原子力显微镜液池成像技术应用于微絮凝过滤工艺过程中的实验条件优化

采用原子力显微镜液池成像技术对微絮凝过滤工艺过程中的微絮凝时间和搅拌强度进行优化.结果表明,原子力显微镜液池成像技术可以对混凝过程中的微絮体进行形貌表征和数字描述,并证实微絮凝过滤工艺在处理实际印染工业尾水过程中,微絮凝时间为2 min,搅拌强度为100 s-1时可以达到优化的处理效果.     

混凝过程中絮体形貌的PIV成像观测与表征

采用粒子成像速度场仪(PIV)对Taylor-Couette反应器内的混凝过程中絮体的微观形貌进行了观测与表征.结果表明,内筒转速在20～60r/min范围内,生成的絮体颗粒较大,粒径分布均匀,絮凝沉淀效果最好.由于内筒旋转速度的变化直接导致混凝流场形态的变化,所以混凝过程中流场形态的变化对絮体生长过程有重要影响,进而直接影响到混凝效果.混凝过程中流场的周期性变化、涡间存在液体传递的波状涡结构有利于絮体颗粒的结合生长,并导致较高的絮凝沉淀去除率.这也说明PIV技术能够在测量流场的同时较好地反映混凝过程中微絮体的形貌变化特征,从而实现对絮凝过程的原位观测与表征.     

混凝过程中流场结构的PIV测量与表征

采用粒子成像速度场仪(PIV)在不投加专用示踪粒子的条件下,以混凝絮体为示踪粒子,对Taylor-Couette反应器内的絮凝反应流场进行测量与表征.结果表明,内筒旋转雷诺数Re在900~2900时,流场中产生的涡具有相似的特殊波状涡结构,相邻涡旋形态大小发生周期性变化,涡间存在主流液体的移动,这种涡结构有利于絮体结合生长成较大的絮体颗粒,便于沉降而导致较高的絮凝沉淀去除率.这也证实PIV技术能够在进行混凝反应的同时,用混凝过程中的微絮体为示踪粒子对混凝过程进行流场测量,不必再额外添加示踪粒子,就能较好地反映混凝过程中涡旋的形态变化特征,从而实现对絮凝过程的同步测量与表征.     

基于光学在线监测及形态学研究的絮凝体强度分析方法

以PDA在线监测混凝过程和絮凝体形态学分析为基础,建立了絮凝体强度的分析评价方法.为了计算某一特定絮凝条件下形成絮凝体的黏结力,进行混凝实验并运用图像解析法及粒子图像测速技术研究絮凝体形态学特征.实验过程中将水样引入与光散射颗粒分析仪(PDA2000)相连的透明橡胶管内,并通过准确控制橡胶管内的水流速度梯度来改变作用于絮凝体上的剪切力,这样就可以在线监测絮体的破碎情况,然后根据PDA输出的FI曲线来确定絮凝体的临界破碎条件.根据临界破碎条件下剪切力、破碎力和黏结力的等量关系,确定黏结力系数k1,进而计算出可以表征絮凝体强度的黏结力B.该方法的有效性已经被大量以硫酸铝为混凝剂的腐殖酸混凝实验所证实.     

引入分形维数的絮体粒径分布规律及其守恒关系

采用显微摄影技术,通过混凝实验分析了腐植酸絮凝体的粒径分布规律.结果表明,腐植酸絮体的粒径呈现对数正态分布.从混凝动力学基本方程出发,考虑到腐植酸絮体构造的不规则性(分形维数),分析了颗粒数量、颗粒平均体积和标准偏差之间存在的守恒关系,该守恒关系可以大大简化基本方程的求解,更简便地预测混凝过程中絮体的粒径分布.     

微絮凝对腐殖酸超滤过程膜污染的减缓特性

以硫酸铝[Al_2(SO_4)_3·18H_2O]为絮凝剂,腐殖酸(humic acid,HA)和高岭土(Kaolin)水溶液为原水,研究微絮凝过程产生的不同絮体形态,对自制聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)超滤膜过滤过程的影响.主要考察了微絮凝过程中絮体的特性(粒径大小及分布,分形维数)以及不同条件下形成的絮体形态对膜通量的影响,利用扫描电镜(SEM)和原子力显微镜(AFM)对污染膜的表面形貌进行表征,并测定了PVDF膜与有机污染物之间黏附力大小,来解析不同絮体形态对超滤膜的膜污染影响机制.结果表明,Al~(3+)以电性中和作用水解去除有机物,随着絮凝剂投加量的增加,絮体粒径不断增大,絮体的分形维数减小.膜通量衰减速率与絮体的粒径呈负相关,絮体粒径越大,膜通量衰减速率越小,超滤过程中形成的滤饼层越疏松,同时,较小分形维数的絮体引起的膜污染较轻,其膜通量恢复率也较高.PVDF-有机污染物之间的相互作用力大小与运行初期相应污染膜通量衰减速率呈正相关.当Al~(3+)投加量为5 mg·L~(-1),初始pH=7时,HA去除率为96.7%,膜通量衰减最小,通量恢复率达到88%.     

