可燃金属粉尘安全风速推导

为防控粉尘爆炸事故风险,基于金属粉尘本身固有球形颗粒自由沉降速度,采用公式验证铝镁粉尘安全风速的推导方法,研究不同金属粉尘在管道中应具备的安全风速,结果表明:锌粉尘的安全风速宜不低于37m/s,该结果能为后期的工程设计实践提供一定的理论参考依据.     

洗煤厂干燥系统泄爆设计研究

在洗煤厂的干燥系统中极易发生煤粉燃烧爆炸事故,为了减轻爆炸危害,对干燥系统进行泄爆设计尤其重要。应用20 L粉尘爆炸特性测试系统,对某洗煤厂煤样煤尘云爆炸性参数进行测试,得出最大爆炸压力0.74 MPa,最大爆炸压力上升速率为58.5 MPa/s,计算出最大爆炸指数为15.88 MPa/(m·s)。根据测试结果计算出洗煤厂干燥系统干燥器、除尘器及冷却器泄爆面积分别为5.15,0.68,0.62 m~2。并结合现场实际环境对泄爆装置及泄爆口位置进行分析设计。     

敞开式TBM施工隧道粉尘扩散及除尘系统研究

TBM掘进过程中产生大量粉尘，为了掌握粉尘的分布规律并优化除尘系统，以敞开式TBM为例，采用数值计算方法研究不同除尘风管位置，不同除尘风速和不同掘进面产尘量下的洞内粉尘浓度分布规律。研究结果表明:敞开式TBM隧道施工过程中，掘进面至除尘风管区域质量粉尘浓度较高，在除尘风管口后方区域下降到 2 mg/m3以下；除尘风管布置在距掘进面30 m位置处时，洞内沿程粉尘含量相对较大，除尘风管布置在距掘进面20 m位置处时洞内沿程及TBM支护区域粉尘含量相对较小；排风风速为15 m/s时，敞开式TBM支护区域粉尘质量浓度最小，排风风速为30 m/s时，该区域粉尘质量浓度最大；掘进面产尘量越大，洞内沿程及敞开式TBM支护区域粉尘质量浓度越大，不同产尘量下洞内粉尘浓度均在除尘风管后方达到规范限值以下。     

湿式纤维栅除尘器的研究与应用

湿式纤维栅除尘器是一种复合除尘机理的新型湿式除尘器,其过滤风速为10～16m/s,阻力为583～1176Pa,对5种不同的工业呼吸性粉尘的除尘效率为90～98%,可在粉尘浓度不大于24000mg/m~3的范围内使用.用这种除尘机理设计的两种风量分别为2800m~3/h 和8200m~3/h 的除尘器,较好地解决了白银露天矿潜孔钻防尘和大冶铁矿独头巷逋双机凿岩的防尘问题.特别是用简便的就地净化循环通风方法就可使独头双机凿岩工作面的粉尘浓度降到2mg/m~3以下.与国内外同类除尘器相比,该除尘器体积小、阻力低,能耗少.     

涉爆粉尘企业除尘器粉尘爆炸泄压面积计算方法研究

为合理设计除尘器的爆炸泄压面积,降低涉爆粉尘企业粉尘爆炸风险,本文以标准《粉尘爆炸泄压指南》(GB/T 15605-2008)为依据,分析推理出涉爆粉尘企业常用的旋风除尘器和布袋除尘器的爆炸泄压面积的计算公式,并在实例中进行验证.结果表明:该公式能准确计算出除尘器的爆炸泄压面积,为企业设计除尘器的泄压面积提供参考.     

一种新型电-袋复合除尘器的粉尘颗粒运动规律分析

针对一种新型电一袋复合除尘器.对环形电场巾的粉尘颗粒受力及运动规律进行研究.忽略粉尘颗粒形状等因素的影响,把粉尘颗粒视为理想球体,不考虑复杂流态,把气流视为层沉.通过列表计算,对不同颗粒直径和电场风速条件下颗粒所受离心力与其所受静电力进行对比.结果表明.颗粒直径大于或等于10μm且电场风速达到10 m/s以上时,离心力和静电力才能对粉尘颗粒的收集起协同作用.     

