土地资源严重失衡与宏观调控的构建

水土流失、土地沙化、土地环境污染加重和耕地数量减少等一系列问题,是我国经济建设中面临的严峻问题之一。本文依据市场经济的要求,提出了宏观调控土地资源的对策。     

土地开发整理项目中的权属调整研究

土地开发整理是在我国现阶段土地资源日益稀缺的严峻情况下,国家为了缓和经济与土地之间的矛盾提出的,目的是实现土地的可持续利用.在此背景下,土地开发整理类型越来越多样化和复杂化,随之带来的土地权属问题日益突出.在对土地开发整理权属问题的本质认识基础上,阐述了权属争议问题的类型,提出了土地开发整理中权属调整的工作措施和技术方案,以及规范化、科学化土地开发整理权属调整的建议.     

土地利用总体规划修编重点与难点问题探讨

土地利用总体规划是国民经济和社会发展规划的重要组成部分,是统筹城乡建设、加强土地管理的基础,是实现世界上最严格的耕地保护制度的基本手段。在新一轮土地利用总体规划修编之际,对上轮规划存在的主要问题从宏观层面上进行了分析与探讨,有助于新一轮规划的科学编制和有效实施。简要介绍了规划修编的背景,并对本轮规划修编的网上调查结果进行了分析。通过回顾和分析上一轮土地利用总体规划实施过程中存在的主要问题,提出本轮规划修编应以统筹城乡发展、加强部门协调、促进节约集约、合理增加弹性、提高公众参与等为理念,并就本轮规划的重点与难点方面提出了建设性的意见和建议。     

现阶段我国农村土地流转意愿的影响因素分析——基于对四川省安岳县823户农户的调查

基于对四川省安岳县823户农户的入户调查,对户主个体特征、家庭特征、流转特征等因素对土地流转意愿的影响进行了实证分析。分析发现,总体上农户参与土地流转的意愿较高;户主年龄、土地自主经营能力、人均耕地面积、土地闲置情况、土地流转过程中政府或村委会参与情况、土地流转已参与情况等因素对土地流转意愿有显著影响;在其他因素不变的情况下,户主年龄越大、土地自主经营能力弱、人均耕地面积越多、有长期闲置土地的农户或尚未参与过土地流转、有政府或村委会参与引导的情况下,土地流转意愿更强。最后提出了针对性的政策建议。     

试论如何实现土地的伦理利用

土地利用伦理机制是可持续土地利用的经济、法律和行政管理措施的重要辅助之一。介绍了土地伦理利用的基本概念，探讨了基本原则，并从土地利用伦理与经济、法律、行政政策、教育手段等角度提出了土地伦理利用的实现途径。     

近年来中国边境贸易研究的问题与发展趋势

自古以来,边境贸易是我国对外经济交流的主要方式.近年来对我国边境研究较多,主要集中在我国边境贸易发展的历史总结、政策规范、边境贸易与区域经发展等方面,但对边境贸易与边境安全、边境贸易过程中跨境民族问题和我国边境贸易的优势等方面的研究较少.随着研究的不断深入,针对边境贸易出现了边境地区当地居民参与边境贸易过程、边境贸易与大尺度区域经济发展、"区位论"视角下的边境贸易等新动向.     

青岛市城市环境发展历程及形势研究

通过分析青岛市城市发展历程中的土地利用、经济、人口、城镇化等形势变化,发现青岛发展过程中仍存在主要污染物排放量大,复合型空气污染改善任务艰巨,胶州湾水质改善压力大等环境问题,结合未来城市发展形势及主要环境形势,提出吸取先进经验,优化产业空间布局,加强环境风险防控等对策措施,为环保部门参与综合决策和宏观调控提供基础。     

论排污权交易的政府行为对策

排污权交易制度是基于市场的环境经济政策,同时也需要政府的宏观调控来保证其有序运行.文章通过分析我国排污权交易的实行状况及存在的问题,提出了政府的行为对策,主要包括:分配初始排污权并控制污染物排放总量、积极培育排污权交易市场并加强监管职能、出台相关法律法规和处理意外情况等方面.     

