the distribution of various types of hazards dramatically, and the risks involved with each. But, computerized hazards analyses can provide benefits orders of magnitudes beyond those mentioned above. Consider the following: as hazards analyses are performed, i.e., as hazard severity, critical events, and risks are defined for each component and each operator action in your facility, you are relying on the memories of many people for much of your input. The following text includes real life examples of such a situation.     

天然气开采危险有害因素辨识及风险评估

作为清洁能源的天然气,对生态环境的改善、经济的发展和人们生活质量的提高具有重要的作用,天然气需求量的增加给天然气开采带来了了巨大压力。天然气开采属于高危、高技术含量的作业,开采的整个过程伴随有诸多风险,极易发生突发性有害事故,且处理棘手。挖掘并分析天然气开采潜在危险有害因素,对于提前做好突发事故预警预防、事故应急处置和救援等都具有重大现实意义。结合近年来天然气开采大量事故资料,从事故发生发展的过程出发,提出了天然气开采危险有害因素辨识的原则、步骤,从设备缺陷、管理操作、外界环境三方面分类汇总了天然气开采危险有害因素,并提出一种适合天然气开采的危险有害因素风险评估方法,从而对危险有害因素分级预防和控制。     

嵌入式技术在重大危险源监控预警中的应用

通过对重大危险源监控预警系统的功能需求分析,并结合嵌入式技术的特点,提出基于嵌入式系统的监控预警主机的设计方案。所设计的集过程监控预警与视频监控为一体的的监控预警主机,具有实际应用价值。     

重大危险源在线监测数据的实时处理与分析技术研究

重大危险源在线监测数据的处理与分析,就是将原始信号进行适当的转换,形成特征明显且易于分析的新信号的一种科学,它是进行状态监测与事故预警的重要基础。本文对离散傅立叶变换和快速傅立叶变换进行了分析与比较,讨论了两种不同变换算法的优缺点和适用范围。实践应用表明,在在线监测系统中应采用快速傅立叶变换算法。     

城市重大危险源普查与分级技术探讨

探讨了城市重大危险源辨识、普查的原则,提出建立普查指标体系的基本思路及方法,分析比较了国内较为流行的几种重大危险源分级技术的优缺点及适用条件.提出了多种分级方法结合的组合式分级方法.对进行城市重大危险源辨识、普查和分级管理工作的开展具有一定的参考价值.     

基于模糊评判人工神经网络的重大危险源辨识研究

国家已经制定了重大危险源辨识标准,辨识依据是危险物质的数量,主要适用于化工行业.本文对于国家重大危险源辨识标准不适合的行业,结合各行业发生事故的特点和工艺特征,综合利用模糊评判法和人工神经网络,辨识企业内存在的重大危险源.在某化工厂进行了检验,实践证明了方法的科学性和合理性.     

作业场所职业危害风险综合评价研究

在引入超标倍数、超标率等指标研究粉尘、毒物和噪声作业职业危害风险评价方法的基础上,综合考虑不同类型职业危害因素致病风险的差异,职业危害接触人数以及职业卫生管理情况,建立了多种类型职业危害因素并存作业场所的风险评价方法,进行了实际应用并取得良好效果,对于管理部门实施作业场所职业危害分级监管以及企业自我分级管理等都具有借鉴意义。     

城际重大危险源应急网络协同及其经济性研究

为提高城际应急资源的利用效率,本文从城际应急网络资源协同共享的角度分析应急网络协同的经济性,研究当前应急工作不断增加的资源需求与应急资源有限性之间的矛盾,指出城市应在注意节约、维护及合理使用与配置自身拥有资源的同时,更要加强与周边城市进行城际资源共享协调.提出了发生灾害时的城际应急资源协同模式,建立此时所需应急资源量的最小化模型,并证明了城际网络协同能够在对灾害做到快速应急反应的同时,节约资源.实现城际资源协同的经济效益.