大西南旅游资源的评价与开发

大西南的旅游资源丰富而独特，但开发程度低、经营粗放、发展整体性差、组合效益低．本文根据近年来的研究，从大西南的整体对其旅游资源进行分区及评价、并分析其开发的市场条件，提出了开发途径。     

西南水电资源开发及其经济发展

大西南地区是我国水能资源的主要蕴藏地区(约占全国的70%),但开发率相对较低.在介绍西南地区丰富的水电资源及其开发现状的基础上,分析了加快西南水电开发的可能条件和重要意义,最后针对开发中存在的主要问题,根据市场经济原则和具体情况提出了对策和建议.     

泉三高速公路泉州段沿线旅游资源整合

高速公路对旅游业的意义影响深远.针对泉三高速公路泉州段沿线的旅游资源,阐述了泉三高速公路对泉州段沿线旅游发展的影响,分析了泉州段沿线旅游资源开发现状,提出资源整合的原则和对策,并对整合后的区域旅游发展进行了展望.     

中国高铁出行的环境健康影响分析

本文旨在对中国各城市高铁出行情况与人群环境健康影响进行大数据分析。文中的环境健康影响指将高铁出行过境次数引入经典泊松回归模型,进而直接得到各城市人群环境健康受到高铁出行的影响。另外,为了更好地分析高铁出行下的人群环境影响,笔者在计算环境影响指数时将受影响人群分为高铁沿线城市本地人群(PED)和过境人群(TPED)。最后总结分析了全国范围内环境健康受过境次数影响的程度大小。通过计算结果可得,华北、华中、四川盆地等地区的大城市,人口多、过境车次多、空气质量相对较差,PED和TPED值较高。华中、华南、西南边境地区城市的空气质量较好,PED和TPED值较低。另外,就特定高铁线路的环境健康影响而言,京津、郑西高铁沿线的PED和TPED值较高;广深、合福、沪昆高铁沿线的PED和TPED值较低。     

西气东输与环境保护

国家实施西部大开发战略,是我国又一重大经济发展战略,是一项规模宏大的系统工程,更是一件艰巨的历史任务。自党中央做出决定实施西部大开发战略后,西气东输一时间成为吹响战斗的号角,并拉开了西部大开发的序幕。日前,本刊记者就西气东输的重要意义、管道沿线的供求现状、西部大开发中存在的主要环境问题以及西气东输工程对环境的影响及对策分析等敏感问题走访了中国石油规划总院苗承武院长。     

亚欧第二大陆桥沿线中部地区生态环境现状及综合治理研究

亚欧第二大陆桥沿线中部地区生态环境现状及综合治理研究刘建甫，顾家（新疆维吾尔自治区科学技术委员会乌鲁木齐８３００１１）２沿线中部地区生态环境与经济发展要求的基本适应性分析２．１沿线中部地区的开发建设与生态环境变迁２．１．１前苏联在中亚三国的开发建设和...     

森林凋落物研究现状及我国西南喀斯特地区研究展望

近几十年来,我国西南喀斯特地区生态环境退化严重,石漠化面积迅速扩大,林地覆盖率急剧下降,成为制约我国西部大开发生态建设中不可回避的重要科学问题,严重影响了西南地区社会、经济的可持续发展。喀斯特地区土层薄且侵蚀严重,土壤中的有机碳和营养盐主要来自地表枯枝落叶层的分解及累积。在气候变暖、陆地生态系统土壤温度升高、土壤有机碳急速流失和土壤质量退化的背景下,分析不同林下凋落物量和降解动态以及土壤有机碳库积累差异,揭示西南喀斯特地区不同林地凋落物归还量及其对土壤碳库积累的贡献具有极其重要的意义,将为喀斯特地区林地恢复重建和石漠化遏制工作提供科研依据。     

西南旅游资源开发初探

本文分析了西南地区旅游资源的现状,探讨了西南旅游资源的分区,并结合我国当前大力发展第三产业的要求,提出了开发西南旅游资源的对策。     

宁西铁路的开通与沿线区域经济发展

宁西铁路的建成与开通对加强我国东西部地区之间的联系和促进沿线地区的资源开发、经济发展将产生重要的影响,沿线经济带正在逐步形成.从区域经济的角度,运用点-轴理论探讨了宁西铁路线与沿线经济发展区域一体化和形成经济带应注意的几个问题:加快沿线城镇建设,完善综合交通通道,强化铁路为地方经济服务功能,建立沿线区域经济协作体系.     