如何有效控制粉尘爆炸危险场所除尘系统的防爆

主持人,你好!如何有效控制生产过程可燃性粉尘爆炸危险场所除尘系统发生粉尘爆炸,粉尘爆炸危险场所除尘系统有哪些管理要求,在紧急情况下如何处置,存在粉尘爆炸危险的除尘系统的防爆要求有哪些?易安网友易安网友,你好!除尘系统是由吸尘罩、风管、除尘器、风机及控制装置组成的用于捕集气固两相流中固体颗粒物的系统。     

替米考星粉尘爆炸及火焰传播试验研究

为研究制药工业粉尘爆炸事故机制,以典型药物替米考星为对象,分析药物粉尘爆炸和火焰传播特性。主要采用20 L球形爆炸装置、最小点火能(MIE)装置和颗粒图像测速仪(PIV)等设备,试验测试替米考星粉尘的爆炸下限、最大爆炸压力、爆炸指数、MIE和火焰传播速度等指标。结果表明,平均粒径为50μm的替米考星球形颗粒粉尘,其爆炸下限质量浓度为20~30 g/m3,最大爆炸压力为0.89 MPa,最大爆炸指数为25.80 MPa·m/s,MIE为13.20 m J;当粉尘质量浓度为416.67 g/m3时,喷粉初始压力为0.5 MPa,喷粉点火87.5 ms后,竖直管道中火焰传播速度达到最大值34 m/s。     

铝镁金属机械加工作业存在哪些较大危险因素

正主持人,你好:请问在铝镁金属机械加工的车间及作业中,存在的较大危险因素和易发生的事故类型有哪些?如何预防?易安网友易安网友,你好:在铝镁金属机械加工的车间及作业中,存在的较大危险因素是在粉尘爆炸危险区动火作业,未按规定清理积尘,易发生的事故类型是粉尘爆炸。     

袋式除尘器反吹风清灰效果实验研究

通过实验对袋式除尘器反吹风清灰效果进行了研究.实验表明,清洁滤袋阻力与粉尘层阻力相比可忽略不计,滤袋阻力与过滤风速成正比;反吹风清灰时,滤袋上粉尘负荷越大,清灰效果越好;粉尘剥离率随反吹风风速的增加而提高,当反吹风风速增加到3.5m/min时,剥离率增加趋于平缓.实验结果为袋式除尘器清灰时反吹风风速的选择提供了参考数据.     

湿式除尘器氢气爆炸事故控制研究*

为降低铝合金湿式除尘系统发生氢气爆炸事故的风险,提出1种氢气抑制的方法用来降低铝合金湿式除尘系统发生氢气爆炸事故的可能性。选取柠檬酸钠作为抑制剂开展抑氢实验研究,得到不同浓度的柠檬酸钠溶液随时间变化的抑氢曲线。当柠檬酸钠溶液浓度为0.4~4 g/L时,能有效抑制铝合金粉尘与水的反应。通过扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)和能量色散谱（energy dispersive spectroscopy,EDS)分析对铝合金粉与柠檬酸钠溶液反应后的产物进行表征。最后,对本文提出的抑氢方法的经济性进行分析,明确该方法在节约安全投入方面具有非常明显的优势。抑氢本质化安全设计方法为控制铝合金湿式除尘系统氢气爆炸事故提供了1种新的思路,同时也可被控制核反应堆氢气爆炸事故所借鉴。     

Explosibility of fine graphite and tungsten dusts and their mixtures

To evaluate the explosion hazard of ITER-relevant dusts, a standard method of 20-l-sphere was used to measure the explosion indices of fine graphite and tungsten dusts and their mixtures. The effect of dust particle size was studied on the maximum overpressures, maximum rates of pressure rise, and lower explosive concentrations of graphite dusts in the range 4 μm to 45 μm. The explosion indices of 1 μm tungsten dust and its mixtures with 4 μm graphite dust were measured. The explosibility of these dusts and mixtures were evaluated. The dusts tested were ranked as St1 class. Dust particle size was shown to be very important for explosion properties. The finest graphite dust appeared to have the lowest minimum explosion concentration and be able to explode with 2 kJ ignition energy.     