不同涡流场形态下混凝效能研究

采用粒子成像速度场仪(PIV)对Taylor-Couette反应器中纯水力流场及添加不同混凝剂的混凝过程进行观测与研究,同时对比聚合氯化铝(PAC)、聚合硫酸铁(PFS)、三氯化铁(Fe Cl3)的混凝效能与化学条件、水力条件之间的相互关系.结果表明,几种絮凝剂的速度场都较接近于纯水力条件下的速度场,且在波状涡流场中混凝效能最好;Fe Cl3在较宽的转速范围内都能有较高的浊度去除率,而PFS在紊动强度稍大的流场中也能获得好的混凝效能.波状涡流场可为絮凝反应提供最佳的水力条件,而初期波状涡波较有利于产生大粒径絮体,可为后期絮凝反应提供更佳的水力条件.     

原子力显微镜在环境样品研究与表征中的应用与展望

简要阐述了原子力显微镜仪器操作原理及最新成像技术发展情况;结合作者近期的研究工作,从环境微生物界面观察与表征、腐殖酸在微界面上的聚集行为观测、无机高分子絮凝剂的界面形貌及行为观察以及膜材料表面结构观测与表征等4个方面对原子力显微镜在环境领域内的应用情况作了概括介绍．最后,对原子力显微镜在环境微界面研究与表征中的应用前景进行了展望。     

活性污泥絮体的分形结构分析

通过小角光散射(small-angle light scattering,SALS)实验确定出活性污泥絮体的分形区域,对絮体粒径分布进行了拟合分析,采用原子力显微镜(AFM)和激光共聚焦扫描显微镜(CLSM)对絮体在不同尺度下的形貌进行了观测.结果显示,污泥絮体是由一系列的絮团结合而成,絮体表面凹凸不平,有各种"孔洞","缝隙",絮体内部存在一系列的孔隙.较大尺度的絮体同时存在多种孔道结构,构成絮体中营养物和水流的运输通道;污泥絮体在0.5～50μm之间具有明显的分形结构,表明活性污泥絮体在较小的粒径时已经具有一定的分形特征,活性污泥的粒度分布属于Gamma分布方式,证明污泥絮体的成长过程是一种絮团-絮团的凝聚过程.     

电磁场对污泥回流工艺混凝效能和絮体特性的影响

本研究采用电磁场对回流污泥进行磁化处理,考察了不同强度和时间电磁作用对污泥回流过程的混凝效果和溶解性有机物去除效能的影响.结果表明,磁化污泥可改善污泥回流混凝过程的浊度和DOC去除率,比磁化之前分别提高了3.7%、32.4%,足够大的磁场强度和必要的磁化时间对混凝效能改善有较显著的作用;磁化作用可使回流污泥和混凝时混合水的Zeta电位升高,使混凝时的絮体特性得到了明显改善,絮体具有更大的成长速率、平均絮凝指数和平均粒径,絮体结构更加密实、规则.     

Species analysis methods for hydrolysis polymerization of aluminum

ＳｐｅｃｉｅｓａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｍｅｔｈｏｄｓｆｏｒｈｙｄｒｏｌｙｓｉｓｐｏｌｙｍｅｒｉｚａｔｉｏｎｏｆａｌｕｍｉｎｕｍＦｅｎｇＬｉ，ＬｕａｎＺｈａｏｋｕｎ，ＴａｎｇＨｏｎｇｘｉａｏＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＣｅｎｔｅｒｆｏｒＥｃｏＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａ...     

Cleft palate: Confirmation of prenatal diagnosis by colour Doppler ultrasound

We present a case of a twin with trisomy 47,XX+i(9p) in whom the diagnosis of cleft palate was confirmed by colour Doppler imaging demonstrating abnormal fluid flow across the fetal pharyngeal bone defect. Application of this technique in cases predisposed for this congenital lesion may prove beneficial in the diagnosis of the more subtle types of isolated cleft palate.     

QCM-D与AFM联用解析EfOM在SiO2改性PVDF超滤膜表面的吸附机制

为了进一步从微观角度上研究不同过滤阶段出水有机物(Ef OM)在纳米Si O2改性超滤膜表面的具体吸附机制,通过调节Si O2添加比例从而获得不同改性程度的实际膜.借用耗散型石英晶体微天平(QCM-D)与原子力显微镜(AFM)联用技术分别测定Ef OM在膜表面的吸附情况和Ef OM与膜之间的相互作用力.QCM-D实验结果与分析表明,膜表面的亲水性越好,膜表面Ef OM吸附量就越少,以及Ef OM在膜表面的吸附速率明显减缓.实验结果还发现,Ef OM的吸附经历了两个阶段:在初始阶段(15 min内),有机物快速吸附到膜表面并堆积;当Ef OM的吸附频率达到平衡时,耗散却处于非平衡状态,该现象说明虽然Ef OM在膜表面的吸附量达到稳定,但其吸附层的构象却仍在发生变化.AFM测定结果证明,随着亲水性的不断改善,Ef OM-膜、Ef OM-Ef OM之间的作用力均有所减小,该结果揭露了膜面Ef OM吸附量减少吸附速率下降的本质原因.QCM-D与AFM的联用有效地解释了膜改性对Ef OM吸附机制的影响.     