哈大高铁影响下沿线区域空间演变特征研究——基于旅游视角的分析

基于旅游视角,运用位序—规模法则和修正的旅游经济联系强度模型分析了哈大高铁影响下沿线区域空间演变特征。研究发现,哈大高铁削弱了沿线区域的极化作用,强化了核心旅游区域的扩散作用,核心旅游区域呈现出均衡化发展,周边城市与中心城市的差异正逐渐缩小。哈大高铁开通前,旅游空间结构呈点状模式,旅游资源空间分布差异明显,形成了单一的旅游中心—旅游腹地体系的空间结构。高铁开通后,各要素向高铁沿线集聚,推动了沿线四大中心城市的集聚和扩散作用,集聚程度由单核心集聚转变为核心区集聚与整体稳定扩散,旅游空间结构由点状模式向链状模式转变。     

PATTERNS AND TRENDS IN IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY1

ABSTRACT: Irrigated agriculture is one of the most important water-use sectors in terms of total water diversion and consumptive use. For at least the last 25 years, improving irrigation efficiency has been a widely advocated and accepted goal. This paper uses a sample of 16 Bureau of Reclamation irrigation projects to examine the pattern of average irrigation efficiency and change in efficiency over time. In general, the highest average efficiencies are found in the arid Southwest while the lowest are found in the semi-arid to sub-humid Great Plains region. Over the 22-year period of analysis, there has been no observable trend toward improvement in efficiency at any of the projects.     

AN ARCHETYPAL LINEAR PROGRAMMING MODEL FOR OPTIMAL INTERTEMPORAL ALLOCATION OF GROUNDWATR TO AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES1

ABSTRACT: In the past, researchers have applied a variety of analytical techniques for maximizing the present value of a stock resource - simulation, calculus of variations, stochastic dynamic programming, and optimal control theory. This paper presents a more operational approach - linear programming. A simplified, broadly drawn example from Southwest agriculture is used for demonstrating the model's structure and output. The method is based on a set of state transformation operations that prevent the additivity assumption of linear programming from being violated.     

WESTERN WATER RESOURCES: THE DESERT IS BLOOMING,BUT WILL IT CONTINUE?1

ABSTRACT: The arid Southwest of the United States is confronted with increasing water demands and a limited resource. Past efforts to meet water demand have been directed toward development of scarce water resources. While development programs have been successful in stretching available supply, few feasible development options remain. Furthermore, heavy water utilization has affected water quality within drainage basins. It seems likely that water management will play a much more significant role in water resource allocation in the future. This paper will examine water development activity in the Southwest to date. Attention will be given to several of the problems that have arisen. The paper will then examine water management options. Particular attention will be given to water management options being implemented in the State of Arizona.     

STATUS OF RIPARIAN ECOSYSTEMS IN THE UNITED STATES1

ABSTRACT: An attempt was made to review all available data on the extent and status of riparian ecosystems in the U.S.A. This report presents a synthesis of the findings, including some estimates of how much land was originally covered by woody riparian vegetation, and how much remains in that condition today. A synopsis of information is presented on the status of riparian ecosystems in each of 10 regions: California, Pacific Northwest, Rocky Mountain, Arid Southwest, Plains-Grasslands, Lake States, Corn Belt, Mississippi Delta, Northeast-Appalachian, and Southeast. Woody riparian plant communities once covered an estimated 75 to 100 million acres of land in the contiguous 48 states. Mankind has converted at least two-thirds of that nationwide acreage to other non-forest land uses and it is estimated that only 25 to 35 million acres of riparian plant communities remain in a near natural condition. Across the country, loss of riparian acreages is directly attributable to water resource development (especially channel modification and water impoundment), floodplain clearing for agriculture, and urbanization. In many states of the arid west, the midwest, and the lower Mississippi alluvial valley, riparian vegetation has been reduced in area by more than 80 percent. Riparian woodlands are one of this country's most heavily modified natural vegetation types.     

中国低碳化背景下的农业CDM发展

处于城市化、工业化发展转型期,经济增长快速且环境荷载具有刚性的中国而言,走低碳化道路已经成为当前的必然选择.未来一段时期,不仅工业和城市要承担减排义务,农业同样肩负重任.作为发展中国家的发展中地区,农村推行CDM的作用显著,以农村为依托的农业执行CDM的意义深远.在CDM基础上,针对中国农业生态环境,通过总结农业发展CDM的内部条件和外部环境因素提出相关对策建议.     

