非正规填埋场矿化垃圾理化性质与资源化利用研究

为探索非正规垃圾填埋场矿化垃圾资源化利用问题,以广东省东莞市常平镇桥沥垃圾填埋场矿化垃圾为例,多点采集样品经人工分拣和不同粒径段筛分后,对其物理组成和化学性质进行了分析.结果表明:矿化垃圾中腐殖土主要在40mm粒径段以下,占47.3%,塑料、织物及木竹等可燃轻质垃圾主要在大于80mm粒径段,占40.1%;工程筛分粒径可选40mm,筛上物主要为可燃物,筛下物主要为腐殖土;按照有机肥堆肥腐熟标准,筛下物腐殖土基本可达到腐熟,营养物质含量达到《城市生活垃圾农用标准》(GB8172-1987)要求,但部分重金属含量超标;矿化垃圾经筛分后的轻质垃圾,热值约为6000kJ/kg,可直接进行焚烧处理,将其制备成垃圾衍生燃料(RDF)后,热值可达10000~24000kJ/kg.     

水泥窑替代燃料中的氯含量聚类分析

以水泥窑常用的替代燃料——生活垃圾和污泥为研究对象,测定其含氯量并进行聚类分析,结果表明:替代燃料中,以3种垃圾筛上物中的含氯量最高:填埋垃圾筛上物0.292%、原生垃圾筛上物0.280%及堆肥垃圾筛上物0.276%。垃圾组分中,以织物类含氯量最高(0.263%),其次为塑料(0.246%),食品略高于纸张(0.192%)。矿化土、污泥中含氯量较为接近,均在0.12%以下。水泥窑各替代燃料中的氯含量均远远超过水泥入窑生料安全含量的0.015%。将替代燃料制备成RDF后,市政污泥、垃圾筛上物及垃圾组分中氯含量变化不大,差异不显著。按照含氯量高低,水泥窑替代燃料可以分为3类:第1类含氯量大于0.20%,包括垃圾筛上物及垃圾中的塑料、织物类等大部分可燃物;第2类含氯量为0.15%⁰.20%,包括垃圾中的纸张、食品;第3类含氯量低于0.15%,主要是污泥。     

可燃垃圾的焚烧热值分析

可燃垃圾即城市垃圾中不易降解、可燃的有机废物。为寻求城市垃圾高效利用途径,选取可燃垃圾热值的主要影响因素:焚烧原料、破碎粒度、含水率,安排正交试验,通过正交分析,得出各因素对可燃垃圾热值的贡献率:焚烧原料>含水率>破碎粒度;并得出实验材料的最大的热值组合,即未破碎塑料类、自然风干状态,热值为3.902×104 kJ/kg。     

垃圾筛上物衍生燃料(RDF)粘结剂筛选

分别以5%的煤粉、CaO、污泥、电石渣作为添加剂,制备的垃圾RDF成型率和落下强度优于未添加对照组,RDF热值、储存性能均高于原垃圾,其中:RDF成型率和落下强度以电石渣最高,分别为90%和81.8%。热值以添加煤粉最高,达15899.2kJ/kg以上。原垃圾筛上物经过4周的储存后,产生1590mL渗滤液、挥发分含量减少了20.23%,臭度为五级,而RDF中均无渗滤液产生、挥发分无变化、臭味强度降为1级以下。灰色关联度计算结果表明:电石渣>煤粉>污泥>CaO,因此,电石渣是最佳粘结剂。     

基于我国典型村镇生活垃圾特性的利用处置途径分析

基于全国12个省份、72个典型村镇生活垃圾的采样调查,系统分析了垃圾组分组成、含水率、湿基低位热值、肥效指标(有机质、TN、TP、TK)及重金属含量对焚烧、堆肥及填埋技术可行性的影响。结果表明：村镇生活垃圾全组分、可燃组分、可燃组分(厨余类除外)的湿基低位热值分别为4263,5652,13772 kJ/kg,村镇生活垃圾进行焚烧处理,分选环节可显著提高湿基低位热值。村镇生活垃圾有机质、含水率、N、P、K含量等方面,均基本满足堆肥化处理有关要求,可进行堆肥处理,但部分地区Cd含量超标,应强化源头分类,控制堆肥产品的品质,降低环境风险。村镇生活垃圾填埋处理前对可回收垃圾和有害垃圾进行分类回收,可减少约1/3的填埋垃圾量,并最终减少垃圾填埋渗滤液的污染风险。     