农户参与耕地保护经济补偿政策的响应状态及影响因素——成都市双流县与崇州市的实证

在对成都市农户开展实地调研的基础上,分析了农户参与耕地保护经济补偿政策的响应状态及其影响因素。研究结果表明:1耕地保护经济补偿政策实施后,农户在耕地保护、土地承包、土地流转、接受先进技术和维护农村基础设施等方面的意识增强,农民的种植热情与土地增收期望比政策实施前有所增强;2农户更愿意接受补偿标准较高、补偿方式自主性较强且有助于解决养老保障的补偿模式;3农户参与耕地保护经济补偿政策的响应状态受家庭农业劳动力比例、农业净收入占家庭净收入比例、是否村干部、务农身份类型、自信程度、对突发事件的抵抗力与孤单程度因素的影响。     

农地整理权属调整的问题与对策

农地整理是实现耕地总量动态平衡,改善农业生态环境、增加土地产出的重要手段,是国家扶持农业及农村发展的重要举措.总结了我国农地整理权属调整的原则、方法和程序,分析了现阶段农地整理权属调整中存在的公众参与、技术方法、组织管理和法律法规方面存在的问题,并提出了相应对策.     

Convergence or divergence in desertification risk? Scale-based assessment and policy implications in a Mediterranean country

This paper explores changes (1990–2000) in two environmental indexes with the aim of providing empirical evidence on regional and local convergence in an increasing-impact phenomenon such as Land Degradation (LD) in Italy. Convergence analysis for ESAI (Environmental Sensitive Area Index) and LVI (Land Vulnerability Index) was developed at five different geographical scales. Results indicate that territorial disparities in land vulnerability tend to increase during the investigated period following a defined spatial pattern that depends on land quality, the environmental context and the economic performance of regional systems. Finally, the implications this process has on policy strategies aimed at mitigating desertification risk are discussed.     

Participatory Impact Assessment of Soil and Water Conservation Scenarios in Oum Zessar Watershed, Tunisia

Environmental threats and progressive degradation of natural resources are considered critical impediments to sustainable development. This paper reports on a participatory impact assessment of alternative soil and water conservation (SWC) scenarios in the Oum Zessar watershed, Tunisia. The first objective was to assess the impact of three SWC scenarios on key social, economic and environmental land use functions. The second objective was to test and evaluate the applicability of the 'Framework for Participatory Impact Assessment (FoPIA)' for assessing scenario impacts in the context of a developing country, in this case Tunisia. The assessed scenarios included: the originally planned SWC policy implementation at 85 % coverage of arable land of the watershed, the current implementation (70 %), and a hypothetical expansion of SWC measures to the entire watershed (100 %). Our results suggest that implementation of the SWC policy at 100 % coverage of arable land achieves the maximum socioeconomic benefit. However, if stakeholders' preferences regarding land use functions are taken into account, and considering the fact that the implementation of SWC measures also implies some negative changes to traditional landscapes and the natural system, SWC implementation at 85 % coverage of arable land might be preferable. The FoPIA approved to be a useful tool for conducting a holistic sustainability impact assessment of SWC scenarios and for studying the most intriguing sustainability problems while providing possible recommendations towards sustainable development. We conclude that participatory impact assessment contributes to an enhanced regional understanding of key linkages between policy effects and sustainable development, which provides the foundation for improved policy decision making.     

济南市耕地变化与社会经济的相关分析

利用济南市1978年以来的统计资料,分析了济南市耕地与社会经济的动态变化过程,建立了耕地变化与社会经济的定量相关模型,预测了济南市的耕地将保持缓慢减少的趋势,建议采取有效的耕地保护措施,利用政策驱动来控制耕地减少,实现耕地总量的动态平衡.     

天津市耕地数量动态变化及保护对策研究

根据土地调查和统计资料,分析了天津市自1949年以来耕地数量动态变化及其驱动机制,并在此基础上,提出了抑制耕地流失和促进耕地数量增加的相关对策。研究表明,1949年以来,天津市耕地数量经历了波动变化和持续缓慢减少两大阶段,耕地数量总体上缓慢减少;人口增长、经济发展、城市化、相关政策、比较经济利益、环境变化和灾害等因子对耕地数量变化具有明显的驱动作用;耕地保护需要进行多方面地不懈努力。     

Sustainable local land use policy: rhetoric and reality

Abstract

This study examined trends in population redistribution and residential land use changes in northeast Scotland during 1988 to 2003. We utilised a geographical information system (GIS) tool to bring together data from interrelated sources and to analyse population settlement and land use changes at detailed spatial scale. This analysis revealed that substantial land conversion had taken place in the region; particularly conversion of agricultural lands to built-up and residential areas. It also drew attention to policy conflicts, discrepancies between policy rhetoric and policy implementations. More specifically, it was shown that substantial farm land conversion had taken place in suburban areas and rural Aberdeenshire with little change in the size of derelict land in Aberdeen City. The reason given for this was that it was costly to rehabilitate and reuse derelict lands and this conflicted with the objective of providing affordable housing in the City region. The implication of this study is that if the declared policy objectives of integrated and sustainable land use and transport policies are to be achieved, then local authorities may need to cooperate to minimise conflicts between economic and environmental objectives.     

