外源水杨酸对染铅小鼠抗氧化水平的调节

为了研究水杨酸对铅染毒小鼠体内抗氧化水平的调节,将不同浓度的水杨酸(0、0.1、0.5、1.0和1.5 mmol·L-1)附加到醋酸铅溶液中对小鼠隔日灌胃1个月,测定了肝和脑组织抗氧化酶活性以及脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)的含量,观察了核DNA的降解情况.结果显示,0.5mmol·L-1的水杨酸完全消除了铅(300 mg·kg-1)对小鼠超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的抑制,使MDA含量维持在对照水平,核DNA降解明显减轻.这些数据显示,外源水杨酸可通过调节铅胁迫下小鼠体内抗氧化酶的活性而保护肝和脑组织免受铅引发的氧化胁迫伤害.     

水产致病菌耐药基因的研究

采用纸片扩散法(Kirby-Bauer法)研究不同来源的54株水产细菌对10种抗生素的敏感性,筛选获得耐药菌株并研究其耐药基因。根据GenBank中注册的耐药基因序列,针对不同抗生素的耐药基因设计相应的引物,对耐药基因进行扩增,检测耐药菌株中耐药基因的分布。结果由54个受试菌株中检测出42个耐药株,耐药率为77.8%。其中37株对3种以上抗生素产生耐药,多重耐药率为68.5%。以耐药菌株质粒为模板,扩增磺胺类耐药基因sul2、氯霉素耐药基因cat1、cat2、cat3、cat4、卡那霉素耐药基因aadB、喹诺酮耐药基因gyrA,结果显示:sul2基因阳性9株,3株氯霉素cat2阳性,4株氯霉素cat3阳性,1株氯霉素cat4阳性,3株aadB阳性。质粒上耐药基因的检出率分别为50%、27%、36%、9%、60%。     

Ultraviolet irradiation induced oxidative stress and response of antioxidant system in an intertidal macroalgae Corallina officinalis L.

The response of the antioxidant defense system of an intertidal macroalgae Corallina officinalis L. to different dosages of UV-B irradiation was investigated. Results showed that superoxide dimutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POX) increased and then maintained at a relatively stable level when subjected to UV-B irradiation. Catalase (CAT) activity under medium dosage of UV-B irradiation (Muv) and high dosage of UV-B irradiation (Huv) treatments were significantly decreased. Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity first remained unaltered and then increased in Huv treatment. In addition, the assay on isozymes was carried out using non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). The activities of some SOD isoforms were altered by UV-B. Two new bands (POX V and POX Ⅶ) appeared upon exposure to all three UV-B dosages. CAT Ⅲ activity was increased by low dosage of UV-B irradiation (Luv),whereas CAT Ⅲ and CAT Ⅳ disappeared when the alga was exposed to Muv and Huv. Two bands of APX (APX Ⅵ and APX Ⅶ)were increased and a new band (APX X) was observed under Huv exposure. H2O2 and thiobarbituric acid reacting substance (TBARS)increased under Muv and Huv treatments. Overall, UV-B protection mechanisms are partly inducible and to a certain extent sufficient to prevent the accumulation of damage in C officinalis.     

Long-term nitrogen and phosphorus removal,shifts of functional bacteria and fate of resistance genes in bioretention systems under sulfamethoxazole stress

To understand the long-term performance of bioretention systems under sulfamethoxazole (SMX) stress, an unplanted bioretention system (BRS) and two modified BRSs with coconut-shell activated carbon (CAC) and CAC/zero-valent-iron (Fe0) granules (CAC-BRS and Fe/CAC-BRS) were established. Both CAC-BRS and Fe/CAC-BRS significantly outperformed BRS in removing total nitrogen (TN)(CAC-BRS:82.48%; Fe/CAC-BRS:78.08%; BRS:47.51%), total phosphorous (TP)(CAC-BRS:79.36%; Fe/CAC-BRS:98.26%; BRS:41.99%),and...     

Ultraviolet irradiation induced oxidative stress and response of antioxidant system in an intertidal macroalgae Corallina o cinalis L.

