The review programme in the European Union for existing biocidal active substances—outcome of the notification process

The European Commission Biocidal Products Directive 98/8/EC lays down rules and procedures concerning the placing of biocidal products on the EU market. Based on the Directive, a First Review Regulation was adopted for the review of existing biocidal active substances. These substances had to be either identified or notified (two different processes) to the European Chemicals Bureau (ECB) by 28 March 2002. More than 1000 companies took part in the review programme. In total 953 different existing active substances were identified and 372 different substances were notified. This article presents an analysis of the notified substances regarding the number of notifications per substance, notifiers per substance and per Member State and number of notified substances per product type. The results are compared with data from former statistics.     

Prioritisation of existing biocidal active substances in the European Union

This article describes the priority setting process in the 10-year review programme for the systematic examination of all existing active biocidal substances as foreseen in Article 16(2) of the European Commission Biocidal Products Directive (BPD). In the first phase of this programme, all existing biocidal substances were identified or notified. For the evaluation in the second phase, the notified substances will be grouped in four priority lists according to the product types (PTs) for which they were notified. The prioritisation principles were the availability of test guidance for efficacy testing, overlap with other review programmes and overlap between the substances in different product types. The details of these principles are explained in this article.     

欧盟工业废水污染物排放限值的制定方法

依据欧盟委员会的IPPC指令和水框架指令，欧盟成员国目前在制定废水污染物排放限值时，都以最佳可得技术（BAT）为参考，同时运用反演的方法将污染物排放限值与环境质量标准相结合。阐述了欧盟国家制定废水污染物排放限值的“BAT法”和“质量标准反演法”，并举例分析了“质量标准反演法”。提出了我国借鉴欧盟方法的几点建议。     

Is European end-of-life vehicle legislation living up to expectations? Assessing the impact of the ELV Directive on ‘green’ innovation and vehicle recovery

The end-of-life vehicle (ELV) Directive in Europe aims to generate environmental gains through increased levels of vehicle recovery and a reduction in the use of hazardous substances. This paper presents an evaluation framework based on five anticipated changes that could result from the ELV Directive. These changes relate to three areas: (a) vehicle design, (b) level of ELV recovery, and (c) information provision. We evaluate the extent to which expected outcomes have materialized since the establishment of the ELV Directive. Current information provides an emerging picture of the impact of ELV legislation. We show that legislative factors and market forces have led to innovation in recycling, increased hazardous substance removal and improved information dissemination. Such actions may be sufficient to reach ELV Directive targets and could have spill-over benefits to other industries. Carmakers are also taking steps to design for recycling and for disassembly. However, movement toward design for re-use and remanufacturing seems limited. Increasing the level of re-use and remanufacturing will be a key part of moving toward sustainable vehicle production.     

欧盟水框架指令优先污染物筛选方法的应用

利用欧盟水框架指令(EU WFD)方法筛选优先污染物,得到适用于我国的水环境优先控制污染物清单。检索了包括中国、美国、欧盟、日本等国家和地区的水质标准和污染物清单,对这些清单污染物进行初筛选,得到449种污染物为我国登记在用的污染物,在此基础上运用改进的WFD优先污染物筛选方法对这些污染物进行计分筛选,并按照其半致命毒性LD50排序,得到包含19种污染物的水环境优先控制污染物排序清单。结果表明,WFD优先污染物筛选方法能较全面的筛选出环境危害大的污染物,根据我国实际情况,对WFD现有污染物清单做出补充与筛选后,适合作为水环境优控污染物筛选的方法。     

填充新型抗菌PVA小球的固定柱床的应用

通过优化的PVA-H₃BO₃包埋法制备了抗菌PVA小球,并用新制备的小球填充柱床进行水处理研究. 结果表明:抗菌PVA小球具有良好的杀菌性能,在杀生剂添加量为m(杀生剂)∶m(PVA)3∶2时,杀菌率达到(92±2)%;扫描电子显微镜显示,包埋了杀生剂的抗菌PVA凝胶小球是一种多孔性的球形颗粒,结构较密实,并且包埋效果理想. 随着填充高度的升高、处理液与抗菌材料接触时间(停留时间)的延长、处理液出口端流量的减小, 填充柱的杀菌性能逐渐升高;对于30mm×300mm的填充柱,当填充高度≥20cm, 停留时间≥0.5 h,出口端流量为2.7 mL/s时, 杀菌效果较好. 对于50mm×500mm的填充柱,在填充高度为10 cm,停留时间为0.5 h,出口端流量为2.7 mL/s时,其杀菌率为(93±1)%.      