水平管道内铝粉爆炸特性的试验研究

为研究铝粉在密闭空间内爆炸特性,降低其爆炸造成的损害,利用自行设计的水平管道式可燃气体-粉尘爆炸装置,在室温下对粒度为6～8μm,9～12μm,15～17μm的铝粉在100～800 g/m3浓度范围内的爆炸特性进行试验研究。结果表明:铝粉在浓度为600 g/m3时,最大爆炸压力和最大压力上升速率最大,爆炸时间最小;铝粉浓度较低时,由于氧气充足,随着铝粉浓度增大,最大爆炸压力和最大压力上升速率增大,爆炸时间减小;当铝粉浓度超过600 g/m3,受到氧气浓度限制,最大爆炸压力和最大压力上升速率随浓度增大而减小,爆炸时间增大;相同浓度的铝粉,粒度越小,最大爆炸压力和最大压力上升速率越大,爆炸时间越小。粒度越小的铝粉,爆炸的可能性和危险性越大。     

浓度对橡胶粉尘爆炸特性的影响

为了解橡胶粉尘的爆炸危险性,采用20 L球爆炸测试装置对常温常压下、粒径75μm以下的橡胶粉尘在质量浓度50~700 g/m3范围内的爆炸特性进行试验研究,测定其最大爆炸压力及爆炸指数随质量浓度的变化规律,进而对其爆炸危险性程度进行分级。结果表明:橡胶粉尘质量浓度为300 g/m3时,爆炸压力达到最大值0.49MPa;在橡胶粉尘质量浓度为250 g/m3时,爆炸指数达到最大值5.04MPa·m/s,根据ISO 6184粉尘爆炸烈度等级分级标准,其粉尘爆炸危险性分级为St-1级。     

固体惰性介质对煤粉爆炸压力的影响研究

通过对固体惰性介质在减轻煤粉爆炸作用的实验研究,给出影响固体惰化剂作用效果的主要影响因素。实验分别选用来自加拿大和中国的3种煤粉和石灰石,对每种实验样品的成分、粒度都进行分析。用20L球形容器进行实验,测定煤粉中加入不同含量的石灰石后煤粉爆炸的Pmax和(dp/dt)max值。结果表明,石灰石能够起到减轻煤粉爆炸影响的作用,并且随着煤粉粒度的减小,要达到相同的抑爆效果需要的石灰石的用量将加大。     

小麦淀粉粉尘爆炸特性参数的研究

采用哈特曼管式爆炸测试装置和20L球爆炸测试装置对小麦淀粉粉尘爆炸特性参数进行评估,对粒度小于75μm的样品的爆炸危险性参数进行测试,得出了一定条件下的小麦淀粉对静电火花的敏感程度以及其爆炸的猛烈程度,进而对其爆炸危险性程度进行分级。结果表明,温度在25℃,喷粉压力为0.70MPa,小麦淀粉的最小点火能量在40~80mJ;在点火能量为10 kJ时,最大爆炸压力为0.60MPa,最大爆炸指数为7.87MPa.m/s,其粉尘爆炸危险性为Ⅰ级。     

Hybrid H2/Al dust explosions in Siwek sphere

Explosion indices and explosion behaviour of Al dust/H₂/air mixtures were studied using standard 20 l sphere. The study was motivated by an explosion hazard occurring at some accidental scenarios considered now in ITER design (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor). During Loss-of-Vacuum or Loss-of-Coolant Accidents (LOCA/LOVA) it is possible to form inside the ITER vacuum vessel an explosible atmosphere containing fine Be or W dusts and hydrogen. To approach the Be/H₂ explosion problem, Be dust is substituted in this study by aluminium, because of high toxicity of Be dusts. The tested dust concentrations were 100, 200, 400, 800, and 1200 g/m3; hydrogen concentrations varied from 8 to 20 vol. % with 2% step. The mixtures were ignited by a weak electric spark. Pressure evolutions were recorded during the mixture explosions. In addition, the gaseous compositions of the combustion products were measured by a quadruple mass-spectrometer. The dust was involved in the explosion process at all hydrogen and dust concentrations even at the combination ‘8%/100 g/m3’. In all the other tests the explosion overpressures and the pressure rise rates were noticeably higher than those relevant to pure H₂/air mixtures and pure Al dust/air mixtures. At lower hybrid fuel concentrations the mixture exploded in two steps: first hydrogen explosion followed by a clearly separated Al dust explosion. With rising concentrations, the two-phase explosion regime transits to a single-phase regime where the two fuel components exploded together as a single fuel. In this regime both the hybrid explosion pressures and pressure rise rates are higher than either H₂ or Al ones. The two fuels compete for the oxygen; the higher the dust concentration, the more part of O2 it consumes (and the more H₂ remains in the combustion products). The test results are used to support DUST3D CFD code developed at KIT to model LOCA or LOVA scenarios in ITER.     

