格尔木地区50年来冻土变化特征分析

利用格尔木地区1971—2020年冻土资料分析年和四季冻土变化特征。结果表明：格尔木地区年最大冻土深度总体呈不明显减小趋势。呈现下降—上升—下降—上升四个阶段。春季最大冻土深度总体呈增加趋势，未通过显著性检验。秋季和冬季最大冻土深度均呈减小趋势，秋季通过0.01的显著性检验，冬季未通过显著性检验。冻土日数逐年呈减少趋势，2014年后冻土日数减少明显。春、秋、冬季平均气温从1971—2010年逐年代升高，导致各年代冻土深度、冻土日数也逐年代减少。冻土初日逐年代推迟，冻土终日逐年代际提前。     

近30年玛沁地区冻土的气候变化特征分析

利用玛沁县国家基本气象站1986~2015年冻土、气温、地温、降水等资料,运用气候倾向率、相关系数等统计方法分析了玛沁县的最大冻土深度的变化特征及其关键影响因子和环流背景。结果表明:近30年玛沁县最大冻土深度呈显著的变浅趋势,速率为18.7cm/10a。最大年份冻土深度达212cm,最小年份冻土深度为106cm,且在年代际上也表现出变浅的趋势。当冻土期间地面最低温度、冻土期间平均气温、汛期平均气温下降(上升)时,最大冻土深度增加(减小)。温度的上升是导致玛沁县冻土退化的主要原因,此外,冻土期间降水量的减少也不利于土壤的冻结。     

青藏公路(格尔木—安多段)的冻土灾害及防治意见

青藏公路是我国西北连接西南的一条交通干线,其中格尔木—安多段有550公里穿过青南藏北高原多年冻土区。路面平均海拔在4400米以上,是世界上寒区道路中海拔最高的公路,因此受到全世界的关注。从50年代以来,曾多次维修改线。1975—1982年改铺沥青路面,由于冻土灾害频繁发生,沿线多处路基变形明显,边坡出现滑塌,致使部分路段交通多次中断,运输及安全受到严重影响。为此,作者曾在1989年野外水文地质调查中,着重对该段冻土灾害作了调查研究,并针对其主要危害提出防治意见。 1.冻土环境冻土灾害是一定的气候、地形和生物等自然因素以及人为因素综合作用的结果。本段冻土灾害的发生、发育过程,在很     

人类工程活动对多年冻土区地质环境影响的探讨

多年冻土地区自然环境既原始又脆弱,在受到人为工程干扰后,冻土层水文地质条件发生改变,将导致冻结层上水位下降,随着冻土融化会引起土壤含水量的改变,进而影响地上植被组成的变化和土壤结构的改变,造成沼泽消失,草场退化;线路工程路基填筑造成冻土上限降低,隔断地表径流,在路基上游积水,引发冻胀融沉灾害,下游补给量减小湿地或沼泽萎缩。边坡开挖使冻土层暴露地表,冻土消融,或切断地下径流,引起热融滑塌、融冻泥流等问题。     

青藏公路沿线多年冻土区环境调查

青藏公路是西藏连接内地的大动脉,其中格尔木至拉萨段通过约550公里长的多年冻土区,公路铺筑沥青路面后,改善了公路的通行能力。伴随着输油管线的铺设,沿线居民点增多,大型建筑物修筑,这些不断增长的人类经济活动必然影响和改变着公路沿线的生态环境,引起多年冻土变化。本文列举大量实例是为了说明保护冻土环境的重要性,以便引起有关部门足够的重视。冻土环境变化“冻土环境”的涵义随多年冻土区开发的深入在逐渐扩展,它不仅是自然环境,同时也是受人类活动影响的工程技术环境、农牧业生物环境及社会经济环境。多年     

黄河源大场地区生态环境变异分析

文章通过对黄河源大场地区河流、水质、冻土、气候等问题的分析研究。得出因气候变化、人为因素等影响而使黄河源区地表水流量减小、水质变差、草场退化、生态环境逐年恶化。并且导致黄河上游断流的结论。     

青海省新构造活动

文章利用系统采集的断层岩、碳酸盐泉华，地应力Kaiser测量和所收集的第四系测年、震源机制解以及作者历次研究成果资料，评述了青海现代地壳断块，现代构造应力场，断裂最新活动年龄，高原隆升、永久冻土等新构造活动特征。     

速览

正国际日本福岛启用"冻土墙"挡核辐射污水福岛第一核电站每天有200吨地下水流入反应堆所在建筑的地下,变成带核辐射的污水。日本东京电力公司日前正式启用了福岛第一核电站的"冻土挡水墙"。即在福岛第一核电站1至4号机组周边约1.5千米的地下建设一     

