几种潜流式人工湿地的工程应用与处理效果对比

通过对几种潜流式人工湿地工程实地应用研究与实时监测分析,结合四川眉山人工湿地示范工程长期运行处理情况,对四川省农村产生的生活污水在同等条件下的处理效果进行了比较研究,为探索适用于农村面源污染的控制方法及取得最优处理效果提供基础数据、理论和对策参考。     

Monod模型在潜流式人工湿地中的应用探讨

本文对一阶模型和零阶模型进行了比较,提出将Monod模型用于潜流式人工湿地的设计和运行之中。通过模型的动力学分析,表明负荷率和零阶去除率常数是决定潜流式人工湿地去除效果的基本参数,特别是在应用Monod模型时,可以得出湿地的最大去除率,从而避免在设计时引起尺寸过小。这有很重要的意义,说明湿地的负荷率有一个上限(这在一阶模型中是得不到的)。另外,本文还引进了一个新的无量纲参数无量钢参数Ω——湿地去除效率因子,作为比较湿地运行效果的有效方式。     

潜流人工湿地在城镇污水处理中的应用

本文介绍了潜流人工湿地的特点,着重分析了现有潜流人工湿地处理系统存在的问题,并提出了解决方法.特别指出免淤塞型潜流人工湿地适合城镇水污染治理,并具有建设和运行费用低、管理维护简单、处理效率高和出水水质稳定的优势.     

人工湿地污水处理系统脱氮机理研究进展

本文介绍了近年来人工湿地污水处理系统脱氮机理的研究情况,阐述了人工湿地脱氮的三种途径：植物和其它生物的吸收作用、微生物的生物转化作用及氨气的挥发作用,其中微生物的生物转化作用是人工湿地主要的脱氮方式.同时对影响人工湿地脱氮效率的主要因素：温度、pH值、氧化还原电位、溶解氧、微生物可利用有机碳与硝态氮、停留时间等都作了比较详细的介绍,为进一步开展人工湿地脱氮机理的研究和优化人工湿地污水处理系统设计提供参考.     

潜流人工湿地在景观水系水质维持中的应用

以上海金地格林世界高尔夫公园生态景观水体水质维持系统工程为例,探讨了建立以FILSYS潜流人工湿地工艺为核心的住宅区生态景观水体水质维持系统,以及FLSYS潜流人工湿地工艺的应用特点和效果,并对其经济效益进行了分析。     

潜流型人工湿地实现短程硝化反硝化的探讨

从短程硝化反硝化机理和目前国内外在短程硝化生物脱氮技术方面的进展入手;介绍了影响短程硝化的因素,剖析了潜流型人工湿地系统实现短程硝化的可能性和可行性;最后展望了湿地系统作为生态处理方法的发展方向.     

高效除氮菌在模拟潜流人工湿地中的应用

研究高效除氮菌的加入对模拟潜流人工湿地除污效果的影响。结果表明,除氮菌提高了污水中COD、氨氮及总磷的去除率,对COD的去除率可以提高10％左右,总磷最高可提高20％,试验三天,对氨氮的去除率也提高20％-30％。     

复式潜流湿地净化生活污水的试验研究

研究了新型复式潜流人工湿地对生活污水的净化效果。在不同水力负荷、季节、曝气方式等条件下经过小试试验,分析了该湿地对污染物净化效果的影响。结果表明,该系统出水水质稳定,达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB18918--2002）的一级A标准。在水力负荷184mm·d。条件下COD、NH,一N去除率最大分别可达87．2％、68．9％。冬季低温条件下对各类污染物去除率仍大于20％。正交试验分析得知,最佳运行条件是气温28．6℃、水力负荷0．184m3·m-2·d-1、水力停留时间2．4d。对比试验表明,采用预曝气方式对湿地净化效果明显优于厌氧处理。     

人工湿地中氮代谢微生物的共存策略及机理

人工湿地中氮元素的脱除主要依靠多种微生物的联合作用,因此氮代谢微生物的和谐共存成为人工湿地高效脱氮的基础。本文分析回顾了氨氧化细菌、亚硝酸盐氧化菌、反硝化细菌及厌氧氨氧化菌等主要氮代谢微生物的共存策略及反应机理。     

Water-Quality Performance of a Constructed Stormwater Wetland for All Flow Conditions1

Wadzuk, Bridget M., Matthew Rea, Gregg Woodruff, Kelly Flynn, and Robert G. Traver, 2010. Water-Quality Performance of a Constructed Stormwater Wetland for All Flow Conditions. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(2):385-394. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2009.00408.x Abstract: Results from a multiyear study demonstrate that a constructed stormwater wetland (CSW) improves urban stormwater runoff quality mitigating downstream impacts. Best management practices, such as CSWs, can comprehensively treat the various scales of stormwater runoff issues. Discrete sample analysis was used to investigate the CSW effect for storm events and base-flow periods on water-quality parameters [i.e., total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, total nitrogen, phosphorous (total and reactive), chloride, heavy metals (zinc, lead, and copper), and Escherichia coli]. The primary finding was that stormwater sediment load was removed through the CSW for all flow conditions during all seasons. The mechanisms responsible for the removal of suspended solids, including slower flow velocity, longer retention times, and vegetative contact, also reduced the mass of nutrients discharged downstream throughout the year. Exceedance probabilities were used to evaluate the expected pollutant reductions of nutrients and to incorporate the effect of natural flow variation on quality. Other findings included the observation that there was no significant difference in the performance of the CSW over two-year-long periods four years apart, indicating that a CSW is effective for an extended period.     