The response of the antioxidant defense system of an intertidal macroalgae Corallina officinalis L. to different dosages of UV-B irradiation was investigated. Results showed that superoxide dimutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POX) increased and then maintained at a relatively stable level when subjected to UV-B irradiation. Catalase (CAT) activity under medium dosage of UV-B irradiation (Muv) and high dosage of UV-B irradiation (Huv) treatments were significantly decreased. Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity first remained unaltered and then increased in Huv treatment. In addition, the assay on isozymes was carried out using non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). The activities of some SOD isoforms were altered by UV-B. Two new bands (POX V and POX Ⅶ) appeared upon exposure to all three UV-B dosages. CAT Ⅲ activity was increased by low dosage of UV-B irradiation (Luv),whereas CAT Ⅲ and CAT Ⅳ disappeared when the alga was exposed to Muv and Huv. Two bands of APX (APX Ⅵ and APX Ⅶ)were increased and a new band (APX X) was observed under Huv exposure. H2O2 and thiobarbituric acid reacting substance (TBARS)increased under Muv and Huv treatments. Overall, UV-B protection mechanisms are partly inducible and to a certain extent sufficient to prevent the accumulation of damage in C officinalis.     

低剂量长波紫外胁迫下活性污泥硝化活性及氧化应激响应

选取具备良好硝化能力的活性污泥为试验对象,考察其在不同强度（0,0.15,0.39,0.62和1.16μE/（L·s））及不同时间（0,1,2,3和4h）的长波紫外（UVA）辐照下,氨氧化菌（AOB）及亚硝酸盐氧化菌（NOB）活性的响应情况.结果显示：UVA辐照强度的增加对NOB活性产生显著性影响（P<0.01）,而对AOB活性的影响则微乎其微（P>0.05）,且随UVA辐照时间的延长,AOB与NOB之间活性差异越大.动力学拟合结果表明UVA辐照下NOB的衰亡速率（b=0.6938h^-1）远大于AOB （b=0.1423h^-1）,NOB对于UVA辐照的耐受性低于AOB.UVA辐照下AOB与NOB活性差异可能与UVA诱导的氧化应激效应有关,即UVA辐照能够诱导微生物胞内活性氧（ROS）水平的激增,对细胞膜形成氧化性损伤,破坏细胞膜结构完整性,加速微生物走向衰亡.     

低溶解氧胁迫下生物膜-颗粒污泥anammox工艺生物富集特性及脱氮功能菌群和基因的演变研究

为探究低溶解氧(DO<0.5 mg·L^-1)条件对厌氧氨氧化（anammox）工艺脱氮性能、生物膜及颗粒污泥特性、菌群结构及其功能基因的影响,试验构建了试验室规模的上流式载体生物膜-颗粒污泥 anammox系统 .结果表明,反应器在长达 175 d的运行过程中脱氮性能良好且运行十分稳定,系统平均 NH₄⁺-N、NO₂^--N 和 TN 去除率分别为 95.0%±2.1%、99.0%±1.0% 和 87.0%±2.1%. 在紧密结合型 EPS（TB-EPS）中,颗粒污泥与载体生物膜的蛋白（PN）/多糖（PS）值分别为 0.094 和 0.048,有利于颗粒污泥和生物膜的形成 . 粒径大于 0.5 mm 的 anammox 颗粒污泥占比达到72.0%,有利于系统持留脱氮菌群 .菌群结构分析中发现,生物膜的优势菌门分别为变形菌门（29.6%）、浮霉菌门（10.7%）和绿弯菌门（10.7%）,颗粒污泥具有相似的优势菌门,对应相对丰度（RA）分别为 25.6%、24.3% 和 7.6...     

Prolonged manganese exposure induces severe deficits in lifespan, development and reproduction possibly by altering oxidative stress response in Caenorhabditis elegans

We examined the possible multiple defects induced by acute and prolonged exposure to high levels of manganese (Mn) solution by monitoring the endpoints of lifespan,development,reproduction,and stress response.Our data suggest that acute exposure (6 h) to Mn did not cause severe defects of life span,development,and reproduction.Similarly,no significant defects could be found for the life span,development,and reproduction in animals exposed to a low concentration of Mn (2.5 μmol/L) for 48 h.In contrast,prolonged exposure (48-h) to high concentrations of Mn (75 and 200 μmol/L) resulted in significant defects of life span,development,and reproduction,as well as the increase of the percentage of population with hsp-16.2::gfp expression indicating the obvious induction of stress responses in exposed animals.Moreover,prolonged exposure (48-h) to high concentrations (75 and 200 μmol/L) of Mn decreased the expression levels of antioxidant genes of sod-1,sod-2,sod-3,and sod-4 compared to control.Therefore,prolonged exposure to high concentrations of Mn will induce the severe defects of life span,development,and reproduction in nematodes possibly by affecting the stress response and expression of antioxidant genes in Caenorhabditis elegans.     

