γ中尺度单体合并在昭通小河镇"201O.7.13"灾害性天气中的特征分析

低纬度高原特殊地形影响下的云和降水与其它地区相比有一些独特的情形,中-y尺度暴雨就是特征鲜明的一类,由此系统引发的降水突发性较强,常造成灾害.利用常规高空资料、卫星资料、加密乡镇雨量站资料和新一代多普勒雷达资料,对2010年7月13日云南昭通小河镇灾害性天气分析发现:短时性、高强度,在降水开始的1 h左右就达到暴雨量级...     

华北地区冬小麦干旱受灾率多尺度分析

以华北区域内56个气象站历年逐日降水量资料、冬小麦发育期资料以及产量资料为数据支撑,研究华北地区冬小麦干旱等级指标,并在此基础上分析不同等级干旱受灾范围变化的周期性振荡特征.首先,分析冬小麦干旱指标距平与相对气象产量间的关系,然后,制作指标距平与相对气象产量相关性大小的分布格局图,进而,根据冬小麦干旱指标负距平与减产率...     

昌马断裂带古地震的探讨

本文根据野外地质调查资料、人工探槽资料和C~(14)地质年龄数据,讨论了昌马断裂带古地震标志的主要特征与古地震期次等问题。     

滑坡的发生与降雨关系的研究

在分析滑坡的地质资料和气象资料的基础上,讨论了降雨诱发滑坡的机制,并深入探讨了滑坡与降雨的关系,包括:滑坡与降雨的分布特点、滑坡与降雨频次之间的关系、滑坡与降雨在时间上的关系等。结果表明:滑坡发生的概率和滑坡数量不仅与降雨量的大小成正相关关系,而且与滑坡发生的当天降雨及前期降雨特征关系密切。     

葛州坝大坝近区的水平形变

<正> 长江葛洲坝于1981年6月关闸蓄水。为研究这一大型水库蓄水后的地形变规律,本文用坝区附近的水平形变网资料对该区形变特征及其与地震的关系作一探讨。一、形变资料处理测边网如图1。本文选用1980年10月、1981年11月和1983年5月三期观测资料进行分析。这三期资料中,第一期为蓄水前施测,后两期为蓄水后施测。三期资料均采用同型激光     

综合预报对测震台网的要求

文章分析了目前地震学方法开发利用资料的概况及台站观测能力与资料的精度,从不同地区不同阶段地震学方法本身对观测资料的要求出发,提出了优化和改进台站布局与观测的建议。认为,地震台站记录的原始资料基本满足中长期预报或全国大形势判定与研究的需要,但作为短临预报工作的要求和综合预报方法效能的提高,尚需进一步优化和改进地震台站的观测。     

龙门山脉东麓一次强风暴灾害气象特征分析

利用常规加密地面观测资料、L波段探空资料及多普勒天气雷达资料,对2016年5月5日傍晚发生在德阳什邡市的一次强降水超级单体风暴进行了综合气象分析。风暴发生前的垂直探空资料显示出整层大气非均匀结构、中层蜂腰结构、风场整体顺滚流、对流层顶超低温等特征;多普勒雷达观测显示,风暴右前侧出现V型缺口,风暴中层出现有界弱回波区,中气旋从中层向高层及低层发展等强降水超级单体特征;垂直累积液态含水量与垂直累积液态含水量密度的演变特征对于冰雹云的形成与衰减、强降水的产生及地面大风有较好的指示作用。     

20世纪云南省人员震亡基本特征分析

系统收集、整理了云南省人员震亡资料;在对资料可用性分析的基础上,以资料较为丰富的20世纪作为研究重点,分析了云南省人员震亡的时空分布,探讨了震亡与震级、烈度关系,总结了20世纪云南省人员震亡4个方面的基本特征,可供认识云南省下一轮强震活跃期人员的震亡情况参考。     

汶川特大地震“人的感觉”和“器物的反应”震害分析

在汶川特大地震现场,调查收集了大量有关人的感觉和器物的反应资料,在各种文献和网上又补充收集了大量此类资料.通过对这些资料的整理与分析,总结出了各烈度区人的感觉和器物的反应典型现象;探讨人的感觉、器物的反应与烈度的关系;找出各烈度区的共性内容.旨在使我国的地震烈度表在“人的感觉”和“器物的反应”方面更便于地震烈度评定,为地震科学研究提供可靠的基础资料.     

