MAP沉淀法去除渗滤液中低浓度氨氮

考察了pH值、搅拌时间、Mg∶N和N∶P摩尔比对鸟粪石化学沉淀法(MAP)去除垃圾渗滤液中低浓度氨氮的影响,使用Design Expert 7.1.3进行3水平4因素响应曲面中心复合设计优化实验,并通过二次多项式拟合和参数优化,得到:当pH为10,搅拌时间为30 min,Mg∶N摩尔比为1.41,N∶P摩尔比为1.34时,氨氮去除率(Y1)可以达到最大值71.2%,体系中的残留PO34--P浓度(Y2)趋近于零,达到我国《生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准排放标准》的排放标准。此外,X射线衍射图谱的分析表明大部分沉淀物质为磷酸铵镁。     

磷酸铵镁沉淀法预处理垃圾渗滤液

探讨了用磷酸铵镁沉淀法预处理垃圾渗滤液时,沉淀剂种类、pH值、物质摩尔配比和反应时间等因素对氨氮去除效果的影响。得出了处理氨氮浓度为2 677.34 mg/L的垃圾渗滤液时,在兼顾所用镁盐量尽量低和处理出水氨氮或磷酸盐的残留量都比较低的较佳实验条件为:沉淀剂种类为:MgSO4.7H2O和Na2HPO4.12H2O,反应时间为20 min,pH=9.5,n(Mg)∶n(P)∶n(N)=1.3∶1.15∶1.0。在较佳实验条件下,垃圾渗滤液的NH3-N去除率为97.05%,处理出水PO34--P含量为8.35 mg/L,NH3-N含量为75.86 mg/L。对所得沉淀物进行了成分分析和X-衍射光谱、扫描电镜表征,表明大部分沉淀物为磷酸铵镁物质。     

赤泥晶种法磷酸铵镁结晶工艺模拟废水磷的回收

以赤泥为晶种,研究不同工艺条件对磷酸铵镁(MAP)结晶法回收模拟废水中磷的影响。结果表明,在投加赤泥(60～80目)8 g/L,搅拌速度为180 r/min,搅拌时间30 min,沉淀时间30 min,N∶Mg∶P=1∶1∶1的条件下磷酸根离子的回收率随初始磷酸盐浓度的增加而增大,在初始磷酸盐浓度小于90 mg/L时增幅较大,初始磷酸盐浓度大于90 mg/L后增幅减小;pH值对磷酸根离子的回收率影响显著,结合铵根离子、镁离子的回收率变化,pH值为9.5时最优;磷酸根离子的回收率随着Mg∶P摩尔比和N∶P摩尔比增大而呈上升趋势,当Mg∶P摩尔比为1.4∶1、N∶P摩尔比为4∶1时,磷酸盐的回收率可达97.9%。运用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线能谱仪(EDS)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)对最优工艺条件下的结晶产物进行了表征,表明磷主要以磷酸铵镁形态回收。     

铁炭微电解-MAP沉淀法联合预处理垃圾渗滤液

采用铁炭微电解-磷酸氨镁(MAP)沉淀法对垃圾渗滤液进行预处理,实验结果表明,铁炭比为5∶1,pH值为3,反应时间为3 h时,铁炭微电解的COD的去除率为47.5%;在投加药剂n(Mg2+)∶n(PO43-)∶n(NH4+)为1.4∶1∶1,pH值为9,反应时间为1 h的条件下,垃圾渗滤液氨氮去除率达到79.7%。     

响应曲面法优化复合絮凝剂的制备工艺

为了提高染料废水中COD和色度的去除效果,采用响应曲面法对聚硅酸类新型复合絮凝剂的制备工艺进行了优化实验研究。在单因素实验基础上采用Box-Behnken Design(BBD)实验设计方法,设计出了影响染料废水处理效果的3因素3水平共15组实验,其中n(Fe+Al):n(Si)的摩尔比为4～6,n(B+Mg):n(Si)的摩尔比为0.3～0.7,熟化时间为1～3 d。根据15组实验结果,以COD去除率和色度去除率为响应值分别建立了二次多项式响应曲面模型。模型优化结果显示,在n(Fe+Al):n(Si)摩尔比为5∶1,n(B+Mg):n(Si)为0.5∶1,熟化时间为2 d的条件下,制备得到的新型复合絮凝剂聚硅酸铝铁硼镁具有最佳的絮凝处理性能和脱色效果,能有效去除染料废水中的COD和色度,其中出水色度接近于0,COD的去除率达到87.65%,模型验证实验进一步验证了本文所建立的响应曲面法在复合絮凝剂制备工艺优化中的有效性。     