失乐园情报

英科学家绘就物种灭绝地图英国科学家近日发表的一项研究成果预测,未来生活在世界20个地区的1000多种野生动物可能面临灭绝的命运。未来物种灭绝“热点”地区包括：北美洲北部到北极的冻土和森林带、南太平洋诸群岛、塔斯马尼亚岛、巴哈马群岛和南美洲的巴塔戈尼亚地区等。可能灭绝的物种高达1500个。     

挥之不去的青藏情结

我在长江头,家住长江尾,保护长江水源,就是保护家乡水。几乎每个青藏铁路建设者当年都是怀着这样的心愿走向青藏高原的。在青藏高原逐渐隆起的漫长过程中,生成了草甸、湿地、冻土等独特的高原生态系统,孕育了长江、黄河、澜沧江、怒江、雅鲁藏布江的源头。这里栖息着藏野驴、藏羚羊等珍稀的野生动物,气候寒冷,空气稀薄,生态环境脆弱。     

FROZEN SOIL IMPACT ON GROUND WATER‐SURFACE WATER INTERACTION1

ABSTRACT: Ground water and surface water interaction in the prairie pothole region of the United States and Canada is seasonally dominated by the presence of thick, frozen soil layers that affect infiltration. During a spring thaw, the subsoil may remain frozen, preventing infiltration. The impact of the frozen soil layer on the timing of infiltration of depressional‐focused recharge to the ground water is not clearly understood. The objective of this paper is to relate changes in the water table during spring to changes in frost depth and soil water content. A depression and adjacent upland study site were instrumented with CRREL‐type frost tubes, neutron probe access tubes, and ground water monitoring wells. Increases in water table levels in a depression occurred before the frost layer decomposed and infiltrating water quickly formed a recharge mound. Water table responses at the upland site took place as two events. The first event was a gradual rise, probably caused by the lateral dissemination of the recharge mound. The second rise was a rapid rise coinciding with the decomposition of the soil frost layer. Because of the accumulation of surface water in depressions, agricultural practices that remove water from a field can affect water resources management by limiting the addition of water recharge to unconfmed ground water.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL INFLUENCE OF SOIL FROST ON INFILTRATION AND EROSION OF SAGEBRUSH RANGELANDS1

ABSTRACT: Soil infiltration capacity and interrill erosion are significantly influenced by soil frost on western rangelands which are characterized by cold winters and numerous freeze-thaw cycles. However, little is known about the variable influence of this phenomenon. Infiltration and interrill erosion were measured within a sagebrush-grass plant community during the winter, spring, and summer of 1989. Significant spatial and temporal differences in infiltration capacity and interrill erosion were found for shrub coppice dune and dune interspace soils. Infiltration was generally higher for coppice dune soils compared to interspace soils throughout the year. Infiltration capacity for both soils was lowest early in the year when the soil was frozen or saturated, then increased as the soil dried in the spring and summer. Interrill erosion was consistently lower for coppice dune soils compared to interspace soils. Erosion from interspace soils was greatest during a 19-day period in late winter characterized by diurnal freeze-thaw cycles, saturated surface soil conditions, and soil slaking.     

Field-scale preferential transport of water and chloride tracer by depression-focused recharge

A tracer study was initiated in November 1993 to investigate depression-focused recharge and to monitor solute movement through the vadose zone into the shallow ground water in southeastern North Dakota. Granular potassium chloride (KCl) was surface-applied to two areas overlying subsurface drains and to one area instrumented with soil solution samplers, ground water monitoring wells, time domain reflectometry (TDR) probes, and temperature probes. One of the subsurface drain tracer plots was located on level ground while the other two sites were in small topographic depressions. Formation of ground water mounds beneath the depressions indicated that these areas are recharge sites. The applied Cl- tracer was found to move rapidly to the shallow ground water under the depressional areas after infiltration of spring snowmelt in 1994. Excessive rainfall events were also responsible for focused recharge and the rapid transport of the applied Cl- tracer. Water flow through partially frozen soil at the bottom of the depressions during thaw enhanced preferential movement of the tracer.     