Robustness of Meteorological Droughts in Dynamically Downscaled Climate Simulations

We examine the robustness of a suite of regional climate models (RCMs) in simulating meteorological droughts and associated metrics in present‐day climate (1971‐2003) over the conterminous United States (U.S.). The RCMs that are part of North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program (NARCCAP) simulations are compared with multiple observations over the climatologically homogeneous regions of the U.S. The seasonal precipitation, climatology, drought attributes, and trends have been assessed. The reanalysis‐based multi‐model median RCM reasonably simulates observed statistical attributes of drought and the regional detail due to topographic forcing. However, models fail to simulate significant drying trend over the Southwest and West. Further, reanalysis‐based NARCCAP runs underestimate the observed drought frequency overall, with the exception of the Southwest; whereas they underestimate persistence in the drought‐affected areas over the Southwest and West‐North Central regions. However, global climate model‐driven NARCCAP ensembles tend to overestimate regional drought frequencies. Models exhibit considerable uncertainties while reproducing meteorological drought statistics, as evidenced by a general lack of agreement in the Hurst exponent, which in turn controls drought persistence. Water resources managers need to be aware of the limitations of current climate models, while regional climate modelers may want to fine‐tune their parameters to address impact‐relevant metrics.     

Cocoa Intensification Scenarios and Their Predicted Impact on CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> Emissions,Biodiversity Conservation,and Rural Livelihoods in the Guinea Rain Forest of West Africa

The Guinean rain forest (GRF) of West Africa, identified over 20 years ago as a global biodiversity hotspot, had reduced to 113,000 km² at the start of the new millennium which was 18% of its original area. The principal driver of this environmental change has been the expansion of extensive smallholder agriculture. From 1988 to 2007, the area harvested in the GRF by smallholders of cocoa, cassava, and oil palm increased by 68,000 km². Field results suggest a high potential for significantly increasing crop yields through increased application of seed-fertilizer technologies. Analyzing land-use change scenarios, it was estimated that had intensified cocoa technology, already developed in the 1960s, been pursued in Cote d’Ivoire, Ghana, Nigeria and Cameroon that over 21,000 km² of deforestation and forest degradation could have been avoided along with the emission of nearly 1.4 billion t of CO₂. Addressing the low productivity of agriculture in the GRF should be one of the principal objectives of REDD climate mitigation programs.     

浙西南食用菌的可持续利用与生态环境研究

近十年来,食用菌在浙西南山区发展迅猛,大大促进了当地农村经济的发展,为农民脱贫致富发挥了重要作用,但也存在着一些问题。针对食用菌生产对生态环境的影响,作者提出了浙西南山区持续发展食用菌的若干建设和对策。     

The metaphysical transition in farming: From the newtonian-mechanical to the eltonian ecological

Modern agriculture is subject to a metaphysical as well as an ethical critique. As a casual review of the beliefs associated with food production in the past suggests, modern agriculture is embedded in and informed by the prevailing modern world view, Newtonian Mechanics, which is bankrupt as a scientific paradigm and unsustainable as an agricultural motif. A new holistic, organic world view is emerging from ecology and the new physics marked by four general conceptual features: Each level of organization from atoms to ecosystems (1) exhibits emergent properties, (2) exerts downward causation from whole to part, (3) is a systemically integrated whole, (4) the parts of which are internally related. Organic agriculture has been favourably compared with industrial agriculture by the United States National Academy of Science's Board on Agriculture. Aldo Leopold was among the first to criticize industrial agriculture and to envision a new motif for agriculture informed by ecology. A future post-modern ecological agriculture will help to solve the ethical problems engendered by modern mechanical agriculture.     

Sustainable agriculture, science and the co-production of 'expert' knowledge: The value of interactional expertise

After the last few decades in which the importance of 'local' knowledge has been emphasized, attention must now turn to better understanding how such knowledge is communicated to certified experts (scientists) and vice versa. This paper examines how expert knowledge is co-produced in agriculture by local and non-local experts for the benefit of both. The argument is informed by an empirical case study of sustainable farmers and agriculture professionals in Iowa. While much has been written about how the conventional and sustainable models of agriculture rest upon different epistemological orientations, little has yet been said about how those different experts (local and certified) interact with each other. Building upon the work of H. M. Collins and Robert Evans, and their tripartite model of expertise (of no, contributory, and interactional expertise), I investigate the different forms of expertise that exist within agriculture. In doing so, specific focus is placed upon interactional expertise for creating meaningful exchanges (or interactions) between scientists and non-scientists.