人工湿地对污染物去除的研究现状及发展前景

人工湿地是近年兴起的高效、经济、环保型的污水处理方式。在前人研究的基础上本文对人工湿地去除非点源污染物中的总氮、总磷、总悬浮物的研究现状及设计湿地的植物和填料对去除污染物影响方面进行了概述，并对其今后研究发展的趋势作了探讨。     

A Site-Related Suitability Analysis for the Production of Biomass as a Contribution to Sustainable Regional Land-Use

The use of renewable energy in Europe offers the possibility of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and contributes to energy security and independence. With the reform of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and a variety of recently introduced national directives supporting renewable energy sources in the European Union, the economic attractiveness of bioenergy production has distinctly increased. This article combines an economic evaluation of biomass production with site-related natural conditions of the Havelland region, situated in the north-east area of Germany. Two methods for evaluating site-specific potential biomass yields were compared. For three example biomass crops, evaluations of yield estimations at agricultural lots for site-optimized suitability (SOS) and conventional suitability (CS) were carried out. Both modelling approaches were compared. The results of the GIS modelling indicate that the financial support for increasing the use of renewable energy with the German feed-in system, called Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz (EEG), will possibly lead to an increased cultivation of crops with high biomass output. This monocultural orientation of farming practices and the negative effects on the ecosystem could act in opposition to other environmental initiatives of the EU. The outputs of the SOS analysis show that high biomass production could be integrated into environmental policy proposals. Therefore, new EU policy should take modified subsidies into consideration in order to avoid developing conflicts between small-scale changes in landscape ecosystems caused by large-scale transformations in energy policy.     

Use of strategic environmental assessment in the site selection process for a radioactive waste disposal facility in Slovenia

The benefits of strategic environmental considerations in the process of siting a repository for low- and intermediate-level radioactive waste (LILW) are presented. The benefits have been explored by analyzing differences between the two site selection processes. One is a so-called official site selection process, which is implemented by the Agency for radwaste management (ARAO); the other is an optimization process suggested by experts working in the area of environmental impact assessment (EIA) and land-use (spatial) planning. The criteria on which the comparison of the results of the two site selection processes has been based are spatial organization, environmental impact, safety in terms of potential exposure of the population to radioactivity released from the repository, and feasibility of the repository from the technical, financial/economic and social point of view (the latter relates to consent by the local community for siting the repository). The site selection processes have been compared with the support of the decision expert system named DEX. The results of the comparison indicate that the sites selected by ARAO meet fewer suitability criteria than those identified by applying strategic environmental considerations in the framework of the optimization process. This result stands when taking into account spatial, environmental, safety and technical feasibility points of view. Acceptability of a site by a local community could not have been tested, since the formal site selection process has not yet been concluded; this remains as an uncertain and open point of the comparison.     

An economic and environmental assessment of carbon capture and storage (CCS) power plants: a case study for the City of Kiel

In the not too distant future several power plants throughout Europe will have to be replaced and the decision has to be made whether to build coal-fired power plants with carbon capture and storage (CCS). In a study for the city of Kiel in northern Germany only an 800 MW coal power plant reaches a required minimum for rentability. This study looks at an additional economic and environmental evaluation of a coal plant with CCS. We find that in two out of three carbon and energy price scenarios integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) plants with CCS have the greatest rentability. Pulverised coal (PC) plants with CCS can only compete with other options under very favourable assumptions. Life-cycle emissions from CCS are less than 70% of a coal plant – compared with at least more than 80% when only considering direct emissions from plants. However, life-cycle emissions are lower than in any other assessed option.     

Development of a Methodology for Strategic Environmental Assessment: Application to the Assessment of Golf Course Installation Policy in Taiwan

Some countries, including Taiwan, have adopted strategic environmental assessment (SEA) to assess and modify proposed policies, plans, and programs (PPPs) in the planning phase for pursuing sustainable development. However, there were only some sketchy steps focusing on policy assessment in the system of Taiwan. This study aims to develop a methodology for SEA in Taiwan to enhance the effectiveness associated with PPPs. The proposed methodology comprises an SEA procedure involving PPP management and assessment in various phases, a sustainable assessment framework, and an SEA management system. The SEA procedure is devised based on the theoretical considerations by systems thinking and the regulative requirements in Taiwan. The positive and negative impacts on ecology, society, and economy are simultaneously considered in the planning (including policy generation and evaluation), implementation, and control phases of the procedure. This study used the analytic hierarchy process, Delphi technique, and systems analysis to develop a sustainable assessment framework. An SEA management system was built based on geographic information system software to process spatial, attribute, and satellite image data during the assessment procedure. The proposed methodology was applied in the SEA of golf course installation policy in 2001 as a case study, which was the first SEA in Taiwan. Most of the 82 existing golf courses in 2001 were installed on slope lands and caused a serious ecological impact. Assessment results indicated that 15 future golf courses installed on marginal lands (including buffer zones, remedied lands, and wastelands) were acceptable because the comprehensive environmental (ecological, social, and economic) assessment value was better based on environmental characteristics and management regulations of Taiwan. The SEA procedure in the planning phase for this policy was completed but the implementation phase of this policy was not begun because the related legislation procedure could not be arranged due to a few senators’ resistance. A self-review of the control phase was carried out in 2006 using this methodology. Installation permits for 12 courses on slope lands were terminated after 2001 and then 27 future courses could be installed on marginal lands. The assessment value of this policy using the data on ecological, social, and economic conditions from 2006 was higher than that using the data from 2001. The analytical results illustrate that the proposed methodology can be used to effectively and efficiently assist the related authorities for SEA.