定量风险评价（QRA）中的危险辨识方法

危险辨识是进行定量风险评价（QRA）的关键步骤,QRA分析区域内的危险设备设施可能很多,但并不是每台设备设施都一定要包含并进行定量风险计算,这不仅涉及到QRA的效率和成本问题,也涉及到评价结论准确性、安全投入有效性等问题。本文简要介绍并比较了欧盟ARAMIS和挪威Purple book中推介的2种危险辨识方法,有助于国内QRA分析人员参照比较及提升QRA分析的一致性。     

LNG供气站重大事故风险及定量评价

为对LNG供气站进行综合评价,分析了LNG站的事故因素及其来源.根据事故特征,采用冲击波超压和火球热辐射评估模型.采用蒙特卡罗随机模拟方法(Monte-Carlo)确定模型中源项的数据分布及概率.编制事故危害程度和危害范围的计算程序,并对某LNG站进行了定量风险评价(QRA)计算.计算确定了空间各点的事故概率分布、风险等级及LNG供气站的综合风险指数.计算结果表明,某LNG站的死亡事故率为6.94人,平均个人风险为0.609×10-3人·次/a,符合风险标准.     

油气长输管道定量风险评价

管道风险评价普遍采用以Kent打分法为代表的定性方法,笔者提出了一种新方法,即定量风险评价(QRA),采用基于管道失效历史数据库和已有成熟的数值模型,进行管道失效概率分析和失效后果分析,并以此方法在某输气管道上进行了验证,最后得到管段的绝对风险和人口密集段的个人风险,并进行了风险预测。研究表明,QRA受人员主观判断影响较小,计算方法科学合理,结果量化,对进行检测与维护维修资源的分配具有很好的指导意义。     

基于HAZOP风险量化技术的硫黄回收装置安全评价研究

针对国内硫黄回收装置安全评价方法的缺失和不足,对HAZOP方法在硫黄回收装置中的应用进行分析.基于传统HAZOP定性分析方法,结合风险矩阵定量化管理概念,对风险依据事故发生概率和事故后果严重程度进行定量化处理,形成一种新的风险评价技术——HAZOP风险量化技术.并应用该技术对某硫黄回收装置进行安全评价研究.通过危险因素辨识,建立了硫黄回收装置工艺参数偏差矩阵和风险矩阵等安全评价模型.根据风险等级划分,确定装置主要危险因素与风险的关系.研究表明,HAZOP风险量化技术提高了硫黄回收装置安全性和可操作性.     

现代安全生产科学管理知识讲座 第七讲 重大事故定量风险评价的误差控制

在强调重大事故定量风险评价（QRA）误差控制,增加定量风险评价的可靠性与合理性,应用国外同类属性数据库和评估模型时,应结合我国生产力水平和企业管理现状,充分估计人为因素对计算结果的影响。     

基于事故连锁风险的区域危险源辨识技术研究

对风险评价中的危险源辨识方法重大危险源辨识、设备选择数法以及基于事故连锁效应的定量风险评价装置初选技术进行了总结,针对区域性事故风险的特点,提出基于事故连锁风险的区域危险源辨识方法,并通过实例对其进行了研究.针对具体的危险源区域,通过危险源的事件树分析,事故后果模拟以及事故连锁效应破坏概率计算,获得区域内各个危险源的事故连锁风险值,根据风险值大小,在了解区域实际情况并采纳专家建议的同时,对危险源进行辨识.该法反映了区域性风险的特点,对于区域风险评价具有一定的意义.     

基于贝叶斯网络的气井井筒完整性风险评价

井筒完整性失效是气井生产中的主要风险,为有效评价井筒完整性风险,应用贝叶斯网络的推理与学习能力,建立了基于贝叶斯网络和Noisy-OR gate模型的井筒完整性失效概率计算方法和风险评价模型。由故障树分析将井筒分为管柱、水泥环密封性、井口装置、水力屏障和其他部件5个评价单元,确定了各单元的主要风险因素,建立了井筒完整性失效的贝叶斯网络拓扑结构;由Noisy-OR gate模型和历史数据,确定了贝叶斯网络的条件概率参数;将基于贝叶斯网络的失效概率与层次分析法相结合,确定了风险评价指标和等级划分标准;建立了气井井筒完整性风险评价方法。结果表明,该方法实现了井筒完整性失效概率的定量计算、风险的定量评价和主要风险因素的反向推理,可为预防和控制井筒完整性失效提供决策依据,有助于降低井筒完整性失效风险。     

炼油厂环境风险评价的实践和思考

按照《建设项目环境风险评价导则》要求,对某炼油厂环境风险评价的部分内容进行了介绍,指出了炼油厂环境风险评价重大危险源、最大可信事故源等评价结果.同时就工作中存在的问题,从环境的观点出发,就石油炼制行业的环境风险评价分级,事故概率的确定,事故状态下采取水体风险防范措施后源强的确定,事故危害后果定量分析,预测模式的研究方向等方面提出了相应意见.     

