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Eric Rahn Peter Läderach María Baca Charlotte Cressy Götz Schroth Daniella Malin Henk van Rikxoort Jefferson Shriver 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2014,19(8):1119-1137
There are worldwide approximately 4.3 million coffee (Coffea arabica) producing smallholders generating a large share of tropical developing countries’ gross domestic product, notably in Central America. Their livelihoods and coffee production are facing major challenges due to projected climate change, requiring adaptation decisions that may range from changes in management practices to changes in crops or migration. Since management practices such as shade use and reforestation influence both climate vulnerability and carbon stocks in coffee, there may be synergies between climate change adaptation and mitigation that could make it advantageous to jointly pursue both objectives. In some cases, carbon accounting for mitigation actions might even be used to incentivize and subsidize adaptation actions. To assess potential synergies between climate change mitigation and adaptation in smallholder coffee production systems, we quantified (i) the potential of changes in coffee production and processing practices as well as other livelihood activities to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions, (ii) coffee farmers’ climate change vulnerability and need for adaptation, including the possibility of carbon markets subsidizing adaptation. We worked with smallholder organic coffee farmers in Northern Nicaragua, using workshops, interviews, farm visits and the Cool Farm Tool software to calculate greenhouse gas balances of coffee farms. From the 12 activities found to be relevant for adaptation, two showed strong and five showed modest synergies with mitigation. Afforestation of degraded areas with coffee agroforestry systems and boundary tree plantings resulted in the highest synergies between adaptation and mitigation. Financing possibilities for joint adaptation-mitigation activities could arise through carbon offsetting, carbon insetting, and carbon footprint reductions. Non-monetary benefits such as technical assistance and capacity building could be effective in promoting such synergies at low transaction costs. 相似文献
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黄筱声 《环境与可持续发展》1981,(4)
云南省西南长征机械厂自行设计生产的 FCJ-805型含铬废水处理机于一九八○年十月在该厂举行了该机产品鉴定定型生产会议。采用活性炭法处理含铬废水是七十年代发展起来的新工艺,美国环保局曾对各种含铬废水的处理进行比较认为,活性炭法是最有前途的方法,在国内外已有 相似文献
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人口是个复杂的社会问题,也是个人类生态学基本问题。在人类影响环境的诸多因素中,人口是最主要、最根本的因素。对于人口增长,中国政府采取了计划生育的政策,并取得了举世瞩目的成就:1990年与1970年相比,中国妇女总生育率由5.81个孩下降到2.31个;出生率由3.34%下降到2.106%;按1970年实际增长率推算到1987年,等于少生2亿人口,为社会节约2万亿元抚养金;同时在减轻资源消耗和人口对 相似文献
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1994年第49届联合国大会通过一项决议确定:1998年是国际海洋年。年内各国政府将普遍开展宣传教育活动,以促进海洋综合管理的加强,确保海洋资源的开发利用和环境保护的协调发展。 世界海洋总面积达3.6亿平方公里,占地表总面积的71%。海洋既是资源的宝库,又是生命的摇篮。千万年来,它除给人类提供了必需的水源(陆地上的水从根本上说是来自海洋)和食盐外,丰富多样的海洋生物是人类重 相似文献
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“亚的斯亚贝巴”出自埃塞俄比亚民族语言阿姆哈拉语,本意为“新鲜的花朵”。历史记载,公元前10世纪,埃塞俄比亚就出现强大的孟尼里克王国。公元18世纪60年代之后,英国、法国、意大利等欧洲列强不断侵犯,埃塞俄比亚的中央政权逐渐瓦解,地方王侯各行其政,割据一方。19世纪后期,建都在中部的绍阿公国逐渐强大,不断扩展领土。 相似文献
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