我国生活垃圾组分的时空分布特征回顾

生活垃圾组分是选择处理方式的基础,与地域、季节、居民生活习惯等密切相关。系统回顾了近年来我国生活垃圾组分时空分布特征。近20年来,我国城市生活垃圾中厨余垃圾占比最高(接近或超过50%),可回收物占比呈升高趋势(由22%左右升高至约30%),垃圾低位热值呈上升趋势(已超过6000 kJ/kg)。第1季度生活垃圾中厨余垃圾占比高(城市地区约为61%),第3、4季度灰土占比升高(农村地区可达到29%)、含水率低、热值高(城市地区可达到6600 kJ/kg)。全国范围内,各地生活垃圾组分占比差异显著,厨余垃圾占比由东(65%)向西(50%)递减,可回收物占比由南(25%)向北(17%)递减,灰土占比由北(27%)向南(11%)递减。生活垃圾热值与经济发展水平呈正相关。该结论可为生活垃圾因地制宜处理选择提供数据支持。     

我国村镇生活垃圾可燃组分基本特征及其时空差异

为了解我国村镇生活垃圾组成特征及采取焚烧处置的可行性,本研究在2015年的春夏秋冬4个季节,对我国12个省份共72个村镇生活垃圾产生源进行采样调查,分析了垃圾全组分和可燃组分的质量分数、含水率以及垃圾热值等参数,进行了地域、季节以及村与镇之间差异分析.结果表明,我国村镇生活垃圾可燃组分质量分数(湿基)由高到低的顺序为:厨余类(13%~53%)橡塑类(10%~18%)纸类(10%~15%)木竹类(0~10%)织物类(0~8%).相同行政区域内村与镇之间生活垃圾组分差异较小,南方村镇生活垃圾全组分的平均含水率大于北方,全国村镇生活垃圾平均含水率为40.1%左右.我国北方生活垃圾热值在4个季节均有81%的村镇超过3 500 k J·kg~(-1),而南方村镇生活垃圾在春、夏、秋、冬这4个季节满足这一条件的村镇分别占44%、50%、61%、72%.垃圾经分选后热值得到提高,但南方村镇春季生活垃圾可燃组分热值仍然偏低,南方其它季节56%以上的村镇和北方全年所有村镇的生活垃圾均能满足焚烧处置的热值要求,故对我国北方农村生活垃圾进行焚烧处置是可行的,而南方村镇生活垃圾需加强前处理工艺.     

温度对生活垃圾可燃组分连续热解的影响

采用外热式移动床热解反应系统进行生活垃圾(MSW)可燃组分的连续热解,研究了热解温度对热解产物的影响规律.结果表明,实验系统运行可靠,质量平衡误差为10.28%~12.15%.温度越高,热解反应越充分,93.49%的挥发分在500℃之前析出,600℃时仅2.03%的挥发分未析出,热解过程基本反应完全.热解温度由400℃升高到600℃时,产物组成中,固体产物由58.26%减少为28.48%,液体产物由26.08%增加到32.30%,气体产物由15.65%增加到39.22%;热解气成分呈现出不同的变化趋势,在标准状态下,热值由5.5×104kJ/m3 减少到3.4×104kJ/m3,密度由1.83kg/m3 减少到1.35kg/m3;固体产物的能量由76.75%降低至26.57%,挥发相产物的能量由23.25%升高至73.43%.     

