Distributions of heavy metals in the sediments of South Korean harbors

Bottom sediments of harbors in the South Korea have been long suspected for metal contamination due to ship-based and urban-based activities for the past several decades. A number of areas have been suspected to impair ecosystem services to the local residents and drawn complaints from main stakeholders. Twelve contamination suspected harbors were subject to evaluate the level of contamination of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Pb and Hg. The level of sediment contamination for each metal was evaluated comparing the relative enrichment of a given metal to pollution-insensitive aluminum. Regional background concentration of a given metal was also determined based on its down core measurement and sediment texture. Ecological risk posed by the presence of heavy metals was evaluated using the sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) developed by United States National Ocean and Atmosphere Administration (US NOAA) as benchmarks for evaluating sediment chemistry to aquatic organisms. Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb and Hg in the surface sediment were found to be higher than a factor of 1.5 than background sediments, and the overall metal contaminations of surface sediment can be regarded as medium-high- to high-priority sites in the sense of SQGs.     

Distributions of heavy metals in the sediments of South Korean harbors

Bottom sediments of harbors in the South Korea have been long suspected for metal contamination due to ship-based and urban-based activities for the past several decades. A number of areas have been suspected to impair ecosystem services to the local residents and drawn complaints from main stakeholders. Twelve contamination suspected harbors were subject to evaluate the level of contamination of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Pb and Hg. The level of sediment contamination for each metal was evaluated comparing the relative enrichment of a given metal to pollution-insensitive aluminum. Regional background concentration of a given metal was also determined based on its down core measurement and sediment texture. Ecological risk posed by the presence of heavy metals was evaluated using the sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) developed by United States National Ocean and Atmosphere Administration (US NOAA) as benchmarks for evaluating sediment chemistry to aquatic organisms. Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb and Hg in the surface sediment were found to be higher than a factor of 1.5 than background sediments, and the overall metal contaminations of surface sediment can be regarded as medium–high- to high-priority sites in the sense of SQGs.     

Relationship between total concentration and dilute HCl extraction of heavy metals in sediments of harbors and coastal areas in Korea

Total concentrations of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in surface sediments were determined to investigate the regional trends of heavy metal contamination in 11 coastal areas in Korea. Enrichment factor (EF) of heavy metals was calculated by comparing the level of their regional background. The averages of EF values in study areas were 0.99 for Cr, 1.05 for Ni, 4.23 for Cu, 1.80 for Zn, 3.92 for Cd and 1.54 for Pb, respectively. Dilute HCl extractions were useful to deduce the anthropogenic sources of heavy metals and the 1 M HCl extractable fractions of each metal varied from 0.3 to 37.3% for Cr, 1.9 to 66.3% for Ni, 4.2 to 92.9% for Cu, 7.1 to 99.7% for Zn, 10.9 to 98.9% for Cd and 15.0 to 99.1% for Pb. Comparing 1 M HCl extractable fraction to total concentration, large portions of Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb were present as potentially bioavailable fractions from anthropogenic input and were significantly correlated with their EF values showing r > 0.68.     

桂林水系沉积物中重金属的生物有效性研究

沉积物中重金属污染物对生态系统潜在危害的影响,已经引起研究者的极大关注,但对沉积物中重金属的生物有效性的研究还很少。首次以桂林水系沉积物为研究对象,通过酸化-吹气-吸收装置,用对氨基二甲基苯胺光度法测定沉积物中AVS含量,用原子吸收分光光度法测定SEM和间隙水中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Ni含量,用原子荧光法测定Hg、As含量。以中华圆田螺(Cipangopaludian cathayensis)为受试物种,通过沉积物加标和长期暴露实验,分析田螺生长发育情况和体内重金属积累浓度。结果表明:[SEM]/[AVS]>1时,间隙水中七种元素总浓度大于3.0000μmol·L-1,重金属对田螺表现出毒性作用,且田螺的死亡率和体内重金属积累浓度随该比值的增大而增大;当[SEM]/[AVS]<1时,重金属对田螺无明显影响。[SEM]/[AVS]是判定沉积物重金属生物有效性的有效判据。该研究填补了桂林水系沉积物重金属数据的空白,为判定沉积物重金属污染程度提供了一种简便准确的方法。所研究水域沉积物重金属污染最严重的是桃花江,漓江次之,青狮潭水库污染最轻。     

