乌鲁木齐市室内环境空气污染成因及防治对策

为进一步掌握室内环境空气污染状况,对乌鲁木齐市毛坯房、公共场所和居民住宅的室内环境空气质量现状进行了监测统计,并调查了居民的健康状况,分析了室内空气污染的原因。监测结果表明,乌鲁木齐市新装修房屋室内环境污染较严重。对此提出了不同污染状况的防治对策。     

南京市环境监测中心站能力建设有新突破

南京市环境监测中心站在不断完善国家实验室认可 ,完成各项监测工作的同时 ,努力拓宽监测领域 ,提升监测能力 ,2 0 0 2年增设了在线监测管理科 ,目前已对南京市 2 3家重点企业的 6 0多个监控点实施了日常污染源远程监控 ;开展了农产品生产基地监测与评价工作 ,已对江浦县赫落山茶场等 4个无公害农产品生产基地开展了环评 ,完成评价报告 4份 ;室内环境监测新增空气中ＴＶＯＣ、木工板中甲醛、涂料中重金属元素等项目 ,并正式开展装潢工程验收监测 ;有机食品监测中新增了紫菜、羊栖菜中重金属元素监测项目 ;研究制定了燃煤中硫份分析方案 ,已…     

环境监测领域拓展方向和途径

分析了环境监测市场背景与走向,提出环境监测站应向环境质量和污染源监督监测,快速应急监测和事故仲裁监测,规划及建设项目环评现状、竣工验收、施工期与回顾性监测,排污收费总量监测和污染源自动监控仪监测检定,机动车排气污染物监测,环保产品性能及环保产品认定监测,室内环境与装饰装修材料监测,食品安全检测,以及环保体系认证监测领域拓展,进一步提升监测能力。     

室内环境空气污染对人体的危害及其防治

依据《GB/T 18883-2002室内空气质量标准》,本文对标准中规定的四类化学物质共19项监测指标就其种类、来源、特点及危害进行了分析,对如何监测进行了说明,并对预防室内环境空气污染提出了对策和建议.     

室内环境检测中采样位置与数量的确定

作者从采样时间等方面讨论了室内环境质量检测过程中采样位置与数量的影响因素，从而提出更科学、更合理的方案，为居民的室内环境检测的布点采样提供参考。     

以嘉陵江铊浓度异常事件为例探讨《重特大突发水环境事件应急监测工作规程》在应急监测中的应用

以"1.20"嘉陵江铊浓度异常事件应急监测为例,阐述了《重特大突发水环境事件应急监测工作规程》在应急监测工作中的应用。通过实例分析了应急监测全过程中的监测方案编制、样品采集安排、监测实验室设置、监测方法选择、监测结果报送、污染趋势预测以及应急状态终止等内容,结果表明《重特大突发水环境事件应急监测工作规程》能够指导应急监测工作顺利开展,该案例可为相关突发水环境事件的现场处置和应急监测工作提供技术参考。     

环境应急监测准备及其保障

环境突发性事故应急监测工作包括日常的应急监测准备和应急事故监测两部分内容,做好应急监测日常工作,对于及时、准确、有效地开展应急监测工作十分重要。     

我国物理监测工作的现状与建议

描述了我国物理监测(包括噪声监测、振动监测、辐射监测等)工作现状,介绍了环境监测系统物理监测的人员、仪器、能力以及相关标准、规范等情况,分析了物理监测工作存在的不足并对今后更好地开展物理监测工作提出了建议。     

突发性环境污染事故应急监测质量保证体系的研究

结合北京市环境保护监测中心应急监测质量保证工作的经验,提出了应急监测质量保证体系的构成、运行和质量保证措施.强调了加强应急监测质量保证工作,尤其是日常的质量保证工作,定期进行应急监测演习及案例分析,是做好应急监测工作,实现应急监测数据快速性、准确性、可靠性、代表性、时效性的重要保证.     

大庆市室内空气污染状况调查与防范治理分析

主要阐述了室内环境空气中主要污染物的性质及其污染因子的来源和对人体健康的危害,并通过对实际监测数据的统计与图表相结合对大庆市的室内环境空气污染状况进行分析说明,并提出如何防范治理与消除室内空气污染的措施和方法.     

Occupational and indoor air exposure to persistent organic pollutants: a review of passive sampling techniques and needs

Exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and related compounds such as PCBs, brominated flame retardants, organochlorine pesticides and PAHs is regarded as an important environmental risk factor for humans. Recently concerns about POPs resulted in the international protocol called the Stockholm Convention on POPs. Air quality standards (indoor, outdoor and occupational) for PAHs and other POPs will also be applied in the EU in the future. This will bring requirements for monitoring, to check for compliance and to reduce human exposures to POPs. This can occur from point sources and in various microenvironments, indoors, outdoors and in workplaces. Monitoring can be undertaken either by an active (pumped) method or using a passive (diffusive) air sampling (PAS) device. To date, PAS for POPs have mainly been used as integrating (long-term) samplers for ambient (outdoor) air. However, there are several reasons to develop PAS for monitoring of POPs in occupational and indoor environments. We discuss the potential advantages, limitations and developments needed, so that PAS can be used reliably and routinely indoors and in occupational settings for POPs.     