NR途径参与调节SO2胁迫下拟南芥含硫抗氧化物水平

以拟南芥为材料,研究了硝酸还原酶(NR)途径在植株响应SO_2过程中对含硫抗氧化物水平的影响.结果发现,野生型拟南芥植株中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)和谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)活性高于NR缺失突变体(nia1nia2);SO_2暴露后,野生型和突变体nia1nia2植株中半胱氨酸(Cys)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量显著增加,GPX和GST的活性诱导性增高,且野生型植株中上述4项指标的增幅高于突变体;拟南芥逆境响应基因GSTU24和GPX7在野生型和突变体nia1nia2中差异表达,且对SO_2的响应程度不同.研究表明,植株体内NR途径与拟南芥细胞中含硫抗氧化物水平有关,NR缺失影响逆境应答中含硫抗氧化物水平的提高及抗逆基因转录,说明NR途径参与调节了植株逆境响应中含硫抗氧化物的合成及相关氧化还原反应与解毒过程.     

水产养殖尾水中抗生素抗性基因的去除及磺胺类耐药细菌研究

水产养殖环境中抗生素的大量使用促进了抗生素耐药细菌（antibiotic resistant bacteria,ARB）和抗生素抗性基因（antibiotic resistance genes,ARGs）的出现及传播.利用荧光定量PCR分析了浙江省某水产养殖尾水集中处理系统中8种ARGs的分布特征.结果表明,出水中ARGs的绝对丰度降低了0.91个数量级.磺胺类抗性基因（sul1、sul2）在所检测的抗性基因中占主导地位,且绝对丰度在出水中依然维持较高水平(4.94×10⁹、1.79×10⁹copies·L^-1).16S r RNA基因高通量测序结果显示变形菌门、蓝藻门、拟杆菌门、厚壁菌门和放线菌门是优势菌门,变形菌门和绿弯菌门与sul1、sul2和sul3呈显著相关.筛选出一株对磺胺类抗生素具有耐药性的弗氏柠檬酸杆菌,该菌株为条件致病菌,全基因组测序结果显示该菌株共携带了17个ARGs,其中sul1、sul2、tet A、bla_TEM-1等ARGs均位于1个Inc FIB质粒上,质粒图谱揭示了磺胺...     

厌氧氨氧化细菌富集培养过程微生物结构与功能解析

为了研究厌氧氨氧化细菌富集培养过程中微生物结构与功能的关系,本研究采集升流式污泥床反应器(Upflow anaerobic sludge bed,UASB)中厌氧氨氧化反应启动与驯化过程的样品,结合传统微生物培养方法和分子生物学手段,对启动过程中的氮素转化功能基因、异养菌演替及菌群演替进行了定性与定量分析.结果表明,随...     

Integrating agricultural and forestry GHG mitigation response into general economy frameworks: Developing a family of response functions

An econometrically estimated family ofresponse functions is developed forcharacterizing potential responses togreenhouse gas mitigation policies by theagriculture and forestry sectors in theU.S. The response functions are estimatedbased on results of anagricultural/forestry sector model. Theyprovide estimates of sequestration andemission reductions in forestry andagriculture along with levels of sectoralproduction, prices, welfare, andenvironmental attributes given a carbonprice, levels of demand for agriculturalgoods, and the energy price. Sixalternative mitigation policiesrepresenting types of greenhouse gasoffsets allowed are considered. Resultsindicate that the largest quantity ofgreenhouse gas offset consistently appearswith the mitigation policy that pays forall opportunities. Restricting carbonpayments (emission tax or sequestrationsubsidy) only to aff/deforestation or onlyto agricultural sequestration substantiallyreduces potential mitigation. Highercarbon prices lead to more sequestration,less emissions, reduced consumer and totalwelfare, improved environmental indicatorsand increased producer welfare.     