自制固氯剂对垃圾衍生燃料(RDF)的固氯效果分析

在粉碎后的垃圾中分别添加5%的CaO、Ca(OH)2、ZYgl作为固氯剂,研究了RDF成型率、落下强度、热值、着火性能及固氯效果。研究表明:三种添加剂均有利于RDF成型,成型率和落下强度均以ZYgl最高,分别为90%和81.8%;三种RDF热值均在14229kJ/kg左右,高于原垃圾的10881kJ/kg,燃料的着火性能降低了25%。添加5%CaO、Ca(OH)2、ZYgl制备成的RDF在800℃下焚烧2h后,N元素100%挥发,但S、Cl元素的挥发率大幅度降低,尤其以添加5%的ZYgl效果显著,S、Cl元素在800℃下的挥发率分别降为53.33%和15.91%。     

我国6个典型村镇生活垃圾的理化特性研究

分别选取我国东、中、西部三个地区的6个典型村镇,分析测试了生活垃圾的组分、容重、pH值、含水率、有机质含量等理化特性。结果表明:重庆市板桥镇和湖北省麻城市铁门岗乡的生活垃圾主要以灰土为主,分别为49.87%和50.50%;北京市九渡河镇的生活垃圾主要以厨余(36.84%)为主;重庆市板桥镇、麻城市铁门岗乡和北京市九渡河镇生活垃圾的容重分别为210.17,224.77,166.93 kg/m3,含水率分别为44.2%、40.6%和45.9%;生活垃圾样品的pH值在8.11~9.09,整体上呈现弱碱性;电导率变化为714.0~1 375.5μS/cm,平均值为926.7μS/cm;热值变化为2 401~4 556 kJ/kg,平均值为3 606 kJ/kg,且重庆市板桥镇(4 429 kJ/kg)>麻城市铁门岗乡(3 504 kJ/kg)>北京市九渡河镇(2 886 kJ/kg);重庆市板桥镇、麻城市铁门岗乡和北京市九渡河镇生活垃圾的有机质含量分别为25.13%、21.15%和32.54%;垃圾样品的总磷和总氮平均含量分别为0.21%和0.49%。     

城市生活垃圾露天焚烧PM2.5及其组分排放特征

利用稀释采样系统,针对桶内燃烧和自然堆积两种常见露天焚烧方式,分别对橡塑类、纸类和木竹类这3种组分生活垃圾露天焚烧PM_(2.5)排放特征进行实测,计算PM_(2.5)、OC、EC、水溶性离子和无机元素排放因子.结果表明,木竹类生活垃圾PM_(2.5)排放因子(7.44±0.76)g·kg~(-1)最高,纸类PM_(2.5)排放因子(2.72±0.52)g·kg~(-1)最低.桶内燃烧的条件会造成更多污染物排放.在不同的燃烧方式下,橡塑类和纸类生活垃圾在桶内燃烧的条件下PM_(2.5)排放因子是自然堆积燃烧的2.5~3.5倍.PM_(2.5)中OC和EC为主要组成成分,PM_(2.5)组分构成占比约为46.6%~67.2%.不同垃圾组分OC/EC比率差异较大,但该比率受焚烧条件影响较小,有助于解析不同组分垃圾焚烧排放贡献.水溶性离子中NH+4离子、Cl-离子含量最高,在PM_(2.5)中所占比例范围分别为2.28%~6.35%和1.04%~14.31%.无机元素中Ca、K、Fe和Ba元素排放因子较高.重金属元素中Zn元素排放因子最高,Cu、Cr、Sb和Pb等元素也有一定富集.Zn元素含量主要由燃烧方式决定,桶内燃烧大约是自然堆积燃烧的20倍左右.     