The interaction between physical and social-psychological factors in indoor environmental health

Indoor environmental health is now recognized as an important factor in preventing respiratory health problems in the United States. It is also a concern in Canada due to the amount of time that Canadians spend indoors because of cold weather and the potential for increased time indoors during the summer if theclimate warms. The negative health effects are often labeled assick building syndrome, but diagnosing a building or itsoccupants as sick is complicated by the variety of symptoms, thepresence of chronic versus acute symptoms and social andpsychological (socio-psychological) factors that may reduce theeffectiveness of an engineering solution. As a case study, thecontribution of various factors to indoor environmental health,in three buildings at the University of Toronto, was examinedusing five different methods. The results indicate that theinhabitants of the buildings consider features other than airquality in considering building health such as design,maintenance, funding cuts and socio-psychological factors.     

The use of semipermeable membrane devices as passive samplers to determine persistent organic compounds in indoor air

In the study reported here semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) were used to sample 28 PAHs and 19 PCBs in the gas phase in 15 single-family houses located in an area where domestic wood burning is widespread. Eight of the households used wood burning appliances whereas the others used other systems for residential heating. Most of the studied compounds were found in the houses: the PAHs at levels that were similar to or slightly higher than published SPMD-sampled levels for background or urban sites in Sweden, and the PCBs at levels that were somewhat lower than those recently found in both indoor and outdoor urban locations. A principal component analysis revealed that wood-burning heating systems may contribute to PAHs in indoor air. The sources may be emissions indoors or penetration from outdoors. The convenience of SPMD technology facilitates its use for semi-quantitative screening and monitoring of various persistent organic compounds indoors in dwellings and working environments.     

国家地下水环境质量考核监测体系构建与应用

为支撑国家地下水环境管理与污染防治,在系统梳理我国地下水环境监测发展历程的基础上,分析了当前地下水环境监测的技术特点,从支撑国家地下水环境质量考核的角度出发,研究构建了涵盖点位布设、监测指标选取、样品采集与保存、样品分析测试、质量保证与质量控制、质量评价等全流程的监测技术体系和质量管理体系,建立了"十四五"国家地下水环境质量考核监测网络建设及业务运行模式。基于覆盖全国所有地级及以上城市、主要水文地质单元、典型规模以上地下水型饮用水水源地与重点污染源的考核监测网络,建立了完善的地下水环境监测技术与质量管理体系,有效支撑了国家地下水环境质量考核,有助于各级管理部门掌握地下水环境质量状况,有针对性地开展地下水污染防治,为逐步改善地下水环境质量提供基础保障。     

Comparison of two dynamic measurement methods of odor and odorant emission rates from freshly dewatered biosolids

Odor and odorant emission rates from freshly dewatered biosolids in a dewatering building of a Water Reclamation Plant (WRP) are measured using the EPA flux chamber and wind tunnel methods. Experimental results are compared statistically to test whether the two methods result in similar emission rates when experiments are performed under field conditions. To the best of our knowledge the literature is void of studies comparing the two methods indoors. In this paper the two methods are compared indoors where the wind velocity and air exchange rate are pertinent field conditions and can be measured. The difference between emission rates of odor and hydrogen sulfide measured with the two methods is not statistically significant (P values: 0.505 for odor, 0.130 for H(2)S). It is concluded that both methods can be used to estimate source emissions but selection of the most effective or efficient method depends on prevailing environmental conditions. The wind tunnel is appropriate for outdoor environments where wind effects on source emissions are more pronounced than indoors. The EPA flux chamber depends on the air exchange rate of the chamber, which simulates corresponding conditions of the indoor environment under investigation and is recommended for estimation of indoor pollution sources.     

Determining Ecoregions for Environmental and GMO Monitoring Networks

A representative environmental monitoring network at the regional scale cannot use raster-based or random sampling designs, but requires a stratified sampling procedure integrating different information layers, and it has to occur in ecologically differing homogeneous regions (ecoregions). These we have determined using a set of spatial strata with ecological variables which we analysed with classification and regression trees (CART). We present a framework for environmental monitoring, that covers different scales, and we transfer the framework to a potential GMO (genetically modified organisms) monitoring network. We use ecoregion and other environmental strata together with existing environmental monitoring networks to determine GMO monitoring sites more precisely.     

地市级环境监测站历史转型期管理体制与职能定位探讨

通过对30多家地市级环保局"三定"方案调查研究,分析并列举了环境保护历史转型期地市级环保局分管监测工作机构模式,对环境监测管理体制、职能定位不同的设计、规划,提出了当前环境管理体制与环境监测管理中存在的各类问题。围绕建设"先进的环境监测预警体系"是环境监测历史转型的根本任务,研究提出了单列型、合署型监测管理与履职型、拓展性、创新性监测职能定位建设模式。     

Estimated distributions of personal exposure to respirable particles

A method of estimating distributions of exposure to respirable particles is presented. Using pollutant monitoring data from outdoors and indoors, time-activity data and a time-weighted exposure model, means and variances for exposure distributions are generated. Variances are estimated using Gauss' law of error propagation. The model is calibrated using data from a personal monitoring study. Estimated distributions of exposure to respirable particles for children in six cities living in homes with and without smokers are presented. The implications of these estimates for air pollution epidemiology and needs for further research are discussed.