基于SEVESOⅢ指令对某市工业企业危险性进行评估

参考欧盟SevesoⅢ指令,结合区域风险评估的方法,对江苏省某市31家工业企业源于工业事故的潜在危险性进行评估。评估时综合考察工业企业储存(包括输入、输出)危险物质的种类及数量,以及工业企业危险的生产工艺流程,基于SevesoⅢ指令对企业的危险性进行分级。通过改进SevesoⅢ指令工业企业危险性评估方法(如用连续分类法代替阈值法等),采用工业危险性指数(ⅡH)表征工业企业的危险性,并对ⅡH进行排序。结果表明,该市工业企业的ⅡH值范围在0-1,其中低危险或无危险企业(ⅡH<0.5)24家;中度危险企业(0.5≤ⅡH<1.0)6家;重度危险企业(ⅡH=1.0)1家。通过本研究,实践并改进了工业企业危险性评估的方法,为环境风险管理提供方法支持,以预防工业事故和环境灾害的发生。     

晋江流域工业环境风险评价研究

为了预防由于工业企业危险物质泄漏引发的环境突发事故,保护流域水环境安全.本研究选用基于Seveso III指令模型的方法进行流域环境风险评价研究,并对模型进行适应性改进,选择工业企业分布较为密集的泉州晋江流域进行了示范研究.利用高程、企业分布、危险物质储存量等数据,得到企业内在风险;叠加区域易受损性后得到子区域的环境风险.结果表明,南安市是晋江流域环境风险最高的子区域,风险值高达108,安溪县和泉州市区风险水平居中,晋江市为低度危险子区域.在此基础上,根据评价结果提出了具有针对性的流域环境风险控制建议.     

Efficacy of natural biocide on control of microbial induced corrosion in oil pipelines mediated by Desulfovibrio vulgaris and Desulfovibrio gigas

We compared the efficacy of a natural biocide with four chemical tetrakishydroxymethyl phosphonium sulfonate, benzyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, and formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, to control microbial induced corrosion in oil pipelines. The efficacy of biocides were monitored against Desulfovibrio vulgaris and Desulfovibrio gigas in experimental pipes by measuring cell counts, H2S production, Fe(II) production, production of extracellular polymeric substances and structure of biofilm. The treatment with cow urine had minimum planktonic cell counts of 3 102 CFU/mL as well as biofilm cell counts of 9 101 CFU/mL as compared with tetrakishydroxyl methyl phosphonium sulfonate, benzyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde. Sulfide production was the lowest with cow urine (0.08 mmol/L), followed by tetrakishydroxymethyl phosphonium sulfonate 0.72 mmol/L. On day 90 of treatment, Fe(II) production was also found to be the lowest with cow urine. The scanning electron microscopic studies indicated that the biofilm bacteria were killed by cow urine. These results demonstrate the cow urine mediated control of microbially induced corrosion, and this is indicative of its potential as a viable substitute of toxic biocides. To the best of our knowledge, this seems to be the first report which screens possible biocidal activity by cow urine as compared to the most common biocides which oil industry is currently using.     

大气细粒子阳离子表面有机活性物质分析方法的优化

分别从样品前处理和分析测定两方面对大气细粒子中阳离子表面有机活性物质的二硫蓝分光光度分析法进行优化,并采用优化方案对北京市大气细粒子进行了分析.结果表明:① 优化的最佳样品前处理条件中超声提取频率为40 Hz、初始水浴温度为30℃、超声提取时间为30 min;② 优化的最佳分析测定条件中二硫蓝使用量为1.29 mg（0.5 mL的2.58 g/L二硫蓝溶液）、最佳静置时间为30 min、醋酸盐缓冲液（pH为5）最佳使用量为3 mL.二硫蓝分光光度法优化方案标准曲线的R2为0.9986,线性较好.采用该优化方案测得的北京市大气细粒子中阳离子表面有机活性物质浓度的平均值为12.87 pmol/m3,其浓度水平数量级是阴离子表面有机活性物质的1/10,其浓度水平高于英国诺威奇与爱丁堡,但低于马来西亚吉隆坡.      