Explosion temperatures and pressures of metals and other elemental dust clouds

The Pittsburgh Research Laboratory of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) conducted a study of the explosibility of various metals and other elemental dusts, with a focus on the experimental explosion temperatures. The data are useful for understanding the basics of dust cloud combustion, as well as for evaluating explosion hazards in the minerals and metals processing industries. The dusts studied included boron, carbon, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, sulfur, titanium, chromium, iron, nickel, copper, zinc, niobium, molybdenum, tin, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, and lead. The dusts were chosen to cover a wide range of physical properties—from the more volatile materials such as magnesium, aluminum, sulfur, and zinc to the highly “refractory” elements such as carbon, niobium, molybdenum, tantalum, and tungsten. These flammability studies were conducted in a 20-L chamber, using strong pyrotechnic ignitors. A unique multiwavelength infrared pyrometer was used to measure the temperatures. For the elemental dusts studied, all ignited and burned as air-dispersed dust clouds except for nickel, copper, molybdenum, and lead. The measured maximum explosion temperatures ranged from 1550 K for tin and tungsten powders to 2800 K for aluminum, magnesium, and titanium powders. The measured temperatures are compared to the calculated, adiabatic flame temperatures.     

Ignitability characteristics of aluminium and magnesium dusts that are generated during the shredding of post-consumer wastes

The authors investigated the ignitability of aluminium and magnesium dusts that are generated during the shredding of post-consumer waste. The relations between particle size and the minimum explosive concentration, the minimum ignition energy, the ignition temperature of the dust clouds, etc. the relation between of oxygen concentration and dust explosion, the effect of inert substances on dust explosion, etc. were studied experimentally.

The minimum explosive concentration increased exponentially with particle size. The minimum explosive concentrations of the sample dusts were about 170 g/m³ (aluminium: 0–8 μm) and 90 g/m³ (magnesium: 0–20 μm). The minimum ignition energy tended to increase with particle size. It was about 6 mJ for the aluminium samples and 4 mJ for the magnesium samples. The ignition temperature of dust clouds was about 750 °C for aluminium and about 520 °C for magnesium. The lowest concentrations of oxygen to produce a dust explosion were about 10% for aluminium and about 8% for magnesium. A large mixing ratio (more than about 50%) of calcium oxide or calcium carbonate was necessary to decrease the explosibility of magnesium dust. The experimental data obtained in the present investigation will be useful for evaluating the explosibility of aluminium and magnesium dusts generated in metal recycling operations and thus for enhancing the safety of recycling plants.     

烟草粉尘的双重危害及防治技术

基于烟草粉尘的物理、化学特性,对烟草粉尘的职业病危害与粉尘爆炸双重危害进行了分析,提出了从"人、机、环、管"4个方面开展烟草粉尘的收集、清扫、治理、监测等烟草粉尘防治工作。通过建立除尘系统、佩戴防尘口罩、定期浓度检测,尽可能降低环境中的烟草粉尘浓度,减少生产过程中的吸入量,可以避免职业性危害;通过采用防爆、隔爆、泄爆设备设施、规范操作行为、实时在线监测,控制烟草粉尘的爆炸风险,尽可能降低爆炸事故发生的可能性或爆炸产生的不良影响,从而降低烟草粉尘的职业病危害与粉尘爆炸双重危害。