Estimating the impact of seawater on the production of soil water-extractable organic carbon during coastal erosion

The production of water-extractable organic carbon (WEOC) during arctic coastal erosion and permafrost degradation may contribute significantly to C fluxes under warming conditions, but it remains difficult to quantify. A tundra soil collected near Barrow, AK, was selected to evaluate the effects of soil pretreatments (oven drying vs. freeze drying) as well as extraction solutions (pure water vs. seawater) on WEOC yields. Both oven drying and freeze drying significantly increased WEOC release compared with the original moist soil samples; dried samples released, on average, 18% more WEOC than did original moist samples. Similar results were observed for the production of low-molecular-weight dissolved organic C. However, extractable OC released from different soil horizons exhibited differences in specific UV absorption, suggesting differences in WEOC quality. Furthermore, extractable OC yields were significantly less in samples extracted with seawater compared with those extracted with pure water, likely due to the effects of major ions on extractable OC flocculation. Compared with samples from the active horizons, upper permafrost samples released more WEOC, suggesting that continuously frozen samples were more sensitive than samples that had experienced more drying-wetting cycles in nature. Specific UV absorption of seawater-extracted OC was significantly lower than that of OC extracted using pure water, suggesting more aromatic or humic substances were flocculated during seawater extraction. Our results suggest that overestimation of total terrestrial WEOC input to the Arctic Ocean during coastal erosion could occur if estimations were based on WEOC extracted from dried soil samples using pure water.     

Freezing and drying effects on potential plant contributions to phosphorus in runoff

Phosphorus (P) in runoff from landscapes can promote eutrophication of natural waters. Soluble P released from plant material can contribute significant amounts of P to runoff particularly after plant freezing or drying. This study was conducted to evaluate P losses from alfalfa or grass after freezing or drying as potential contributors to runoff P. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and grass (principally, Agropyron repens L.) plant samples were subjected to freezing and drying treatments to determine P release. Simulated rainfall runoff and natural runoff from established alfalfa fields and a grass waterway were collected to study P contributions from plant tissue to runoff. The effects of freezing and drying on P released from plant tissue were simulated by a herbicide treatment in selected experiments. Soluble reactive P (SP) extracted from alfalfa and grass samples was markedly increased by freezing or drying. In general, SP extracted from plant samples increased in the order fresh < frozen < frozen/thawed < dried, and averaged 1, 8, 14, and 26% of total P in alfalfa, respectively. Soluble reactive P extracted from alfalfa after freezing or drying increased with increasing soil test P (r(2) = 0.64 to 0.68), suggesting that excessive soil P levels increased the risk of plant P contributions to runoff losses. In simulated rainfall studies, paraquat (1,1'-dimethyl-4, 4'-bipyridinium ion) treatment of alfalfa increased P losses in runoff, and results suggested that this treatment simulated the effects of drying on plant P loss. In contrast to the simulated rainfall results, natural runoff studies over 2 yr did not show higher runoff P losses that could be attributed to P from alfalfa. Actual P losses likely depend on the timing and extent of plant freezing and drying and of precipitation events after freezing.     

Prairie and turf buffer strips for controlling runoff from paved surfaces

Eutrophication of surface waters due to nonpoint source pollution from urban environments has raised awareness of the need to decrease runoff from roads and other impervious surfaces. These concerns have led to precautionary P application restrictions on turf and requirements for vegetative buffer strips. The impacts of two plant communities and three impervious/pervious surface ratios were assessed on runoff water quality and quantity. A mixed forb/grass prairie and a Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) blend were seeded and runoff was monitored and analyzed for total volume, total P, soluble P, soluble organic P, bioavailable P, total suspended solids, and total organic suspended solids. Mean annual runoff volumes, all types of mean annual P nutrient losses, and sediment loads were not significantly affected by treatments because over 80% of runoff occurred during frozen soil conditions. Total P losses from prairie and turf were similar, averaging 1.96 and 2.12 kg ha(-1) yr(-1), respectively. Vegetation appeared to be a likely contributor of nutrients, particularly from prairie during winter dormancy. When runoff occurred during non-frozen soil conditions turf allowed significantly (P < or = 0.10) lower runoff volumes compared with prairie vegetation and the 1:2 and 1:4 impervious/pervious surface ratios had less runoff than the 1:1 ratio (P < or = 0.05). In climates where the majority of runoff occurs during frozen ground conditions, vegetative buffers strips alone are unlikely to dramatically reduce runoff and nutrient loading into surface waters. Regardless of vegetation type or size, natural nutrient biogeochemical cycling will cause nutrient loss in surface runoff waters, and these values may represent baseline thresholds below which values cannot be obtained.     

Eco-environmental changes and causative analysis in the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers, China

In the most recent four decades the eco-environment in the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers has been continuously getting worse, this is mainly manifested in the serious vegetation degradation, rapidly developing desertification, lake shrinkage and salinization, wetland degradation and biodiversity reduction. This paper attempts to give a quantitative analysis to such eco-environmental changes and explore their causes. The main factors responsible for such changes are climate change and the alterations of glacial snow accumulation and the freeze-thaw processes of the frozen soil, as well as overgrazing and rodent damage. The eco-environmental changes in the source regions not only influence the social-economic development of these regions but also have affected, or are affecting, the whole river basins' social-economic development.     

