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郑玲惠 《环境与可持续发展》2008,(1):20-22
闽东地区近年来外来生物入侵问题凸显,给当地造成了巨大的生产损失和严重的环境损害.文中介绍了该地主要入侵生物的危害和防治状况、分析了当前存在的问题、提出了相应的建议. 相似文献
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中国生物入侵管理体制探讨 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
中国是全球生物多样性最丰富的国家之一,生物多样性丰富程度北半球第一.由于中国人口众多、经济高速发展,生物多样性遭受严重威胁,而生物入侵是其主要威胁因素.2001-2003年,原国家环保总局进行全国外来入侵物种调查,发现全国有283种外来入侵物种.2003年农业部统计,入侵我国的外来生物有400多种,其中危害较大的有100余种.在世界自然保护联盟公布的全球100种最具威胁的外来物种中,我国就存在50余种,造成每年至少1000亿元的经济损失.令人担忧的是,这些外来入侵物种中的46.3%已侵入自然保护区. 相似文献
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以外来入侵物种导致的生物入侵为代表的生物安全已成为全球性的重大环境问题之一.在新时代下构筑美丽中国,这亟需对以生物入侵为代表的生物安全进行预警防控管理.本研究对新时代下我国以生物入侵为代表的生物安全预警防控管理在法律法规体系、政府职能、数据资源、机制研究、执法监管和关注度等方面尚存在的问题进行全方位解析,以便为阐明新时... 相似文献
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外来生物入侵经济损失评估的研究进展 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
外来生物入侵对生态环境的影响及其造成的经济损失日益严重.评估外来生物入侵带来的经济损失有助于提高人们的意识,为相关政策决策提供科学依据.本文讨论了当前外来生物入侵经济损失评估的研究进展,包括经济损失评估的理论和价值基础、实证研究及应用的评估方法等. 相似文献
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欧盟是在欧洲共同体基础上发展而来的。自1952年欧洲煤钢共同体建立,到2004年5月,欧盟成员国由最初的6个扩大至现在的25个,面积达400多万平方公里,人口约4.5亿,国内生产总值逾10万亿美元。历经半个多世纪的发展。欧盟已成为当今世界一体化程度最高、综合实力雄厚的国家联合体。每天川流不息的飞机、火车、汽车、轮船等交通工具运送大量的人员流和货物流进出欧盟。使得外来物种的传入变得不可避免。其中有些已经对当地的生态系统、经济发展以及公众的健康产生了严重影响。例如,美洲鼬的引入使得本土的欧洲鼬几乎绝迹:从亚洲传入的榆树荷兰病正在吞噬着大片的欧洲森林:美洲栉水母的入侵使得黑海与亚述海的凤尾鱼和鲱鱼养殖业蒙受灭顶之灾等。 相似文献
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为了探讨互花米草入侵对长江河口湿地CH4排放的影响以及入侵至不同潮位对CH4排放影响程度的差异及其可能机制,采用邻近互花米草与土著植物群落相配对的试验设计,在长江口东滩湿地的高潮滩和低潮滩各设置1条样线.结果表明,与土著植物相比,互花米草入侵显著增加了长江河口湿地的植物生物量,显著增加了土壤含水量、土壤有机碳含量、总氮含量、微生物碳和氮含量.高潮滩互花米草群落年均CH4排放强度为(0.68±0.08)mg/(m2·h),显著高于芦苇群落(0.21±0.01)mg/(m2·h),低潮滩互花米草和海三棱藨草群落年均CH4排放速率分别为(8.31±0.50)和(3.93±0.18)mg/(m2·h),前者显著高于后者.此外,高潮滩互花米草与芦苇群落之间年均CH4排放强度的差异为(0.47±0.08)mg/(m2·h),显著低于低潮滩互花米草与海三棱藨草群落之间年均CH4排放强度的差异(4.37±0.48)mg/(m2·h).上述结果表明,互花米草入侵通过改善CH4产生所需底物的质和量,增加土壤含水量和微生物的量,从而显著增加了长江河口湿地CH4排放量.互花米草入侵至低潮滩增加的CH4排放量是互花米草入侵至高潮滩的10倍左右,表明互花米草入侵至长江河口湿地对CH4排放的影响程度可能会有很强的空间异质性,互花米草入侵至更厌氧的土壤环境可能会对CH4排放的影响程度更大.本研究可为准确估算互花米草入侵对中国海岸带湿地CH4排放的影响程度,科学管理和合理利用海岸带湿地资源以及应对全球气候变化提供理论依据和科技支撑. 相似文献
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Climate change is likely to exacerbate the negative effects of invasive alien species (IAS) as it will foster their further spread. This paper analyses the potential socio-economic effects of three emerging IAS (giant ragweed, Ambrosia trifida; annual wormwood, Artemisia annua; and burweed marshelder, Iva xanthiifolia), which are known to cause substantial harm to human health and to have negative effects on agricultural production. The novelty of the study consists in an integrated approach that combines several aspects of IAS research and management. We model the future spread of the study species in Central Europe by the year 2050 under several climate change, management and spread scenarios. The costs and benefits of controlling the expansion of these IAS are based on this forecast. The results show that an early and coordinated response to the spread of these IAS yields substantial net benefits under all scenarios. Under the conditions of moderate climate change (+1.5 °C), discounted net benefits range from €19 to €582 million. Assuming more severe climate change (+2.4 °C), total savings over the full period are projected to add up to €1063 million. These large socio-economic benefits provide compelling evidence that public authorities should act preventively to restrict the spread of these three IAS. 相似文献
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中国生物入侵现状及对策 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
生物入侵是当今世界三大难题之一,中国也是世界上遭受生物入侵危害最大的国家之一.入侵中国的生物主要是以陆生植物为主,源地以美洲为主.在地域分布上南方和东部地区比较严重.主要侵入途径是以人类活动影响为主,自然扩散比重比较小.生物入侵对我国造成的危害十分巨大,解决生物入侵的主要对策是加强立法,全民重视. 相似文献