Public policy, private landholders: perspectives on policy mechanisms for sustainable land management

A variety of tools can be employed in support of environmental policy objectives, but achieving preferred outcomes also requires the cooperation of private landholders and others with vested interests in the land. The Land Stewardship project in the state of Victoria, Australia, is an initiative devoted to exploring the ways in which private landholders could be encouraged towards more sustainable land management. Following the view that the success of policy initiatives is contingent on effective stakeholder engagement, a component of the Land Stewardship project involved a dialogue with landholders about policy tools (e.g., regulation, economic instruments) that might be deployed to encourage improved land management practices. This paper provides an account of the views and attitudes of landholders, as revealed in a series of three workshops, which consisted of discussions about the factors influencing agriculture, participants' interpretations of sustainability, and policy methods. The focus of the paper is on what landholders believe to be the strengths and limitations of standard policy tools, and the essential requirements for these tools to deliver the best land management outcomes. One of the main findings of the project was a 'preference hierarchy' in respect of policy methods, according to which the strongest support was expressed for voluntary and education-based tools, followed by market-based instruments, with command-and-control regulation identified as a measure of 'last resort'. In the paper we reflect also on how the views and outlook of landholders should be positioned relative to other inputs in the design of policy interventions.     

The costs and benefits of reforestation in Liping County, Guizhou Province, China

Reducing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is becoming a pressing issue for the global community. Afforestation and reforestation are promoted worldwide as an effective means of sequestering carbon. For its national interest and global concerns, China has made great efforts to protect its existing forests and develop programs of afforestation and reforestation. Based on two surveys recently conducted in Liping County, Guizhou province, this paper investigates the economic changes associated with the implementation of the "Grain For Green" policy. Based on the analytical framework of benefit cost analysis, this paper concludes that the implementation of the reforestation of sloping agricultural land policy would not be possible if there were no government subsidies for the peasants. The short term economic returns of land and labour from forestation are substantially lower than those generated from grain or cash crop production on the steep slope lands. The government subsidies provide great economic incentives for peasants to take part in the project. The subsidies in fact have elevated peasant income in rural Liping. The estimated potential economic returns of plantations over the long run indicate that the removal of the government financial subsidies would not create an economic crisis for the peasants if the current market conditions continue.     

The integration of regional environmental planning and physical planning in the Netherlands

In the Netherlands various fields of policy planning and decision making are related to the environment, of which physical land use planning and environmental planning are the most important. In the last 20 years the environmental effects of production, mobility and consumption in this densely populated country have increased. The location and land use of economic activities have therefore become a main concern for environmental policy which has as its aim the improvement and conservation of the quality of the natural and human environment. The prospects for a better co‐ordination and integration of the two policy ‘tracks’ have become a matter of political, scientific and public concern. In some regions the government has started experiments with more integrated environmental policy and management. This paper discusses some of the possibilities and limitations of this regionally oriented policy against the background of a more effective environmental policy, especially in two cases—a rural area in the province of Gelderland and the region of Schiphol Airport.     

LOW-INPUT AGRICULTURE AS A GROUND WATER PROTECTION STRATEGY1

ABSTRACT: Protection of ground water quality is of considerable importance to local, state, and federal governments. This study uses a 15-year mathematical programming model to evaluate the effectiveness of low-input agriculture, under alternative policy scenarios, as a strategy to protect ground water quality in Richmond County, Virginia. The analysis considers eight policy alternatives: cost-sharing for green manures, two restrictions on atrazine applications levels, chemical taxation, a restriction on potential chemical and nitrogen levels in ground water only and in surface and ground water, and two types of land retirement programs. The CREAMS and GLEAMS models were used to estimate nitrate and chemical leaching from the crop root zone. The economic model evaluates production practices, policy constraints, and water quality given a long-term profit maximizing objective. The results indicate that low-input agriculture alone may not be an effective ground water protection strategy. The policy impacts include partial adoption of low-input practices, land retirement, and the substitution of chemicals. Only mandatory land retirement policies reduced all chemical and nutrient loadings of ground water; however, they did not promote the use of low-input agricultural practices.     

"城中村"改造与城市土地集约利用研究——以济南市为例

研究"城中村"改造中土地集约利用的潜力及可行性,探索城市土地集约利用的有效途径,采取文献资料法和实例分析法进行研究。研究结果表明,一方面"城中村"土地利用混乱,效率低下,而且各种配套设施极不完善,给城市建设带来诸多问题急需改造;另一方面,"城中村"大量低效利用的土地经过开发整合具有很大的开发潜力,并具有可行性。"城中村"的改造需要政策支持和科学的规划,才能最大限度地发挥土地价值,达到土地集约利用的三效合一。