Comparison of different disinfection processes in the effective removal of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and genes

This study compared three different disinfection processes(chlorination, E-beam, and ozone) and the efficacy of three oxidants(H2O2, S2O-8, and peroxymonosulfate(MPS)) in removing antibiotic resistant bacteria(ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs) in a synthetic wastewater. More than30 mg/L of chlorine was needed to remove over 90% of ARB and ARG. For the E-beam method, only1 dose(kGy) was needed to remove ARB and ARG, and ozone could reduce ARB and ARG by more than 90% even at 3 mg/L ozone concentration. In the ozone process, CT values(concentration × time)were compared for ozone alone and combined with different catalysts based on the 2-log removal of ARB and ARG. Ozone treatment yielded a value of 31 and 33(mg·min)/L for ARB and ARGs respectively. On the other hand, ozone with persulfate yielded 15.9 and 18.5(mg·min)/L while ozone with monopersulfate yielded a value of 12 and 14.5(mg·min)/L. This implies that the addition of these catalysts significantly reduces the contact time to achieve a 2-log removal, thus enhancing the process in terms of its kinetics.     

Zn2+ loading as a critical contributor to the circ_0008553-mediated oxidative stress and inflammation in response to PM2.5 exposures

Inflammation is a major adverse outcome induced by inhaled particulate matter with a diameter of ≤ 2.5 µm (PM_2.5), and a critical trigger of most PM_2.5 exposure-associated diseases. However, the key molecular events regulating the PM_2.5-induced airway inflammation are yet to be elucidated. Considering the critical role of circular RNAs (circRNAs) in regulating inflammation, we predicted 11 circRNAs that may be involved in the PM_2.5-induced airway inflammation using three previously reported miRNAs through the starBase website. A novel circRNA circ_0008553 was identified to be responsible for the PM_2.5-activated inflammatory response in human bronchial epithelial cells (16HBE) via inducing oxidative stress. Using a combinatorial model PM_2.5 library, we found that the synergistic effect of the insoluble core and loaded Zn²⁺ ions at environmentally relevant concentrations was the major contributor to the upregulation of circ_0008553 and subsequent induction of oxidative stress and inflammation in response to PM_2.5 exposures. Our findings provided new insight into the intervention of PM_2.5-induced adverse outcomes.     

内质网应激和氧化应激通路对DINP诱发Allergic March的介导作用

为了研究增塑剂邻苯二甲酸二异壬酯（diisononyl phthalate,DINP）致Allergic March的作用机制,以雄性BALB/c小鼠为受试动物,随机分为5组,包括空白对照组（生理盐水）、20 mg·kg^-1 DINP组、OVA组、20 mg·kg^-1 DINP+OVA组和4-苯基丁酸（4-PBA）拮抗组（20 mg·kg^-1 DINP+OVA+4-PBA）,染毒周期为47 d.以肺组织匀浆测定活性氧（reactive oxygen species,ROS）、还原型谷胱甘肽（glutathione,GSH）、丙二醛（malondialdehyde,MDA）和一氧化氮（nitric oxide,NO）.采用ELISA试剂盒检测血清中总免疫球蛋白E（T-IgE）、OVA特异性免疫球蛋白E（OVA-IgE）和白细胞介素-33（IL-33）评价机体的炎症因子,并同时观察肺组织的病理变化结果.与生理盐水组比较,OVA组的肺功能、Th2免疫系统功能亢进的分子、氧化应激指标和肺组织病理学损伤都有所加重.与OVA组比较,20 mg·kg^-1 DINP+OVA组的肺功能、Th2免疫系统功能亢进的分子、氧化应激指标和肺组织病理学损伤同样也有所加重.而4-PBA拮抗组（20 mg·kg^-1 DINP+OVA+4-PBA）与20 mg·kg^-1 DINP+OVA组相比较,其各项指标都有了明显的减轻.实验结果表明,20 mg·kg^-1的DINP能加重小鼠的Allergic March,内质网应激拮抗剂4-PBA可使Allergic March症状减轻,对小鼠肺组织起保护作用,说明内质网应激通路可能通过调节氧化应激介导了DINP所致的Allergic March.     

