天津夏季地面O3浓度变化规律与影响因素

臭氧是城市污染大气中的首要光化学污染物,其变化规律与前体物(NO、NO2和CO)和气象因素关系密切.利用2008年夏季天津城区地面大气O3、相关前体物和气象因素等观测数据,研究了O3浓度水平和时间变化规律,重点分析了7月3日-8月5日O3与NO、NO2和CO等前体物及气象因素(气温、相对湿度和风速)的相关性.结果表明,天津城区夏季O3存在一定的污染,超标时段多发生在13:00-19:00,这一时段对应高温、低湿、大风的天气条件;NO、NO2和CO作为O3的前体物,昼间其浓度与O3浓度呈线性负相关,夜间相互作用较为复杂,相关性显著降低;气象因素对O3浓度影响明显,高温、低湿利于光化学反应的进行,O3浓度与风速呈正相关表明可能有外来源的存在.     

夏季NO_2与O_3相互作用的时间尺度特征——以香港地区为例

应用去趋势互相关分析法对比分析了香港地区2011年7月2日—19日(其中,7月2日—10日为连续晴天,7月11日—19日为连续阴雨天)9个监测站点近地面NO2与O3互相关性及时间尺度特征.研究表明,香港地区近地面NO2与O3浓度波动的相关性在一定时间尺度内具有长期持续性特征,且这两种污染物浓度波动的相关性随时间衰减过程并不遵循经典的马尔可夫随机过程(即相关性随时间呈现指数衰减),而是以幂律形式随时间缓慢衰减.统计分析表明,香港地区9个监测站点NO2与O3相互作用的DCCA标度指数在空间上服从正态分布.此外,为了研究不同太阳辐射对NO2与O3相互作用的时间尺度的影响,对夏季阴雨天和晴天NO2与O3相关性进行了对比分析.结果表明,在不同天气条件下,太阳辐射对NO2与O3相互作用的时间尺度存在显著差异.同时,进一步结合光化学反应机制以及人类日常生活规律探讨了导致此种差异的原因,认为其差异性可能与总日照时数、每日太阳总辐射等因素有关.本研究有助于进一步加强对大气O3污染演化复杂规律的认识.     

丽水小盆地型城市酸雨现状及成因分析

根据浙江省丽水市1986--2002年酸雨监测数据，对该市酸雨污染的现状特征及成因进行了分析。结果表明，丽水市酸雨污染严重，并呈逐年加重的趋势。冬、春季酸雨率高，降水pH值低；降水的主要离子SO4^2-与NO3^-比值逐年下降，说明大气污染有从煤烟型转为煤烟型与机动车尾气混合型的趋势；煤耗量、地型地貌特点、低空逆温层频率、地面弱风频率对酸雨率和降水pH值有明显的影响。     

春运期间北京市PM_(2.5)污染特征

为研究春运期间北京市PM2.5和气态污染物的污染特征,根据35个空气监测子站周边环境类型的不同将北京市划分为城区、郊区、对照区和交通密集区.结合春运期间的人为活动,比较分析各类污染物在各区域的日均浓度变化特征;将PM2.5日均浓度与SO2、NO2、CO、O3日均浓度及北京市的日均温度、相对湿度、风级进行相关性分析.结果显示,春运期间北京市PM2.5污染最严重,超过《环境空气质量标准》二级标准的天数占45%;PM2.5日均浓度变化趋势与春运客流量变化具有较好的一致性;各区域PM2.5、SO2、NO2和CO的日均浓度均符合交通密集区城区郊区对照区的分布,而O3的情况为对照区郊区城区交通密集区;各区域PM2.5浓度分别与该区域SO2、NO2、CO浓度呈正相关,与O3浓度呈负相关;各区域PM2.5浓度与温度未见相关性,与相对湿度呈正相关,与风级呈负相关.本文的研究结果表明,交通运输、烟花燃放和气象因子对春运期间PM2.5的污染特征影响较大.     

光谱法与传统荧光法测量北京大气NO2浓度及其对臭氧生成效率的影响

利用腔衰减相移式NO2光谱仪(CAPS)和传统化学荧光法(CL)同时测量北京2012年8月21—29日大气NO2浓度变化.对比两种仪器的NO2浓度,两种仪器结果在白天光化学反应较强期间偏差较大,最高可达25%.结合O3以及NOy观测计算了臭氧生成效率(OPEx),结果显示CAPS仪器结果计算得出的OPEx比CL小40%.对比低浓度和高浓度O3时期,前者差异小于后者,说明准确的NO2浓度测量对OPEx的计算至关重要,在O3污染期间尤为重要,是影响臭氧敏感性控制指标的一个显著因素.     

金属氧化物MoO3(WO3)和V2O5对烟气脱硝催化性能试验

以纳米级锐钛型TiO2为载体,负载V2O5和WO3(或MoO3)制备催化剂,研究不同催化剂组分对NO和NO2脱除率以及N2O生成量的影响.结果表明,V2O5的加入使得MoO3(WO3)/TiO2催化剂的活性和选择性得到了改善.MoO3(WO3)的加入主要是改善了催化剂表面的活性位数量,从而使得V2O5/TiO2基催化剂表现出更高的活性.     