大气细粒子中阴离子表面有机活性物质分析方法的优化

为优化大气细粒子中阴离子表面有机活性物质的亚甲蓝分光光度法和乙基紫分光光度分析法,分别从样品前处理和分析测定两方面对分析方法进行优化,并采用2种优化方案对北京市大气细粒子样品进行分析测定. 结果表明:①2种优化方案的最佳超声提取频率、最佳初始水浴温度和最佳超声提取时间均分别为40 Hz、30 ℃和35 min;②亚甲蓝优化方案的最佳显色剂使用量为0.70 mg,其中中性亚甲蓝和酸性亚甲蓝使用量均为0.35 mg,最佳静置时间为30~45 min;③乙基紫优化方案的最佳显色剂使用量为0.098 mg,最佳静置时间为30 min,最佳辅助性试剂使用量分别为pH＝5的醋酸盐缓冲液0.4 mL,乙二胺四乙酸二钠10 μmol,硫酸钠0.25 mmol. 采用2个优化方案测得的北京市大气细粒子样品中ρ(MBAS)(MBAS为亚甲蓝活性物质)和ρ(EVAS)(EVAS为乙基紫活性物质)分别为0.14～0.39和0.14～0.47 μg/m3. 与亚甲蓝优化方案相比,乙基紫优化方案的试验操作更简便、标准曲线线性关系更好,更适合大气细粒子中阴离子表面有机活性物质的测定.      

Policy,legislative and institutional assessments for integrated river basin management in Turkey

The rapidly growing population, increased urbanization, and intensive industrial and agricultural activities cause degradation and pollution of natural resources, soil erosion, and changes in hydrologic regimes in all over the world. To overcome these situations, it is necessary to develop an effective and holistic management methodology, called Integrated River Basin Management (IRBM). It is an internationally accepted administrative tool.IRBM is also one of the implementation requirements of the European Commission Water Framework Directive (WFD, 2000/60/EC) for European Union (EU) member states and candidate countries. Turkey, as an EU candidate country, already has started and continues to work toward adaptation of the WFD. Since the early 2000s, river basin studies have been undertaken to help integrate the WFD into Turkish legislation. Although Turkey has a strong legislative background, there are many challenges in this transition period because of several big river basins, the lack of environmental infrastructure, and the cost of carrying out the WFD.This paper analyses the political, legislative, and institutional advances of the implementation of IRBM in Turkey. Before the assessments of the new Turkish legislation developments and new basin institutions, the general principles of IRBM are explained. Finally, some recommendations for improving the effectiveness of the new basin organizations and water legislation are presented.     

UV/Oxone降解水中扑热息痛的效能及影响模型

采用UV、oxone和UV/Oxone3种工艺降解ACE,同时对体系中氧化活性物质种类和贡献率进行鉴别和计算.采用响应面曲线法研究HCO₃^-、Cl^-、NO₃^-、pH值和温度5因素、3水平条件下UV/Oxone对ACE的去除效果的综合影响,并选用3种实际水体作为原水水质背景来评价UV/Oxone降解ACE的实际降解值和模型预测值的差距,最后比较了3种工艺的效能.结果表明UV、oxone、UV/Oxone3种工艺对ACE的去除率分别为2.1%、53.7%和98.3%.活性物质的鉴别实验发现UV激活oxone会产生^·OH、SO₄^·-和活性氯3种活性物质,且对ACE降解的贡献率分别为37.05%、19.22%和43.73%.通过响应面曲线法得到影响降解ACE效果的回归方程式,该回归方程对应的p值小于0.0001,拟合缺失项不显著,校正决定系数R²>0.8,说明该模型可信度高.选用实际水体进行实际降解和模型预测比较时发现实际降解值基本符合模型预测值.最后对两种不同工艺进行效能比较发现在同等时间和降解率的情况,UV/Oxone耗能最低,是一种高效、快速、可行的降解工艺.     

Trends in ground level ozone concentrations in the European Union

Following the Council Directive 92/72/EEC on air pollution by ozone the Member States of the European Union have to inform the European Commission on ozone concentrations and exceedances of threshold values within their territory. Using the available information covering the period of 5 years (1994–1998), the data has been analysed for a possible trend in statistical parameters (50- and 98-percentiles) and number and severity of exceedances. Time series are relatively short but the data suggest that there might be a small increasing trend in the 50 percentile values. The ozone peak values, expressed as 98-percentile values or as number of exceedance days tend to decrease. However, these conclusions must be interpreted carefully as on the short time scales considered here meteorological variations and inter-annual changes may play an important role. The decrease in peak values is most likely caused by the decrease in European ozone precursor emissions since 1990; insufficient data is available to explain the increasing 50-percentile values. Possible explanations are an increase in tropospheric ozone background values caused by a world-wide increase in CH₄, CO and NO_x emissions or a reduced ozone titration by reduced NO_x emissions on the local scale. The data submitted under the ozone directive is insufficient to provide firm conclusions on this point.     