大型溞对水环境中抗生素抗性菌与抗性基因的摄食与去除

原后生动物是污水生物处理系统中的常见生物,了解它们是否能够摄食与去除抗生素抗性菌(ARB)和抗生素抗性基因(ARGs),对于建立藉捕食作用的ARB和ARGs去除技术具有重要意义.本研究以大型溞作为代表生物,探究了其对ARB和ARGs的摄食、去除效果与机制.使用荧光抗性菌直接观察其摄食过程,证实大型溞对ARB的摄食与富集...     

洗涤剂主成分LAS和AEO对软珊瑚氧化应激水平的影响

浅水珊瑚受到海岸排放污水中日益增加的洗涤剂的威胁。本文旨在探究洗涤剂主成分线性十二烷基苯磺酸钠（LAS）和脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚（AEO）对近海软珊瑚的影响,实验将肉芝软珊瑚（Sarcophyton trocheliophorum ）与小棒短指软珊瑚（Sinularia microclavata）急性暴露于不同浓度的LAS和AEO环境中,测定在此过程中的叶绿素含量以及部分关键酶的活性变化。结果显示:LAS环境胁迫下,珊瑚Chl a含量在高浓度LAS环境下显著升高,不同LAS浓度下两种软珊瑚的SOD与CAT活性均显著升高,GST与AKP活性受LAS环境影响不明显。AEO环境胁迫下,两种软珊瑚的CAT活性均显著升高,高浓度的AEO环境对两种软珊瑚的叶绿素含量与GST活性影响显著。说明LAS与AOE对两种软珊瑚抗氧化功能产生影响,本实验为研究洗涤剂对珊瑚礁的影响提供数据支持。     

Urinary concentrations of phenols, oxidative stress biomarkers and thyroid cancer: Exploring associations and mediation effects

Phenols have been shown to influence the cellular proliferation and function of thyroid in experimental models. However, few human studies have investigated the association between phenol exposure and thyroid cancer, and the underlying mechanisms are also poorly understood. We conducted a case-control study by age- and sex-matching 143 thyroid cancer and 224 controls to investigate the associations between phenol exposures and the risk of thyroid cancer, and further to explore the mediating role of oxidative stress. We found that elevated urinary triclosan (TCS), bisphenol A (BPA) and bisphenol S (BPS) levels were associated with increased risk of thyroid cancer (all P for trends < 0.05), and the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) comparing the extreme exposure groups were 3.52 (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.08, 5.95), 2.06 (95% CI: 1.06, 3.97) and 7.15 (95% CI: 3.12, 16.40), respectively. Positive associations were also observed between urinary TCS, BPA and BPS and three oxidative stress biomarkers measured by 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), 8-iso-prostaglandin F_2α (8-isoPGF_2α) and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-mercapturic acid (HNE-MA), as well as between urinary 8-isoPGF_2α and HNE-MA and the risk of thyroid cancer. Mediation analysis showed that urinary 8-isoPGF_2α mediated 28.95%, 47.06% and 31.08% of the associations between TCS, BPA and BPS exposures and the risk of thyroid cancer, respectively (all P < 0.05). Our results suggest that exposure to TCS, BPA and BPS may be associated with increased risk of thyroid cancer and lipid peroxidation may be an intermediate mechanism. Further studies are warranted to confirm the findings.     

山东地区海水养殖区常见抗生素耐药菌及耐药基因分布特征

对山东地区海水养殖海域常见抗生素耐药菌及耐药基因分布进行调查,结果表明所调查5个海水养殖区水样中四环素类、磺胺类、-内酰胺类耐药菌比例显著(p0.05)高于氯霉素类和喹诺酮类耐药菌;此外用RT-PCR方法对共计15种耐药基因在水样中的丰度测定表明磺胺类(sul、dfra/16S rRNA=10-6~10-2)、喹诺酮类(qnr/16S rRNA=10-6~10-2)以及四环素类耐药基因(tet/16S rRNA=10-7~10-2)在各水样中丰度差异不显著,而氯霉素耐药基因(cata、cmle/16S rRNA=10-8~10-2)在不同水样中丰度差异显著,且cata1和cmle1丰度与可培养氯霉素耐药菌比例存在相关线性关系。实验数据说明山东海水养殖区水样中存在一定的抗生素耐药菌和耐药基因污染。