Speciation of heavy metals in Albanian coastal sediments

This article presents results on heavy metal (Fe, Mn, Cr, Ni, Cu, Cd, Pb and Zn) speciation in the coastal sediments of Albania. Sediment samples were collected within the framework of the activities of the Interreg Italia–Albania Project, carried out in the Southern Adriatic Sea in 2000–01. This study shows that Albanian coastal sediments are highly influenced by river input, as the decreasing concentrations from coast to offshore confirm. Pb represents an exception of the general trend; meteoric inputs are prevalent for this metal. Ni, Cr, Fe, Zn and Cu correlate significantly and positively in the entire area, indicating a common origin for these metals in the analyzed sediments. All metals result mostly associated to the most refractory phases, which constitute up to 80% of the total concentration. Nevertheless a recent input of Cr, Ni, Cu and Mn can be observed, as the result of mining and industrial activities, in some selected areas, such as the Drin Bay and Durres. Their high concentration in the bioavailable phase can determine toxic effect upon biota.     

污染沉积物中重金属的释放及其动力学

研究了广州城市水体污染沉积物在不同pH条件下释放重金属的能力以及酸性条件下重金属的释放动力学。研究结果表明,重金属从污染沉积物中的释放主要是在酸性(pH<4)条件下发生,并且释放率随pH的升高而迅速降低。重金属的释放顺序大致为Cu≈Zn≈Ni>Pb。重金属的释放动力学过程可分为两个阶段,第一阶段一般认为是重金属从沉积物表面的快速解吸过程,第二阶段则可能是重金属缓慢地从沉积物内部微孔向溶液的扩散过程。释放动力学过程可以用Elovich方程和双常数速率方程(Freundlich修正式)较好地描述。     

Distribution and speciation of heavy metals in Apulian coastal sediments

In the framework of the Interreg II Project Italy–Greece, distribution and speciation of trace metals in surface coastal sediments of Apulian regions were studied. A sequential extraction technique was used to determine the chemical association of heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Ni, Fe, Cr, Mn, Cu and Cd) with major sedimentary phases (acid soluble phases, easily reducible fraction and oxidizable matter). The relationship between the metals' content and the grain-size composition of the sediments was also considered: generally the elements resulted associated with the fine fraction, even if in some cases (Cu in the oxidizable phase) the opposite behaviour was observed. The studied area is not particularly polluted, except for some defined zones, as for example Brindisi's harbour. Speciation analysis revealed that the major part of the heavy metals are not easily mobilizable and bioavailable. Even in this case, there are some exceptions to the general behaviour: Cu and Pb in several samples are largely present in the oxidizable phase, which even if not immediately available can become a source of associated elements when redox conditions change.     

Speciation of heavy metals in sediments from the Scheldt estuary,Belgium

A simple three-step sequential extraction procedure was applied to study the speciation of heavy metals in sediment from Scheldt estuary, and their relationship to sediment grain size and organic matter content. The sedimentary metal content was fractionated into carbonate and exchangeable, metals bound to organic matter and residual fractions. Sedimentary total metal content was also determined using an industrial microwave (ETHOS 900) HF/HNO₃ extraction method. The extracts were analysed for metals using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. The bioavailable fraction (exchangeable and metals bound to organic matter) comprised less than the other forms. Residue metals were the dominant form of metals in almost all studied sites. The average total metal content for the studied sites decreased in the order Fe>Cr>Cu>Co>Zn>Pb>Cd. Based on average values for the studied sites, the highest bioavailable metals in sediments were Cd (38%) from Westkapelle, Zn (17%) from Yerseke, Co (12%) from Domburg, Cr (9%) from Vlissingen, Fe and Pb each (2%) from Yerseke, and Cu (1%) from Domburg. Metal recovery was good, with<10% difference between the total metal recovered through the extractant steps and the total metal determined using HF/HNO₃ extract.     