Is the EU WFD suitable to support IWRM planning in non-European countries? Lessons learnt from the introduction of IWRM and River Basin Management in Mongolia

The Water Framework Directive (EU WFD, 2000/60EC, European Commission, 2000) is a comprehensive tool for water management taking Europe’s diverse national and local policy contexts into account. This has positioned the EU WFD as a potential tool to enhance the implementation of the globally-promoted integrated water resources management concept (IWRM) in developing and transition countries that to date lack comparable regulations. Using the case of Mongolia, a country that has shown interest in using aspects of the EU WFD for implementing its IWRM concept, we will discuss the extent to which the EU WFD also provides a framework for IWRM outside Europe. We find that the EU WFD may provide guidance for the implementation of ecosystem-based River Basin Management (RBM) within an existing national IWRM concept, in terms of public participation and in terms of economic analysis. However, the application of concepts EU WFD is easier if strong political will, good monitoring capacities and a legislative backbone covering key IWRM principles and the capacity for enforcement are in place. Also, the EU-WFD does not provide guidance in terms of water-related issues that are e.g. addressing gender, poverty and capacity development. Thus, the EU WFD cannot serve as a blueprint, as it requires adaptation to the different socio-economic, cultural and political contexts of the implementing country and it does not inform all aspects of IWRM.     

Toxicity assessment of the main pesticides used in Costa Rica

The impacts of the 30 active substances, most used in Costa Rica (reference year 1998), are evaluated using two models originally developed to support comparative assertions in the context of the life cycle assessment: the multimedia fate, exposure and effect model Impact Assessment of Chemical Toxics 2002 (IMPACT 2002), and the Dynamic Model for Pesticides Residues in Plants. Results show that only five active substances – namely diazinon, mancozeb, chlorothalonil, terbutylazine and ethoprophos – contribute to more than 75% of the aquatic ecotoxicity and yet represent less than 40% of the amount used. More than 90% of the human toxicity is generated by only two active substances – namely terbufos and chlorothalonil – whereas they represent less than 10% of the total amount used. Overall, it would be possible to achieve a 90% reduction of human toxicity and a 75% reduction of aquatic ecotoxicity due to pesticide used in Costa Rica, focusing on only a few active substances. For instance, propiconazole or tridemorph could potentially be replaced by chlorothalonil; ametryn, diuron or paraquat by glyphosate; terbufos by cypermethrin; methyl bromide by metam sodium.     

生物破乳菌XH-1的破乳有效成分研究

对破乳菌XH-1（Bacillus mojavensis）的破乳效能进行研究,并对该菌所产生的破乳剂有效成分及其理化性质进行考察。结果表明,破乳菌XH-1全培养液针对O／w型模型乳状液24h破乳率为86．0％,48h破乳率可达100％;XH-1菌的破乳有效成分为胞外分泌物质,该物质耐低温、不耐高温、经胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶及尿素处理后其基本失活;采用不同蛋白质粗体方法对破乳活性物质进行处理,发现粗提产物均具有较好的破乳功能,说明该物质具有蛋白质的特性;经可见-紫外分光光度法扫描及红外光谱扫描分析发现该生物破乳剂的有效成分为破乳菌株XH-1发酵产生的胞外蛋白类物质。     

活性污泥二次污染问题的探讨

讨论了城市污水经过A／O工艺处理时活性污泥的二次污染问题。所采用的方法是将原水、处理后的出水及活性污泥用乙酸丁酯萃取、萃取相经过真空浓缩后，采用GC／MS测定了样品中的有机化合物。结果表明，在A／O工艺处理城市污水过程中，活性污泥的吸附作用是主要的，降解作用是次要的：A／O工艺所排放的活性污泥仍然是一种危险的污染物。     

苏州太湖饮用水源地健康风险评价研究

文章对苏州太湖渔洋山和金墅港两个水源地中六价铬、砷、镉等有毒有害物质采用健康风险评价模型进行评价。评价结果表明,两个水源地总的风险值均未超过国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的有毒有害物质健康危害风险最大可接受水平为5.0×10-5a-1,属于安全级别。评价因子中的化学致癌物对人体健康危害的年风险值远大于非致癌物的风险值。砷和六价铬的健康风险已超过USEPA建议值1.00×10-6a-1,所以这两种毒物应被列为饮用水源地水厂制水过程中优先检测和控制的致癌污染物。     

Integrated pollution prevention and control in large industrial installations on the basis of best available techniques – The Sevilla Process

With respect to emissions from industry, the IPPC Directive is one of the key instruments of the environmental legislation of the European Union. The purpose of this Directive is to achieve integrated pollution prevention and control from large industrial installations. The conditions of required permits have to be based on Best Available Techniques (BAT). In 1997, the so-called Sevilla Process was established to develop these BAT. Since then, 33 Best Available Techniques REFerence Documents (BREFs) were drafted, adopted and published. This Sevilla Process with its actors is described. The BREFs are unique documents containing ambitious consumption and emission levels which cannot be found anywhere else.