华南某市生活垃圾组成特征分析

依据城市生活垃圾采样分析方法对华南某市20个街镇生活垃圾的物理性质和物理组成进行历时一年的研究.结果表明,研究区域垃圾平均容重为0.22×103kg·m-3,垃圾三组分(水分、灰分和可燃物)所占比例分别为55.0%~66.9%、18.6%~30.3%、69.7%~81.4%,有机质含量比例为50.1%~58.0%,各研究区镇垃圾热值范围为6 570~9 652 k J·kg-1,平均热值为8 272 k J·kg-1,高于世界银行推荐的垃圾焚烧所需最低热值(7 000 k J·kg-1).其它物理组分所占比例分别如下:厨余类为39.8%~53.3%,橡塑类为16.5%~33.4%,纸类为5.61%~7.95%,纺织类为1.14%~5.16%,竹类为2.49%~5.12%,玻璃类为1.10%~1.47%,混合类5.86%~7.57%,灰土类2.46%~6.73%,金属0.1%~0.32%,陶瓷0.4%~0.69%.相关分析和主成分分析结果表明纺织类、橡塑类、纸类、可燃物比重对焚烧有促进作用,厨余类、玻璃类、容重、灰分、含水率、灰土等则对焚烧有一定的负影响.     

通风温度对生活垃圾生物干化脱水的影响

以高含水率生活垃圾为研究对象,研究了不同的通风温度(室温、40℃低温、55℃中温、65℃高温)对生物干化的影响。结果表明,通风温度变化对堆体温度影响较小;高温通风(65℃)能有效地降低垃圾含水率,但不利于有机物的降解,产物的挥发性固体(VS)和可生物降解物质(BDM)值最高,稳定度最低;经过15 d的干化作用,4组反应器垃圾含水率显著降低,水分去除率分别为77.99%,79.37%,79.85%,79.47%;另外还伴随着厨余和纸张的降解;通风温度与热值提升呈正相关关系,各组出料的湿基低位热值分别为7 202 kJ/kg,9 276.4 kJ/kg,9 358.5 kJ/kg,10 064 kJ/kg,分别提高了72.2%,122.7%,123.7%,140.6%。     

Humification characterization of biochar and its potential as a composting amendment

Biochar has received increasing attention due to its applications as a soil amendment. Here, the chemical properties of solid and water-extractable fractions of four biochar samples were investigated. The results showed that wood biochar and bamboo biochar samples were 60%–80% more hydrophobic than those of rice husk biochar and rice husk ash. In addition, the acidity was 3.88 mmol/g from the total functional groups and 1.03 mmol/g from the carboxyl groups/lactones/phenols found in the wood biochar sample, which were about 1.5 times greater than those of the bamboo biochar sample. These functional groups could be used to determine the sorptive capacity of biochar for ionic solutes and water content and to increase the degradation of compost organics. The wood biochar sample was found to have the most humification materials(fulvic acid-like material + humic acid-like material) in the water-extractable fraction, which was 3–10 times higher than that in the rice husk biochar and rice husk ash; humified materials were not detected in the bamboo biochar sample. Humification materials in biochar may be involved in increasing the proportion of humic acid-like materials in humic-like substances within the compost product. Wood biochar had better hydrophobic, sorptive, aromatic, and humification properties compared to other biochars, suggesting that it may be used in composting in order to exert its effect as both a bulking agent and a composting amendment during the solid waste composting process.     

苏州、无锡和南通城市地表灰尘中的有机氯农药

2009年7月在江苏省南部城市苏州,无锡和南通采集了58个城市地表灰尘样品, 使用加速溶剂萃取、气相色谱质谱法测定了样品中的22种有机氯农药(OCPs).结果表明,样品中有19种OCPs被检出,总OCPs含量为76.6mg/kg.六氯苯(HCB)、总滴滴涕(DDTs)和氯丹是样品中检测出的主要OCPs,检出率分别为100%、100%和82.8%,含量分别为26.8mg/kg(0.432~348mg/kg)、39.6mg/kg(1.95~559mg/kg)和6.17mg/kg(ND~145mg/kg).城市地表灰尘样品与中国城市大气样品中检测出OCPs的种类基本一致,而各化合物之间的比例不同.与郊区农田土比较,地表灰尘中检测出的OCPs种类多且含量高.样品中(DDD+DDE)/DDTs的比值显示地表灰尘中的DDT大部分已经降解.城市地表灰尘中的HCB含量较高,工业污染来源可能性较大,工业污染源释放的HCB已经通过大气传输影响到了城区.城市地表灰尘中的反式-氯丹与顺式-氯丹的比值平均为1.94,表明城市中仍有新近使用氯丹的现象.     