酿酒酵母吸附Pb(Ⅱ)的表面特性研究

为深入探讨酿酒酵母与Pb(II)的相互作用机理,本文利用表面显微分析技术（SEM-EDS、TEM-EDS、AFM）研究了酿酒酵母细胞吸附重金属离子Pb(II)前后的细胞表面特性变化。研究结果表明,酿酒酵母细胞与Pb(II)作用后,细胞表面除吸附Pb(II)外,同时产生大量更高浓度的含Pb(II)沉淀,导致Pb(II)从溶液中被去除。酵母与Pb(II)反应前,酵母细胞表面可检测到的主要元素包括C、O、N、P、S、K、Mg;酵母与Pb(II)作用后,细胞表面始终保持C、O、P吸收峰,而N、K、Mg、S吸收峰随反应条件不同而减弱、消失或增强。P作为细胞表面组分可能与Pb(II)结合。酵母与Pb(II)作用过程中,重金属离子促进酵母细胞释放细胞内含物。原子力显微镜（AFM）证实,云母片表面对酵母吸附Pb(II)后细胞的铺展变形作用明显增大。     

Magnetic resonance image findings of placental lake: report of two cases

Two cases with a large cystic mass within the placenta are reported. By ultrasonography, it was found that both women had a subchorionic hypoechoic lesion (11.0 × 4.8 × 4.0 cm and 6.6 × 3.7 × 2.2 cm, respectively) at 24 and 35 weeks of gestation, respectively. In both cases, turbulent blood flow generated by a pulsatile jet flow (pulse rate; 40 to 60 beats per minute) into the cystic lesion seen on real-time imaging and lesions being low intensity on T1-weighted and isointensity on T2-weighted magnetic resonance image suggested that they contained fresh maternal blood. In both cases, the sonolucency of the lesions did not change until cesarean deliveries of females, both of whom were small-for-gestational-age infants (1940 g at 37 weeks and 2195 g at 37 weeks, respectively). Biochemical analysis of the fluid in the cystic lesion sampled during the cesarean section in the latter case confirmed that the fluid had originated from the maternal blood. These lesions histologically corresponded to large avillous areas surrounded by normal villi. Thus, a huge placental lake was diagnosed in both cases. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The OEIS complex: two case reports that illustrate the spectrum of abnormalities and a review of the literature

We present two cases of OEIS (omphalocele, exstrophy, imperforate anus, spinal defects) complex -MIM 258040 and a review of the literature. Case 1 was a 14-year-old girl who presented at 30 weeks' gestation. An ultrasound examination showed an omphalocele and spina bifida; the bladder was not visualised. She went into spontaneous labour two weeks later and the baby died shortly after birth. A full post-mortem examination was refused, but the mother did agree to an external examination, skin biopsy for fibroblast culture, X rays and MR imaging. The MR imaging showed a pelvic kidney, a large omphalocele containing the other kidney, liver, bowel and a fluid filled structure thought to represent an exstrophy of the bladder (EB). Case 2 was a 30-year-old woman who had an ultrasound examination at 20 weeks' gestation; this showed an omphalocele, but the bladder was not visualised. The pregnancy was subsequently terminated and a post-mortem examination showed a low set umbilical cord associated with a small omphalocele; there was an imperforate anus; a blind ending rectum terminated in the omphalocele. We conclude that these two cases illustrate the variability of the OEIS complex. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

辉光放电等离子体降解模拟染料废水的研究

用辉光放电等离子体技术对伊红B模拟染料废水降解进行了研究.借助紫外光谱和荧光光谱分析其降解过程,用酸度计测定了降解液pH的变化,用原子力显微镜观察了降解过程中伊红B的形貌并初步探讨了降解机理.结果表明,伊红B被降解为CO2、H2O和简单无机盐;在波长为513 nm时,降解110 min后,脱色率达到95%;反应后降解液pH降低,说明反应过程中有羧酸类物质生成.通过吸光度值计算得到了动力学常数k=0.0206 min-1,降解过程符合一级反应动力学特征.     

Analysis of the Henze precipitate from the blood cells of the ascidian<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Phallusia mammillata</Emphasis>

The Henze precipitate, a peculiar blue-green microparticulate obtained by lysis of the blood cells of the ascidian Phallusia mammillata (Protochordata), was investigated with atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray microanalysis. The precipitate was collected from the Henze solution, an unstable red-brown product obtained by treating blood with distilled water, whose degradation yields a characteristic blue-green product. The microparticulates measured 50–100 µm in diameter and appeared irregular in shape. SEM examination showed smooth, roughly round boundaries. The microparticulate surface examined with AFM appeared as an irregular matrix formed by 70–320-nm-wide mammillate composites, including and embedding small (500–800 nm wide) crystal-like multilayered formations. X- ray analysis showed that the elements present in these same precipitates were mainly C, Si, Al and O. The microparticulate composition appeared close to those of natural waxes or lacquers, embedding amorphous silicates and/or other Si–Al components. The unusual occurrence of Si in ascidian blood and its role are discussed.