羟基磷灰石对沉积物中重金属释放特性的影响

以羟基磷灰石掺杂前后模拟重金属污染沉积物为研究对象,利用混匀释放实验及化学连续萃取法分析沉积物中重金属的释放特征及形态分布特性,考察了羟基磷灰石对重会属污染沉积物中Cu、zn、Pb、Cd稳定性的影响.结果表明不同来源模拟污染沉积物中松花江沉积物中的重金属最易重新释放,而伊通河沉积物中的重金属释放量最小;同时伊通河沉积物中残渣态重金属的比例较其它沉积物高很多,而可交换态和碳酸盐结合态的重金属比例较其它沉积物低很多,说明同时进入沉积物中的重金属,伊通河沉积物中的重金属相对稳定一些.羟基磷灰石的掺杂不同程度降低了沉积物中重金属的释放能力,促使沉积物中的重金属由较不稳定结合态向较稳定结合态转化,减小了沉积物中重金属的生物可利用性,增强了重金属的稳定性.     

乌梁素海沉积物重金属生物活性及环境污染评估

为阐明乌梁素海沉积物重金属生物活性及理化性质对重金属形态变化的影响,对湖泊重金属污染修复治理方面提供科学依据,2011年1月在乌梁素海9个站点采集表层沉积物样品,采用改进BCR逐级提取法分析Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Cd、Hg、As等7种重金属元素的形态,利用活性系数与迁移系数对重金属生物活性进行研究;结合沉积物理化性质,系统探讨影响重金属化学形态与生物活性的因素;应用次生相与原生相比值法,从重金属形态学角度对沉积物重金属状况进行评估.结果表明,(1)沉积物中重金属活性系数的大小顺序为 Cd>Hg>Zn>Cu>Pb >As>Cr;重金属的迁移系数为 Cd>Hg>Zn>Cu>As>Pb>Cr.(2)沉积物物理化学性质和重金属总量对各种化学形态重金属含量影响程度明显不同.重金属总量对残渣态影响较大;pH对酸可提取态、有机物和硫化物结合态影响较大;有机质与酸可提取态、有机物和硫化物结合态有较大相关性;盐度与酸可提取态、有机物和硫化物结合态有一定的相关性.总氮、总磷与有机物和硫化物结合态有一定的相关性.(3)从重金属形态角度评价,7种重金属除Cd外,污染程度并不大,全湖KRSP的平均值大小顺序为Cd(1.66)>Cu(0.84)>Hg(0.72)>Zn(0.42)>Cr(0.15)>Pb(0.14)>As(0.06).结合总量、生物可利用性与形态学评价,乌梁素海重金属 Cd 是生物活性最强、污染最严重的金属,Hg污染次之,应该对Cd与Hg给予特别关注.     

Fractionation of heavy metals in surface sediments of Taihu Lake, East China

The BCR (European Communities Bureau of Reference) three-step sequential extraction procedure was applied to fractionate heavy metals in the sediment of Taihu Lake. For the determination of total metal concentration of the sediments, sample digestion was achieved by using HF/H2O2/HNO3 (2/1/1) acid mixture in a microwave-irradiated closed vessel system. The concentrations of Cd, Ni, Cr, Zn, Cu and Pb in various extracts solutions were analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES). The results obtained from the BCR three-step sequential extraction indicated relatively high mobility of Zn, Cu, Pb and Ni in the sediments while Cd and Cr were poorly mobile. Enrichment of heavy metals was found in the sediments collected in the northern parts of Taihu Lake. In the sediments collected in the southern and western sides of the Lake, heavy metal concentrations were relatively low. The relationship between total organic carbon (TOC) and heavy metals concentrations in the sediments is discussed.     

太湖不同湖区沉积物重金属含量季节变化及其影响因素

以太湖东北部梅梁湾、胥口湾、贡湖沉积物中重金属为研究对象,研究各湖区沉积物中As、Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn含量的年际变化规律及其与沉积物间隙水温度、pH、Eh值以及沉积物有机质、总氮、总磷、粒径等理化指标的相关关系.结果表明:沉积物中重金属含量及其年际的变化与其污染状况有一定的相关关系;富营养化程度较高的梅梁湾沉积物中重金属含量的最大值出现在9月,其他两个湖区的最大值均出现在6月;沉积物中重金属含量受到温度、pH值、Eh值等物理因素的影响,且与温度、pH值和Eh值有一定的正相关关系;沉积物有机质、总氮、总磷、粒径等因素也会对沉积物中重金属含量产生影响;有机质含量与重金属含量有很好的正相关性,粒径与重金属含量呈正相关,总氮、总磷与重金属含量呈负相关.     