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云南省生物入侵现状分析 总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14
云南是世界十大生物多样性热点地区之一的东喜马拉雅地区的核心区域,生物种类及特有类群之多均居全国之首。但近年来,生物入侵现象发生严重,主要的入侵种有紫茎泽兰(Crofton weed (Eupatorium adenophorum))、凤眼莲(Water hyacinth(Eichhornia crassipes))等,严重威胁着云南省的生物多样性现状,威胁着整个生态系统的安全。在搜集大量资料的基础上,分析了云南省生物入侵的现状,为保护生物多样性,提高公众意识提供依据。 相似文献
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Chemical and biological flocculation process to treat municipal sewage and analysis of biological function 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
The pilot-scale experimental apparatus and the procedure of the chemical and biological flocculation process to verify the feasibility in treating Shanghai municipal sewage were introduced in this paper. In addition, the biological function of the process was discussed. The results of optimal running showed that in the reaction tank, the concentration of mixed liquor suspended solid(MLSS) was 2 g/L, hydraulic retention time(HRT) was 35 min, dosage of liquid polyaluminium chloride(PAC) was 60 mg/L, and the concentration of polyacrylamide(PAM) was 0.5 mg/L. The effluent average concentrations of CODcr, TP, SS and BOD5 were 50 mg/L, 0.62 mg/L, 18 mg/L, and 17 mg/L, respectively. These were better than the designed demand. In addition, the existence of biological degradation in this system was proven by several methods. The removal efficiencies of the chemical and biological flocculation process were 20% higher than that of the chemical flocculation process above at the same coagulant dosage. The treatment process under different situations was evaluated on a pilot-scale experiment, and the results provided magnificent parameters and optimal condition for future operation of the plant. 相似文献
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胞外聚合物磷酸盐形态对生物除磷过程的影响研究 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2
以不同DO条件下污泥龄(SRT)分别为10 d和30 d的两组实验室A/O-SBR反应器活性污泥为研究对象,探讨了胞外聚合物(EPS)磷酸盐形态对生物除磷过程的影响.结果表明,污泥絮体中的磷主要分布于EPS中,PO3-4-P和聚磷酸盐(Poly-P,包括低分子量聚磷酸盐LMW PolyP和高分子量聚磷酸盐HMW Poly-P)是EPS磷的主要形态;EPS对生物除磷的影响明显大于细菌细胞,EPS磷的厌氧降低量和好氧升高量为胞内磷变化量的2.8~6.4倍.EPS中的LMW Poly-P和HMW Poly-P含量均表现厌氧降低和好氧升高的变化规律;对于相同SRT的污泥,中DO(2.5~3.5 mg·L-1)条件较低DO(0.7~1.0 mg·L-1)条件下EPS的LMW Poly-P和HMW Poly-P有更大的厌氧降低量和好氧升高量,对应着更明显的生物除磷过程,说明EPS不仅是生物除磷过程的中转站,而且参与了生物聚磷过程. 相似文献
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Bio-invasion has caused serious ecosystem damage and enormous economic losses in China, and it has been the greatest factor to island bio-diversity reduction. Xiamen, as an important seaport with a relatively high conservation value, is particularly vulnerable to bio-invasion for its typical island ecosystem as well as frequent human-made disturbance. As a result of field surveys, literature review, and consultation with experts, a list of 67 alien plants identified as major invaders (12 species) and emerging invaders (55 species) in Xiamen has been compiled. Based on the analysis of the current situation of bio-invasion in Xiamen, a risk assessment system for alien plant invasion has been designed using a ranking system and an analytic hierarchy process. The system consists of 17 secondary indices, grouped into 6 primary indices reflecting the different stages in the bio-invasion process: introduction, establishment, dispersion, current range, infestation, and artificial control. Biogeographical, ecological, and experience-linked aspects of the species as well as artificial disturbance were taken into account in the index selection and criterion development. The system was then validated (and worked well) using fifty well-known alien plant species as candidates. Appropriate recommendations are proposed to help local policy-makers prioritize their decisions on such alien plants. 相似文献