浅议风险观对风险评价方法论的影响

风险观对安全科学的发展具有重要的指导意义。本文从风险本体论、风险认识论和风险方法论三个方面论述了风险观的发展变迁。简述了风险本体论从一维、二维到三维或多维的发展历程,总结了风险认识论从技术导向到社会文化导向的变化,给出了风险方法论的分类。总结了风险方法论的重要组成部分即风险评价的发展过程,探讨了确定性风险评价、概率性风险评价和定量风险评价等评价方法在风险本体论和认识论发展背景下的继承性等问题,探讨风险本体论和认识论对风险评价方法论的影响,提出风险沟通研究的必要性。     

区域风险评价方法研究

基于定量风险评价的基本原理,提出一种区域风险评价方法。主要针对有多个重大危险源存在的区域,在对单个危险源进行风险评价的基础上,应用叠加原理得到描述该区域整体风险状况的定量评价结果。同时考虑了消防部门和医疗机构在事故应急救援中的积极作用,并将其量化为区域风险的补偿系数。通过实例验证了该方法的可行性,展示了该方法的应用效果。区域风险评价方法不仅能够反映区域风险的分布状况,而且对区域重大危险源的规划和布局具有较好的决策支持作用。     

Integrated dynamic risk assessment of buried gas pipeline leakages in urban areas

In urban areas, buried gas pipeline leakages could potentially cause numerous casualties and massive damage. Traditional static analysis and dynamic probability-based quantitative risk assessment (QRA) methods have been widely used in various industries. However, dynamic QRA methods combined with probability and consequence are rarely used to evaluate gas pipelines buried in urban areas. Therefore, an integrated dynamic risk assessment approach was proposed. First, a failure rate calculation of buried gas pipelines was performed, where the corrosion failure rate dependent on time was calculated by integrating the subset simulation method. The relationship between failure probability and failure rate was considered, and a mechanical analysis model considering the corrosion growth model and multiple loads was used. The time-independent failure rates were calculated by the modification factor methods. Next, the overall evolution process from pipeline failures to accidents was proposed, with the accident rates subsequently updated. Then, the consequences of buried gas pipeline accidents corresponding to the accident types in the evolution process were modeled and analyzed. Finally, based on the above research, dynamic calculation and assessment methods for evaluating individual and social risks were established, and an overall application example was provided to demonstrate the capacity of the proposed approach. A reliable and practical theoretical basis and supporting information are provided for the integrity and emergency management of buried gas pipelines in urban areas, considering actual operational conditions.     

Inherent risk assessment—A new concept to evaluate risk in preliminary design stage

Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) has been a very popular and useful methodology which is widely accepted by the industry over the past few decades. QRA is typically carried out at a stage where complete plant has been designed and sited. At that time, the opportunity to include inherent safety design features is limited and may incur higher cost. This paper proposes a new concept to evaluate risk inherent to a process owing to the chemical it uses and the process conditions. The risk assessment tool is integrated with process design simulator (HYSYS) to provide necessary process data as early as the initial design stages, where modifications based on inherent safety principles can still be incorporated to enhance the process safety of the plant. The risk assessment tool consists of two components which calculate the probability and the consequences relating to possible risk due to major accidents. A case study on the potential explosion due to the release of flammable material demonstrates that the tool is capable to identify potential high risk of process streams. Further improvement of the process design is possible by applying inherent safety principles to make the process under consideration inherently safer. Since this tool is fully integrated with HYSYS, re-evaluation of the inherent risk takes very little time and effort. The new tool addresses the lack of systematic methodology and technology, which is one of the barriers to designing inherently safer plants.     

A new look at release event frequencies

Within the context of a quantitative risk analysis (QRA), the two main constituents used to describe petrochemical risks are, and have always been, consequence and probability. The consequences of hazardous material accidents are easy to apprehend – if a hazard is realized it can injure people or cause fatalities, damage equipment or other assets, or cause environmental damage. Frequencies for these consequences, on the other hand, are not as easy to understand. Process safety professionals develop event frequencies by evaluating historical data and calculating incident rates, which represent, in the QRA context, how often a release of a hazardous material has occurred. Incident rates are further modified by probabilities for various hole sizes, release orientations, weather conditions, ignition timing, and other factors, to arrive at unique event probabilities that are applied in the QRA. This paper describes the development of incident rates from historical database information for various equipment types, as well as defining a methodology for assigning hole size probabilities from the same data, such that a hole size distribution can be assigned within each QRA study. The combination of total incident rates and a hole size distribution relationship can then serve as a foundation within the frequency side of many QRA studies.     

定量风险评价技术在管道城市穿越段的应用

介绍了管道高后果区定量风险评价的方法和风险可接收标准.将定量风险评价技术在我国某长输原油管道城市穿越段的应用表明,定量风险评价方法适用于人口密集的管道高后果区,能对管道高后果区的风险管理、决策提供重要的参考.     