水解酸化-磷酸铵镁法-EGSB组合工艺处理大豆蛋白废水

采用水解酸化-磷酸铵镁(MAP)法-EGSB组合工艺对大豆蛋白废水进行处理,考察了水解酸化系统运行效果,并对其运行参数进行优化;提出MAP法对高浓度氨氮废水的处理方法,并评选其处理高浓度氨氮废水的适宜条件。结果表明,水解酸化系统运行稳定,最适pH为7.0,最佳水力停留时间为12h,氨氮转化率高达95.8%;MAP法处理高浓度氨氮废水的优选条件为n(Mg):n(N):n(P)=1:1:0.8,此条件下氨氮去除率为88.3%,磷酸去除率为76.7%;EGSB反应器经过三个月的启动后可稳定运行,有机负荷高达到9.88 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1),COD去除率达到90.0%左右。水解酸化-MAPEGSB组合工艺在处理大豆蛋白废水时可获得连续稳定的处理效果,为大豆蛋白废水处理的工程化提供了基础依据。     

磷酸铵镁碱促(Mg(OH)_2)热解产物氨氮去除性能

磷酸铵镁热解循环技术可以有效降低磷酸铵镁结晶技术的药剂费用。同时,在磷酸铵镁热解过程中添加Mg(OH)2碱促媒介,能阻止磷酸氢镁向焦磷酸镁的转化,并降低热解产物氨氮去除过程中上清液磷酸盐的残留。在Mg(OH)2∶NH+4摩尔比为1∶1,热解温度为110℃条件下,热解产物沉氨效率接近84%,上清液磷酸盐残留量为0.02 mg/L。     

磷酸铵镁法处理焦化厂高浓度氨氮废水

介绍了酸铵镁(magnesiumammoniumphosphate,MAP)法处理高浓度氨氮废水的技术,研究了药剂配比、反应pH值以及药剂选择等因素对氨氮去除率的影响。试验结果表明,当在剩余氨水中投加MgCl2·6H2O和Na2HPO4·12H2O药剂,Mg2+∶NH+4∶PO3-4的摩尔比为1.4∶1∶0.9,反应pH值为8.5~9.5的条件下,原水的氨氮浓度可由2000mg/L降到15mg/L。并通过对反应沉淀物的结构成分分析,探讨了MAP作为有效缓释肥开发利用的可行性。     

赤泥晶种法诱导磷酸铵镁结晶回收模拟废水中磷的可行性研究

对赤泥的理化性质进行了分析,探索了以赤泥为晶种磷酸铵镁(MAP)结晶法从模拟废水中回收磷工艺。结果表明,经过研磨的赤泥颗粒属无孔物质或者大孔物质;将赤泥溶于水时有碱液和离子溶出,赤泥的主要化学成分为Ca、Al、Si和Mg等元素。投加赤泥晶种有利于磷酸铵镁结晶的形成。在初始磷酸盐浓度为90 mg/L、N∶Mg∶P摩尔比为1∶1∶1、不调节pH值、搅拌时间30 min、搅拌速度180 r/min、沉淀时间30 min条件下,赤泥粒径为60～80目、投加量为8 g/L时,以赤泥作为晶种诱导磷酸铵镁结晶回收磷的效果最优。干燥晶种的使用次数对磷酸根离子的回收率影响不大。所得结晶产物是一种很好的缓释肥。     

磷酸铵镁沉淀法回收尿液中N和P的实验研究

以源分离尿液为研究对象,在氨氮含量为2 850 mg N/L的微稀释尿液中,投加MgCl2.6H2O和Na2HPO4.12H2O,以磷酸铵镁沉淀法回收N和P。通过正交实验确定影响磷酸铵镁沉淀反应的因素依次为:pH值、PO34-∶NH4+、Mg2+∶NH4+、温度。在搅拌速度=100 r/min、反应温度=15℃、反应时间=10 min的条件下,实验分别考察了pH值、PO43-投加量、Mg2+投加量对磷酸铵镁沉淀法去除N、P的影响,结果表明最佳工艺条件为pH=9.5,Mg2+∶NH4+∶PO34-=1.3∶1.0∶1.0。最佳工艺条件下尿液中的NH4+-N可从2 850 mg/L降低到约125 mg/L;剩余磷酸盐浓度约7 mg/L。SEM及XRD分析表明,沉淀物的主要成分为呈斜方晶系的磷酸铵镁晶体。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.