Tillage and manure application effects on mineral nitrogen leaching from seasonally frozen soils

Land application of manure is a common practice in the Upper Midwest of the United States. Recently, there have been concerns regarding the effect of this practice on water quality, especially when manure is applied during winter over frozen soils. A study undertaken on a Rozetta silt loam (fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Hapludalfs) at Lancaster, WI, evaluated the effects of tillage and timing of manure application on surface and subsurface water quality. The daily scrape and haul liquid dairy manure was applied either in the fall (before snow) or in winter (over snow with frozen soil underneath) to be compared with no manure under two tillage systems (no-till and chisel-plowing). In this paper, we report results on the effects of the above treatments on mineral N leaching. Percolation and mineral N leaching during the nongrowing season were, respectively, 72 and 78% of the annual losses, mainly because of the absence of plant water and N uptake. Percolation was generally higher from no-till compared with chisel-plow but there was no significant effect of tillage on mineral N concentration of the leachate or mineral N losses via leaching. Mineral N leaching was statistically higher from the manure-applied vs. no-manure treatment, but there was no difference between winter-applied manure and no-manure treatments. There were significant tillage by manure interactions with fall manure application followed by chisel-plowing resulting in highest N leaching losses. Averaged over the two years, N leaching rates were 52, 38, and 28 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1) from fall-applied, winter-applied, and no-manure treatments, respectively. These results show that there is substantial N leaching from these soils even when no fertilizer or manure is applied. Furthermore, fall-applied manure followed by fall tillage significantly increases N leaching due to enhanced mineralization of both soil and manure organic N.     

Organic agriculture and nitrous oxide emissions at sub-zero soil temperatures

In the Red River Valley of the upper midwestern United States, soil temperatures often remain below freezing during winter and N2O emissions from frozen cropland soils is assumed to be negligible. This study was conducted to determine the strength of N2O emissions and denitrification when soil temperatures were below zero for a manure-amended, certified organic field (T2O) compared with an unamended, conventionally managed field (T2C). Before manure application, both fields were similar with respect to autotrophic and heterotrophic N2O production and N2O flux at the soil surface (0.15+/-0.05 mg N2O-N m-2 d-1 for T2O and 0.12+/-0.06 mg N2O-N m-2 d-1 for T2C). After application of pelletized, dehydrated manure, average daily flux (based on time-integrated fluxes from 20 November to 8 April), was 1.19+/-0.34 mg N2O-N m-2 d-1 for T2O and 0.47+/-0.37 mg N2O-N m-2 d-1 for T2C. Denitrification for intact cores measured in the laboratory at -2.5 degrees C was greater for organically managed soils, although only marginally significant (p<0.1). Cumulative emissions for all winter measurements (from 16 November to 8 April) averaged 1.63 kg N2O-N ha-1 for T2O and 0.64 kg N2O-N ha-1 for T2C. Biological N2O production was evident at sub-zero soil temperatures, with winter emissions exceeding those measured in late summer. Late autumn manure application enhanced cumulative N2O-N emissions by 0.9 kg ha-1.     

Rate of fall-applied liquid swine manure: effects on runoff transport of sediment and phosphorus

Reducing the delivery of phosphorus (P) from land-applied manure to surface water is a priority in many watersheds. Manure application rate can be controlled to manage the risk of water quality degradation. The objective of this study was to evaluate how application rate of liquid swine manure affects the transport of sediment and P in runoff. Liquid swine manure was land-applied and incorporated annually in the fall to runoff plots near Morris, Minnesota. Manure application rates were 0, 0.5, 1, and 2 times the rate recommended to supply P for a corn (Zea mays L.)-soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation. Runoff volume, sediment, and P transport from snowmelt and rainfall were monitored for 3 yr. When manure was applied at the highest rate, runoff volume and sediment loss were less than the control plots without manure. Reductions in runoff volume and soil loss were not observed for spring runoff when frozen soil conditions controlled infiltration rates. The reduced runoff and sediment loss from manure amended soils compensated for addition of P, resulting in similar runoff losses of total P among manure application rates. However, losses of dissolved P increased with increasing manure application rate for runoff during the spring thaw period. Evaluation of water quality risks from fall-applied manure should contrast the potential P losses in snowmelt runoff with the potential that incorporated manure may reduce runoff and soil loss during the summer.