基于GPS的川青地块周边活断层上大震序列分析

选择川青地块及周边3条主要活动断层——鲜水河断裂带、龙门山断裂带和东昆仑断裂带为研究对象,以构造应力场资料及GPS监测数据作为地表约束参考,结合地质资料及历史地震资料,基于与状态相关的摩擦本构关系,模拟了研究区域内最近的4次强震——昆仑山口地震、汶川地震、玉树地震及芦山地震发生前后断层——地块体系的力学和运动状态。结果表明,应力、应变、位移状态与地震发生存在一定的联系,初步推断研究区域内未来可能发生强震的地段为鲜水河断裂带的甘孜——道孚段、龙门山断裂带的西南段和东北段。     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

Reflections on 40 years of Disasters, 1977–2017

This reflection, based on a keynote address to celebrate the fortieth anniversary of Disasters on 14 September 2017, begins by considering some of the prevailing assumptions that existed at the time of the journal's creation. Next is a summary of significant milestones during the past 40 years, covering major global trends, changing disaster impacts, and key developments in disaster risk management. Contrasting approaches in the first and fourth decade of the journal's history are then followed by examples of changes in terminology in the disaster field as an indication of shifting values. The paper goes on to explore the context of 2017, with observations of problem areas such as the loss of knowledge, failures to tackle the root causes of disasters, shortfalls in international assistance, and some negative attitudes. It closes by evaluating some current positive occurrences, including a reduction in casualties, sharing of experience, technological advances, and dramatic improvements in disaster warning.     

The cultural politics of mining and natural disaster in Indonesia: by fire and sword

Natural disasters are inevitably the outcome of cultural agonisms. The cultural politics of natural disasters are shaped by competing claims and conceptions of ‘nature’. Recent disasters in Indonesia are directly linked to these contending conceptions and the ways in which different social groups imagine risk and reward. The Sidoarjo volcanic mudflow of 2006 represents a volatile and violent exemplar of contending cultural and economic claims. Like other disasters in Indonesia and elsewhere in the developing world, this ‘natural’ disaster is characterised by differing conceptions of ‘nature’ as cultural tradition, divine force, and natural resource. A new extractive project in East Java is exhibiting similar economic and cultural agonisms, particularly around the notion of development, environment, self‐determination, and tradition. This paper examines the ‘disputes over meaning’ associated with natural disasters in contemporary societies, and the ways in which they are related to human culture, social organisation, and hierarchical systems of violence.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

Tsunami survivors' perspectives on vulnerability and vulnerability reduction: evidence from Koh Phi Phi Don and Khao Lak, Thailand

This paper presents the results of primary research with 40 survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in two communities: Khao Lak (n=20) and Koh Phi Phi Don (n=20), Thailand. It traces tsunami survivors' perceptions of vulnerability, determines whether residents felt that the tsunami affected different communities differently, identifies the populations and sub-community groups that survivors distinguished as being more vulnerable than others, highlights community-generated ideas about vulnerability reduction, and pinpoints a range of additional vulnerability reduction actions. Tsunami survivors most consistently identified the 'most vulnerable' community sub-populations as women, children, the elderly, foreigners, and the poor. In Khao Lak, however, respondents added 'Burmese migrants' to this list, whereas in Koh Phi Phi Don, they added 'Thai Muslims'. Results suggest that the two case study communities, both small, coastal, tourism-dominated communities no more than 100 kilometres apart, have differing vulnerable sub-groups and environmental vulnerabilities, requiring different post-disaster vulnerability reduction efforts.     

火灾场景中玻璃破裂行为研究综述

建筑物在火场中的结构响应问题中,门窗玻璃在火场中的热响应特性及破裂脱落是影响火灾发展的重要因素之一。通过事故案例分析了火灾场景中玻璃破裂脱落的危害性,指出了研究火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂脱落的意义,并对目前火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂过程和主要形态、玻璃的破裂机理和判据等的研究现状进行了详细的分析,总结了目前实验和计算机模拟的最新研究进展和不足,为今后进一步开展玻璃受热破裂脱落研究提出了若干建议。     

中国内陆自然环境的干旱化与未来趋势

根据中国内陆陕西、甘肃部分地区５０９ａ旱涝资料和主要测站气象、水文实测数据,应用Ｗｏｒｄ９７图形处理系统,证明在５２６ａ序列中目前处在１１ａ、５０ａ滑动的干旱期。近４６ａ气温上升了０．３℃,年降水减少了８０ｍｍ,径流量减少了０．７８％,出现了明显的干旱化,环境变化趋势不容乐观。     

美国的洪泛平原管理

美国开展洪泛平原管理已有约40年历史，洪水保险计划是美国泛平原管理的主要措施。了解并借鉴他们的思路与具体策略，将有助于我国洪泛平原管理政策的制定。