晋江感潮河段沉积物重金属的赋存形态与生物有效性

用稀硝酸单级提取法和BCR连续提取法对晋江感潮河段沉积物中重金属生物有效性进行研究.单级提取法表明,Cu、Pb、Cr、Zn、Cd、Sb、V、Ni、Co、Fe和Mn的酸提相含量在中游河段普遍较高.除V和Fe外,表层和柱状沉积物中其他9种重金属的生物有效性均相对较高.除在个别深度外,L43柱状沉积物中多数重金属元素生物有效性变化较平稳.采用改进的BCR四步连续提取法对表层沉积物中11种重金属进行形态分析,结果表明,Mn、Ni、Pb、Cu、Cd和Cr都具有较高的生物有效性;Zn在下游河段主要分布在残渣态中,但在中上游河段弱酸溶态含量的比例普遍较高;Sb在河段下游地区非残渣态含量要明显高于中上游地区.次生相与原生相分布比值法评价结果表明,除V和Fe处于无污染水平,其他9种重金属在不同的采样点均有不同程度的污染.     

湘江底泥重金属污染特征与生态风险评价

本研究于湘江共采集了29个典型重金属污染断面底泥样品,测定了底泥中重金属Cd、Pb、Cr、Cu、Mn和Zn的含量及其有效态含量,并采用改进潜在生态风险指数法评价了底泥重金属的潜在生态风险.研究结果表明,湘江底泥存在主要由重金属Cd、Pb、Cr、Cu、Mn和Zn构成的复合污染,其含量范围依次为2.83—29.15 mg·kg-1、8—1784 mg·kg-1、10.00—4884.28 mg·kg-1、9—674 mg·kg-1、744.83—16246.22 mg·kg-1和61.50—3771.11 mg·kg-1;参考土壤环境质量Ⅲ级标准的断面超标率依次为100%、10.34%、6.90%、3.54%、100%和24.14%;有效态百分含量范围依次为25.04%—66.63%、8.75%—50.00%、1.14%—35.08%、3.70%—39.00%、1.99%—65.79%和7.48%—47.96%;生态风险评价结果表明,Cd的潜在生态风险最高,其次是Pb和Mn,潜在生态风险指数贡献率(MRI)依次为90.37%、4.17%、3.03%,干流的潜在生态风险高于支流的生态风险,达到极强危害水平的采样断面占72.41%,主要集中于永州、衡阳、株洲、湘潭、长沙和郴州.     

Distributions of total metals in the surface sediments of the Bandirma and Erdek Gulfs,Marmara Sea,Turkey

The aim of this study is to determine the contents of aluminum, iron, manganese, nickel, copper, zinc, chromium, cadmium, lead, and mercury in sediments at 1–30?m depths of the Band?rma and Erdek Gulfs in the Southern Inner Shelf of the Marmara Sea. Sediment samples were collected from different depths (1?m, 5?m, 10?m, 20?m, 30?m) at each region in February 2008. Primary hydrographic conditions, such as temperature (6.6–14.5°C), salinity (22.6–26.875 psu), percentage of dissolved oxygen saturation (35–83 %), and pH (8.0–8.4) were recorded for each sampling point. Moreover the total organic carbon (0.5–2.9%) and the total calcium carbonate contents (0.8–60%) of sediment samples were determined. In surface sediments of both gulfs, Pb (21–62?mg?kg^?1) and Cd (0.52–0.86?mg?kg^?1) contents were determined to be higher than the shale average (Pb 20?mg?kg^?1, Cd 0.2?mg?kg^?1) while the other metal contents were measured to be lower in general. On the other hand, generally Hg (0.06–1.1?mg?kg^?1) contents were higher than the shale average (0.3?mg?kg^?1)at all of the examined stations in the Band?rma Gulf and lower than the shale average in the Erdek Gulf.     