Measurements of the optical properties of the smoke emissions from plastics,hydrocarbons, and other urban fuels for nuclear winter studies

We have measured the optical and microphysical properties of smoke from burning plastic materials and other components of the urban fuel mix, including hydrocarbons, rubber, and wood, to provide information on the source term for possible aerosol clouds injected into the atmosphere following large scale urban fires. Our measurements included measurements of emission factors; in situ optical measurements of aerosol absorption, scattering, and attenuation; and collection of particles using both filters and cascade impactors for size and mass concentration determinations.These measurements were made under a variety of conditions to investigate the range of variation of these optical parameters and to relate observed differences in smoke properties to differences in fuel composition and fire conditions.The plastic data show average B_e values near 10 m² g⁻¹ at 488 nm and 8 m² g⁻¹ at 633 nm. Values of B_e measured during smoldering combustion are significantly less than in flaming combustion. Flaming combustion B_e values for the rubber appear to be somewhat higher, particularly for the tire rubber; petroleum product fuel values are comparable to the plastic fuel values; and oak smoke emissions values are slightly lower than the plastic values. Measured 633 nm B_a values were approximately 6 m² g⁻¹ for the petroleum products, 7 m² g⁻¹ for the rubber, 6 m² g⁻¹ for the wood, and 6 m² g⁻¹ for the plastic.     

近5年我国部分城市群生活垃圾特性

城市生活垃圾处理处置日益成为世界范围内一个普遍关注的问题,生活垃圾特性是终端处理方式选择的重要依据.从全国超30个城市共采集400余个生活垃圾样品,分析了垃圾的物理组成、污染物含量和热值等基础物化特性.并以深圳为例分析了采样时间和垃圾分类措施等对生活垃圾物化特性的影响.通过偏最小二乘法建立了垃圾组成与热值间的关联模型,并对模型进行了校验.结果表明,湿基中厨余类仍是垃圾中占比最高的组分,大多数样品的占比在40%～60%之间;可燃组成中橡塑类和纸类占比较高,分别在20%～30%和10%～20%之间;无机物占比通常不超过5%;垃圾含水率在50%～60%之间. 2019年实施垃圾分类后生活垃圾中厨余类占比明显降低,橡塑类占比增加,其他组分变化不大,垃圾热值得到一定的提升.生活垃圾中S、 Cl和N这3种污染元素的含量均在1%以下,其平均值规律为：N>Cl>S;垃圾样品中的Hg、 As、 Cr、 Cd和Pb含量随组分及采样时间没有明显的变化规律,垃圾中Pb、 Cr含量受到环境背景值的影响.模型分析发现橡塑类和垃圾水分是生活垃圾热值的主要影响变量,85.96%的样品实测值与预测值之间的偏...     

Wood-based building materials and atmospheric carbon emissions

This study investigates the global impact of wood as a building material by considering emissions of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Wood is compared with other materials in terms of stored carbon and emissions of carbon dioxide from fossil fuel energy used in manufacturing. An analysis of typical forms of building construction shows that wood buildings require much lower process energy and result in lower carbon emissions than buildings of other materials such as brick, aluminium, steel and concrete. If a shift is made towards greater use of wood in buildings, the low fossil fuel requirement for manufacturing wood compared with other materials is much more significant in the long term than the carbon stored in the wood building products.As a corollary, a shift from wood to non-wood materials would result in an increase in energy requirements and carbon emissions.The results presented in this paper show that a 17% increase in wood usage in the New Zealand building industry could result in a 20% reduction in carbon emissions from the manufacture of all building materials, being a reduction of about 1.5% of New Zealand’s total emissions. The reduction in emissions is mainly a result of using wood in place of brick and aluminium, and to a lesser extent steel and concrete, all of which require much more process energy than wood. There would be a corresponding decrease of about 1.5% in total national fossil fuel consumption. These figures have implications for the global forestry and building industries. Any increases in wood use must be accompanied by corresponding increases in areas of forest being managed for long term sustained yield production.