Dynamic risk assessment using failure assessment and Bayesian theory

To ensure the safety of a process system, engineers use different methods to identify the potential hazards that may cause severe consequences. One of the most popular methods used is quantitative risk assessment (QRA) which quantifies the risk associated with a particular process activity. One of QRA's major disadvantages is its inability to update risk during the life of a process. As the process operates, abnormal events will result in incidents and near misses. These events are often called accident precursors. A conventional QRA process is unable to use the accident precursor information to revise the risk profile. To overcome this, a methodology has been proposed based on the work of Meel and Seider (2006). Similar to Meel and Seider (2006) work, this methodology uses Bayesian theory to update the likelihood of the event occurrence and also failure probability of the safety system. In this paper the proposed methodology is outlined and its application is demonstrated using a simple case study. First, potential accident scenarios are identified and represented in terms of an event tree, next, using the event tree and available failure data end-state probabilities are estimated. Subsequently, using the available accident precursor data, safety system failure likelihood and event tree end-state probabilities are revised. The methodology has been simulated using deterministic (point value) as well as probabilistic approach. This Methodology is applied to a case study demonstrating a storage tank containing highly hazardous chemicals. The comparison between conventional QRA and the results from dynamic failure assessment approach shows the significant deviation in system failure frequency throughout the life time of the process unit.     

石油化工储存装置定量风险评价方法研究

提出通过基础失效概率数据库、事故树分析、事件树分析3种方式来确定重大事故的发生概率.阐述了外界气象条件和人员分布情况对风险的影响和确定方法,给出了利用区域网格方式计算装置在平面某点的个人风险叠加模型和社会风险计算方法.最后,研制开发了石油化工储存装置定量风险评价软件,利用该软件计算了某化工厂4个储存装置所产生的个人风险...     

Uncertainty reduction for improved mishap probability prediction: Application to level control of distillation unit

At all levels, the understanding of uncertainty associated with risk of major chemical industrial hazards should be enhanced. In this study, a quantitative risk assessment (QRA) was performed for a knockout drum in the distillation unit of a refinery process and then probabilistic uncertainty analysis was applied for this QRA. A fault tree was developed to analyze the probability distribution of flammable liquid released from the overfilling of a knockout drum. Bayesian theory was used to update failure rates of the equipment so that generic information from databases and plant equipment real life data are combined to gain all available knowledge on component reliability. Using Monte Carlo simulation, the distribution of top event probability was obtained to characterize the uncertainty of the result. It was found that the uncertainty of basic event probabilities has a significant impact on the top event probability distribution. The top event probability prediction uncertainty profile showed that the risk estimation is improved by reducing uncertainty through Bayesian updating on the basic event probability distributions. The whole distribution of top event probability replaces point value in a risk matrix to guide decisions employing all of the available information rather than only point mean values as in the conventional approach. The resulting uncertainty guides where more information or uncertainty reduction is needed to avoid overlap with intolerable risk levels.     

Confidence-based quantitative risk analysis for offshore accidental hydrocarbon release events

Quantitative risk analysis (QRA) has been widely used to conduct the assessment of offshore accidental risks. However, the accuracy and validity of QRA is significantly affected by uncertainties when subjective judgments are involved. Therefore, it is unrealistic to determine the probability of a hazardous event by using one single explicit value when safety experts have a relatively low confidence level in their judgments. This paper proposes a new methodology for incorporating uncertainties into conventional QRA using the concept of confidence level. Offshore hydrocarbon release hazards are focused on and a barrier and operational risk analysis (BORA-Release) method is selected as the basic model to illustrate the proposed methodology. A left–right (L–R) bell-shaped fuzzy number is employed and its membership curve is able to control its shape to represent different confidence levels. As to the complex geometry of the bell-shaped fuzzy number, an α-cut operation is introduced to conduct the arithmetic operations of the fuzzy number, and a defuzzification method with total integral value is chosen to match the α-cut operations and acquire complete information for the fuzzy numbers. In the meantime, an optimism index is used to describe the attitude of the decision-maker. One case study is provided in this paper to demonstrate the implementation of this method.     

Quantitative risk analysis of urban natural gas pipeline networks using geographical information systems

This paper presents a novel quantitative risk analysis process for urban natural gas pipeline networks using geographical information systems (GIS). The process incorporates an assessment of failure rates of integrated pipeline networks, a quantitative analysis model of accident consequences, and assessments of individual and societal risks. Firstly, the failure rates of the pipeline network are calculated using empirical formulas influenced by parameters such as external interference, corrosion, construction defects, and ground movements. Secondly, the impacts of accidents due to gas leakage, diffusion, fires, and explosions are analyzed by calculating the area influenced by poisoning, burns, and deaths. Lastly, based on the previous analyses, individual risks and social risks are calculated. The application of GIS technology helps strengthen the quantitative risk analysis (QRA) model and allows construction of a QRA system for urban gas pipeline networks that can aid pipeline management staff in demarcating high risk areas requiring more frequent inspections.