珠江(广州河段)表层沉积物中重金属的分布特征及相关性研究

随着广州市截污工程的实施,珠江(广州河段)外源污染得到有效控制后,沉积物内源污染将成为影响河流水质的重要因素。在珠江(广州河段)表层沉积物中8种重金属质量分数监测的基础上,对该河段沉积物中重金属的沿程分布特征和横向分布特征进行了全面的分析,并对所测8种重金属之间的相关性进行了研究。结果表明:从沿程分布来看,这8种污染元素的分布特征基本相似,元素的高值区和低值区大致吻合。从横向分布来看,绝大多数污染物在一个断面的最高值和最低值出现的点位基本上是重合的,各种污染物质量分数的最高值绝大部分出现在靠近岸边的点位,并且大部分集中于左岸。而最低值出现在河道中间的比例较高。在所测定的8种元素中,除了Hg和As之外,其它各种元素之间均呈现较明显的正相关关系,特别是Cr和Cd、Cu和Cd、Cr和Cu、Cr和Ni之间的相关性显著。     

成都市河流表层沉积物重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价

根据流经成都市内的三条河流（府河、南河、沙河）表层沉积物重金属数据，采用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法对重金属的潜在生态风险进行了评价。结果表明（1）重金属潜在的生态危害因子（Er^i）说明大多属于轻微生态危害范畴，产牛生态危害的主要重金属是Hg、Cd，Cu、Pb次之，As影响最小；（2）多种重金属的生态系统的潜在生态风险指数（RI）表明河流重金属污染属于轻微生态危害和接近中等生态危害，其受危害程度由强至弱的次序为：府河，南河，沙河。     

镇江市古运河河岸沉积物重金属分布特征及潜在生态风险评价

对镇江市古运河河岸7个表层沉积物中重金属As、Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn、Cr含量进行测定,并通过富集系数、地累积指数法、潜在生态风险评价以及主成分分析等对沉积物重金属的分布特征进行综合分析与评价.结果表明:(1)古运河河岸带沉积物Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Pb和Cd元素的含量平均值分别为45.07、41.70、254.06、19.67、45.88、0.75 mg·kg-1,p H平均值为7.98.对比《国家土壤环境质量标准》可知,沉积物中Cu、Zn、Pb、As属于超一级标准,而Cd属于超二级标准.(2)6种重金属的富集系数表现为:AsCdPbZnCuCr,且综合富集系数在空间上表现为:G2G5G1G4G3G7G6;(3)古运河河岸表层沉积物地累积指数表现为AsCdPbCuZnCr,6种重金属中As富集量最大,Cr的富集量最小.(4)单项潜在生态危害系数结果表明,Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb均为轻微生态危害程度,As和Cd处于中等生态危害程度.从RI值判断,古运河河岸沉积物总体处于轻微生态危害.(5)相关性和主成分分析结果表明,Pb、Cu、Cr、Cd是决定第一主成分的4个主要因子,且Cu与Pb、Cd以及Pb与Cd元素具有相同的污染源.As、Zn在第二主成分中具有较高的载荷值,且As与Zn之间的相关性较弱,表明这两种重金属并非来自同一污染源.     

Fractionation analysis of some heavy metals in sediments of the north-western part of the Red Sea,Egypt

Sequential extraction was used to study operationally determined chemical forms (exchangeable, carbonate, reducible metal, oxidisable metal and the residual fractions) of the metals Cd, Cu, Zn and Pb in sediments from 12 sample sites collected from the north-western part of the Red Sea, where improper recreational facilities have resulted in diverse impacts on the coastal environments fronting some of the recreation projects. The results showed that the average percentage of each phase was different among metal types; the residual binding fraction was the most important phase for binding Zn and to a lesser degree Cu. The reducible fraction was the second most important phase for Zn and Cu. For Pb, the fractions bounded to the residual fractions and the reducible phases are equal and exhibited the highest percentages. By contrast, the carbonate fraction was predominant for Cd. The percentages of Cd, Cu, Zn and Pb associated with the carbonate and exchangeable fractions, which are potentially the most harmful to the environment, were calculated and assessed at different sampling sites of the studied sediments. According to the Risk Assessment Code (RAC), the results reveal that Cd is the only metal that poses a high risk to the environment.