成都市大气中臭氧的分布及污染水平

根据2001年6月成都市建成区大气O3监测结果，对其在该时段大气中O3的分布现状、污染水平、污染特征进行分析，揭示了成都市大气环境中O3的时空分布规律以及O3的浓度受天气状况的影响规律。     

河北黄壤中铅和铬(Ⅵ)对赤子爱胜蚓的毒性效应

通过向供试土壤(河北黄壤)中添加Pb(NO3)2和K2Cr2O7模拟受污染土壤,分别研究了Pb(NO3)2和K2Cr2O7对赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)体内超氧化物酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)和过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)活性...     

北京近地层O3、NOx、CO及相关气象因子的分析

利用2004年9月--2005年7月北京市区近地层O3、NOx、CO和气象要素的连续观测资料,分析了近地层O3及其前体物体积分数的分布特征和日变化特征,同时采用非参数统计方法分析了近地层O3及其前体物体积分数的季节变化特征及局地气象要素对它们的影响.结果表明,CO和NO2的体积分数近似于Lorentz分布;O3、NO和NOx的体积分数满足指数分布.O3体积分数的日变化呈单峰型结构,午后15:00左右出现峰值,凌晨7:00左右出现最低值;而其前体物NOx和CO体积分数的日变化呈双峰型结构,早上7:00左右出现第一次峰值.午后15:00左右达到最低值,凌晨0:00左右出现第二次峰值;NO2第一次峰值的出现时间滞后于NO和CO;此外,NO2的最低体积分数晚上与白天几乎相当.O2体积分数的季节变化表现为夏季高,冬季低;与其相反,NO、NO2、NOx和CO几乎均表现为冬季高,夏季低.相对湿度、温度、风速与O3及其前体物的体积分数均具有显著的相关性.风速大于4.0 m/s时,O3的平均体积分数仍然增大.     

2009年天津城区地面O_3和NO_x的季节变化与相关性分析

作为城市污染大气的首要光化学污染物,臭氧的变化特征与NO、NO2密切相关.分析天津城区2009年全年O3、NO和NO2体积浓度变化特征,结果表明,O3体积浓度春夏季高,这种分布特征与短波辐射的季节分布有关,日照时数和云量的分布证实了这一点.NO浓度冬季最高,夏季最低,NO2浓度秋季最高,夏季最低;相关性分析表明有NOx...     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Human Influence and Classical Biogeographic Predictors of Rare Species Occurrence

Biogeographic theory predicts that rare species occur more often in larger, less‐isolated habitat patches and suggests that patch size and connectivity are positive predictors of patch quality for conservation. However, in areas substantially modified by humans, rare species may be relegated to the most isolated patches. We used data from plant surveys of 81 meadow patches in the Georgia Basin of Canada and the United States to show that presence of threatened and endangered plants was positively predicted for patches that were isolated on small islands surrounded by ocean and for patches that were isolated by surrounding forest. Neither patch size nor connectivity were positive predictors of rare species occurrence. Thus, in our study area, human influence, presumably due to disturbance or introduction of competitive non‐native species, appears to have overwhelmed classical predictors of rare species distribution, such that greater patch isolation appeared to favor presence of rare species. We suggest conservation planners consider the potential advantages of protecting geographically isolated patches in human‐modified landscapes because such patches may represent the only habitats in which rare species are likely to persist. Influencia Humana y Predictores Biogeográficos Clásicos de la Ocurrencia de Especies Raras     

Seasonal dynamics of macro-algae in the South Lake of Tunis

The macro-algae communities observed in the south lake of Tunis are characterized by the predominance of nitrophilous algae which are in the order of biomass importance:Ulva, Cladophora andEnteromorpha. We have noted seasonal changes of alga distribution. The wind appears to be one of the most important factors influencing this distribution. The total biomass reaches a maximum in the spring. Rapid decomposition of the biomass leads to a severe ecological imbalance, resulting in crises of anoxia and fish death. A restoration project has already started. It aims at removal of contaminated muds and the introduction of a new circulation system. The main objectives of this work were to collect information on the distribution and biomass of the phytobenthic communities as a first step in the constitution of a database for further comparison.     

Patterns and biases of climate change threats in the IUCN Red List

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments rely on published data and expert inputs, and biases can be introduced where underlying definitions and concepts are ambiguous. Consideration of climate change threat is no exception, and recently numerous approaches to assessing the threat of climate change to species have been developed. We explored IUCN Red List assessments of amphibians and birds to determine whether species listed as threatened by climate change display distinct patterns in terms of habitat occupied and additional nonclimatic threats faced. We compared IUCN Red List data with a published data set of species’ biological and ecological traits believed to infer high vulnerability to climate change and determined whether distributions of climate change‐threatened species on the IUCN Red List concur with those of climate change‐threatened species identified with the trait‐based approach and whether species possessing these traits are more likely to have climate change listed as a threat on the IUCN Red List. Species in some ecosystems (e.g., grassland, shrubland) and subject to particular threats (e.g., invasive species) were more likely to have climate change as a listed threat. Geographical patterns of climate change‐threatened amphibians and birds on the IUCN Red List were incongruent with patterns of global species richness and patterns identified using trait‐based approaches. Certain traits were linked to increases or decreases in the likelihood of a species being threatened by climate change. Broad temperature tolerance of a species was consistently related to an increased likelihood of climate change threat, indicating counterintuitive relationships in IUCN assessments. To improve the robustness of species assessments of the vulnerability or extinction risk associated with climate change, we suggest IUCN adopt a more cohesive approach whereby specific traits highlighted by our results are considered in Red List assessments. To achieve this and to strengthen the climate change‐vulnerability assessments approach, it is necessary to identify and implement logical avenues for further research into traits that make species vulnerable to climate change (including population‐level threats).     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture