桑树（Morusalba）与丛枝菌根的共生对重金属元素吸收的影响

桑树（Morus alba）可与丛枝菌根（AM）真菌形成互利共生体,丛枝菌根真菌能对桑树的重金属元素吸收产生积极的响应。然而,这种响应随环境条件的变化而有所不同。贵州荔波和黄平两地种植养蚕桑树,提高桑叶质量对养蚕业具有重要意义。荔波和黄平两地均处于喀斯特地区,土壤pH因石灰岩和砂岩交叉分布而有所差异。本文将揭示土壤因素是如何影响桑树与丛枝菌根真菌互利共生体的形成从而影响桑树对重金属元素的吸收。实验结果表明,荔波桑地平均土壤 pH （4.92±1.03）明显低于黄平（5.96±1.08）。土壤酸性直接影响 AM 真菌的分布,荔波的偏酸性土壤环境有利于真菌生长,且有利于桑树与丛枝菌根真菌共生关系的形成。此外,偏酸性土壤条件有利于增加重金属元素的生物可利用性,从而加强植物体对重金属元素的吸收,包括有毒元素 Cd。与黄平相比,生长在荔波的桑树叶片具有较高含量的重金属元素。荔波桑树叶片中的糖类含量明显低于黄平的,分别为（67±27）mg·g-1、（105±57）mg·g-1;而荔波桑树根系中的糖类含量明显高于黄平,分别为（125±43）mg·g-1、（91±43）mg·g-1。该结果说明,与黄平（具有较高的土壤pH）相比,荔波（具有较低的土壤pH）桑树叶片中的光合作用产物将更多地被输入到桑树的根系中。真菌是专性共生物,如果没有植物所供给的光合产物,真菌就不能生存。根系分泌物的另一个重要作用是溶解重金属,使它们具有较强的移动能力,以便被宿主植物所吸收。这就解释了为什么在较低土壤pH环境条件下生长的桑树的叶片含有较高含量的重金属元素。因此,菌根植物根系的分泌作用是一个非常重要的过程。尽管桑树具有耐干旱贫瘠的能力,且能够适应于喀斯特环境,但桑树喜好的是环境仍是偏酸性且养分充足的土壤。     

桑树(Morus alba)与丛枝菌根的共生对重金属元素吸收的影响

桑树(Morus alba)可与丛枝菌根(AM)真菌形成互利共生体,丛枝菌根真菌能对桑树的重金属元素吸收产生积极的响应。然而,这种响应随环境条件的变化而有所不同。贵州荔波和黄平两地种植养蚕桑树,提高桑叶质量对养蚕业具有重要意义。荔波和黄平两地均处于喀斯特地区,土壤pH因石灰岩和砂岩交叉分布而有所差异。本文将揭示土壤因素是如何影响桑树与丛枝菌根真菌互利共生体的形成从而影响桑树对重金属元素的吸收。实验结果表明,荔波桑地平均土壤pH(4.92±1.03)明显低于黄平(5.96±1.08)。土壤酸性直接影响AM真菌的分布,荔波的偏酸性土壤环境有利于真菌生长,且有利于桑树与丛枝菌根真菌共生关系的形成。此外,偏酸性土壤条件有利于增加重金属元素的生物可利用性,从而加强植物体对重金属元素的吸收,包括有毒元素Cd。与黄平相比,生长在荔波的桑树叶片具有较高含量的重金属元素。荔波桑树叶片中的糖类含量明显低于黄平的,分别为(67±27)mg·g-1、(105±57)mg·g-1;而荔波桑树根系中的糖类含量明显高于黄平,分别为(125±43)mg·g-1、(91±43)mg·g-1。该结果说明,与黄平(具有较高的土壤pH)相比,荔波(具有较低的土壤pH)桑树叶片中的光合作用产物将更多地被输入到桑树的根系中。真菌是专性共生物,如果没有植物所供给的光合产物,真菌就不能生存。根系分泌物的另一个重要作用是溶解重金属,使它们具有较强的移动能力,以便被宿主植物所吸收。这就解释了为什么在较低土壤pH环境条件下生长的桑树的叶片含有较高含量的重金属元素。因此,菌根植物根系的分泌作用是一个非常重要的过程。尽管桑树具有耐干旱贫瘠的能力,且能够适应于喀斯特环境,但桑树喜好的是环境仍是偏酸性且养分充足的土壤。     

桑树(Morus alba L.)原位修复某尾矿区重金属污染土壤

木本植物具有根系发达、生物量大、适应性强等特点,可广泛用于重金属污染土壤修复.本文通过5年的田间修复试验,研究了桑树(Morus alba L.)对污染土壤中重金属的累积和分布特征、土壤中重金属和营养元素有效性含量的变化,来探讨桑树修复某尾矿区污染土壤中Mn、Zn和Cd等重金属的效果.研究结果表明,桑树生物量大,可用于重金属污染土壤的生态修复与景观恢复.田间种植5年后,桑树整株干重每株可达4 kg.桑树对土壤中重金属具有一定的转运和累积能力,地上部分中Cd、Zn和Mn等重金属含量明显大于根部,尤其是叶片中重金属含量明显大于枝和主干中的含量.修复5年后,桑树地上部分Zn和Mn的累积总量可达3277.7 mg·100 m~(-2)和2422.4 mg·100 m~(-2),且土壤中Mn和Zn含量分别从2192.5 mg·kg~(-1)和103.2 mg·kg~(-1)降低至1790.0 mg·kg~(-1)和85.94 mg·kg~(-1),同时土壤有效态Mn和Zn分别显著(P0.05)降低66.0%和28.6%.然而,桑树落叶中Cd、Zn和Mn含量分别可达0.36、64.5、189.2 mg·kg~(-1).因此,通过定期清除桑树落叶或刈割地上部分,可防止叶片中重金属对土壤造成二次污染,同时削减土壤中重金属含量.同时,经桑树修复5年后土壤中碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量均显著(P0.05)降低,需定期补充相应氮、磷和钾肥来强化桑树修复尾矿区重金属污染土壤.     

桑树杆活性炭/铁锰氧化物复合吸附剂的制备及其对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附

以桑树杆为主要原料,采用氧化和共沉淀法制备桑树杆活性炭/铁锰氧化物复合吸附剂,用扫描电镜、红外光谱、X射线衍射、XPS对其进行了表征,研究了其对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附性能.探讨了溶液p H值、吸附时间等对吸附效果的影响.实验结果表明,桑树杆活性炭/铁锰氧化物复合吸附剂有羟基、羧基、羟基和内酯基官能团的存在;桑树杆活性炭/铁锰氧化物复合吸附剂上的铁锰分別以Fe_2O_3和Mn O2的形式存在;相比桑树杆生物炭,桑树杆活性炭/铁锰氧化物复合吸附剂对Cr(Ⅵ)的最大吸附量提高了33.02%;当溶液p H值为2时,吸附效果最好;准二级动力学模型对吸附过程的拟合效果最好,当初始浓度为20、50、100 mg·L~(-1)时,拟合的相关系数R~2分别为0.9998、0.9882、0.9829;25℃、35℃和45℃下,Langmuir等温吸附模型拟合的相关系数均为0.9999,对应的最大的吸附量分别为35.93、38.58、48.29 mg·g~(-1).Langmuir等温模型较Freundlich等温模型更适合对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附过程的拟合.热力学参数表明,吸附过程是自发的、吸热的.经过3次的解吸再生,复合吸附剂的再生利用效率为86.80%.     

关于“生态林”界定标准的一点思考

通过对原料林基地建设项目内容的分析 ,认为对“生态林”的界定标准 ,不能仅仅依据树木种类 ,还应考虑栽种的目的 ,这一观点在退耕还林的实际工作中具有一定的借鉴意义。     

关于“生态林”界定标准的一点思考

通过对原料林基地建设项目内容的分析，认为对“生态林”的界定标准，不能仅仅依据树木种类，还应考虑栽种的目的，这一观点在退耕还林的实际工作中具有一定的借鉴意义。     

镉和酸雨对不同性别桑树幼苗光合生理的影响

土壤镉(Cd)污染和酸沉降(AR)是当今全球性的环境问题,而雌雄异株植物对逆境胁迫的差异性性别响应也是植物逆境生理生态研究的重要内容.为探讨桑树雌株、雄株和雌雄同株幼苗对土壤Cd污染和酸沉降的性别响应差异,以盆栽模拟法研究Cd(50 mg/kg)、AR(pH 3.0)及两者复合处理对不同性别桑树幼苗生物量积累与分配、光合荧光特性的影响.结果表明:(1)Cd处理显著降低了3种性别桑树幼苗的总生物量积累和光合速率,且存在性别差异,与对照相比,雄株总生物量仅下降了23.54%,而雌株和雌雄同株下降幅度分别为对照的29.43%和36.38%;雄株光合速率下降程度也低于雌株和雌雄同株.(2) Cd处理改变了桑树的生物量分配,雌株以减少茎生物量为主,与对照相比,雌株茎生物量降低了37.45%,但根、叶生物量仅降低了7.72%和9.71%;而雄株和雌雄同株以减少根、茎生物量为主,叶生物量仅降低了9.17%和5.28%.(3)3种性别桑树幼苗光合速率的下降是气孔导度和PSⅡ实际光量子产量下降导致的,与对照相比,Cd处理与复合处理下,雌株气孔导度降低了47.39%和57.82%,PSⅡ实际光量子产量降低了21.59%和18.49%;雌雄同株气孔导度下降了46.57%和58.88%;PSⅡ实际光量子产量降低了26.63%和19.81%;而雄株气孔导度和PSⅡ实际光量子产量下降程度均低于雌株和雌雄同株.(4)AR的加入导致了Cd胁迫下,雌株和雌雄同株叶生物量积累和光合速率的进一步下降,但是对雄株影响不大.由此可见,Cd通过降低光合能力抑制了3种性别桑树幼苗的生物量积累,对雄株的影响小于雌株和雌雄同株,而光合能力的下降是由气孔和非气孔因素共同作用引起的.(图3表3参39)     

绿化树种对大气金属污染物吸滞能力

研究测定了部分城市绿化树种对重金属大气铅、镉污染物的吸滞能力。结果表明：绿化树种对大气铅、镉污染物具有一定的吸收净化能力，并依污染气体和树种的不同具有明显差异；对铅吸收量高的树种有：桑树、黄金树、榆树、早树、梓树；吸镉量高的树种有：美青杨、桑树、早树、榆树、梓树、刺槐。     

桑树幼苗对缺铁环境的生理反应

为揭示桑树Morus alba L.对缺铁环境的响应机制,对桑树幼苗在缺铁环境下对难溶性铁的吸收、根系的铁还原活性、活性还原物质的分泌及根际的酸化作用进行了探讨。缺铁培养12 d后,桑树地上部铁含量和叶片叶绿素含量显著降低而叶片丙二醛含量显著增加。缺铁植株可吸收利用难溶性Fe2O3。在缺铁环境下可观察到根际的明显酸化,培养液的pH也随着缺铁处理时间的延长（1、3、4、5、6、7 d）而降低。而且,缺铁处理显著提高根系铁还原酶活性而显著降低根际Eh值。缺铁处理6、7 d后株均活性还原性物质的分泌量为（20.37±0.73）、（37.49±0.30）μmol·d^-1,显著高于加铁处理的株均分泌量[（11.89±0.46）、（12.32±0.30）μmol·d^-1]。此外,在缺铁环境中植株根冠比（0.25±0.06）也显著高于加铁处理（0.14±0.02）。这些结果说明,缺铁诱导的根际酸化、根系还原作用、还原物的分泌及根系的生长可能是桑树幼苗吸收利用难溶性铁的生理响应机制。     

不同桑树品种吸氟能力的研究

1984—1987年在同一桑园内对8个桑树品种进行了系列研究,表明各品种桑叶吸收和积累大气氟化物的数量是不同的,湖桑32是吸氟能力最低的优良品种,剑持和7311是吸氟量最大的劣等品种,其余品种介于两者之间。     

河南省淮河流域伏牛山区主要生态恢复演替序列构建

为构建河南省淮河流域内伏牛山区的主要植被类型在生态恢复过程中的演替序列,选取了登封市、鲁山县、确山县和泌阳市4个典型地点,利用空间代替时间方法调查了不同演替系列的主要群落类型,采用排序并结合演替度、分层频度等分析方法构建了该区域的演替序列。结果表明：河南省淮河流域伏牛山区生态恢复过程中的植被群落可分为5种类型,即生态林封禁抚育群落、灌草坡封禁保护群落、梯田耕作经济林群落、梯田经济林弃耕群落、禁牧禁樵生态林群落;群落稳定性大小依次为栎类林、经济林与人工针叶林;植被演替可构建为自然恢复、人工种植后的自然恢复、人工经济林、进展与逆行等4个演替序列;其基本序列可识别为草丛、灌丛、人工林、经济林弃耕恢复林、栎类幼龄林、栎类中龄林等,演替度平均值分别为1.06、5.33、6.19、11.09、12.86、12.26;阔叶树种通常具有较大的分层频度,表明其良好的进展性与稳定性,以其为主要种类所构成的群落类型基本上均处于演替序列中的后期阶段;因此,可以将阔叶林以及特殊条件下的人工林设定为该区域生态恢复的目标植被类型。将几种演替分析方法综合运用,可以较全面地从区域微观尺度上揭示植被的演替过程,能较好地阐明植被演替过程;研究结果可以为生态恢复过程中植被动态与水文生态功能动态相关性、流域生态功能区划、生态恢复目标的制定与过程设计、以及流域生态保护策略制定等提供依据。     

苏南丘陵区典型森林生态系统服务价值估算

针对苏南丘陵区杉木、马尾松、毛竹、栎林等4种典型森林生态系统,实测了其主要的生态系统服务功能,运用多种生态经济学方法估算了4种林分的生态服务价值。生态服务价值包括直接使用价值和间接使用价值,间接使用价值包括气体调节、涵养水源、保土固肥、防止水库淤积、营养物质循环、净化环境价值等。研究区杉木、马尾松、栎林、毛竹4种林分的生态系统服务价值中,间接经济价值分别是其直接经济服务价值的1.82、2.12、3.16、4.04倍,单位面积的森林生态系统服务价值分别为192397.30、113262.69、88350.51、103289.69元·hm-2·a-1。在区域研究中,根据地方实测的数据进行估算,能提高计量森林生态服务功能价值的精度。     

Current situation and development of Chinese urban forestry

This paper introduces Chinese urban forestry research in terms of the concept, forest types, ecosystem services, spatial structure, planning and construction, assessment and management. Modern Chinese urban forest had a close relationship with traditional landscape architecture. Urban forest services had been quantified in some case cities, and determined by urban forest spatial patterns and internal structures. Based on landscape ecology and urban planning, urban forest spatial patterns have been analysed and planned rationally in some cities. However, studies on urban forestry generally lack long-term, continuous and systemic observations, as well as in-depth research on ecological processes and mechanisms. The development trends in urban forestry in China might include extensive application of '3S' technology, research on the relationship between urban forest landscape spatial patterns and their ecological effects, economic assessment, ecological and economic benefits and studies on the negative effects of pollutants.     

森林生态旅游的生态影响──兼论建立定位站的必要性

论述了我国森林生态旅游对生态环境的影响，及游客量与生态负荷量之间的关系，强调旅游资源开发利用必须坚持生态经济原则。据此，提出了建立我国森林生态旅游定位站的设想，论述了其建立条件、研究内容及意义。     

Changing forest conservation and management paradigms: traditional ecological knowledge systems and sustainable forestry: Perspectives from Chile and India

This paper first explores the shift now occurring in the science that provides the theoretical basis for forest conservation and management. The paper then presents the concepts of traditional ecological knowledge and traditional management systems and practise to provide background for two case studies that examine traditional knowledge and forest management practices of tribal communities in the Sariska region (Rajasthan, India) and of the indigenous Mapuche Pewenhce communities in the Andean mountains of southern Patagonia in Chile, underlining the special relationship these tribal and indigenous communities maintain with the forest and their usefulness in community-based native forest conservation. These examples of traditional ecological knowledge and traditional management systems suggest that it is important to focus on managing ecological processes, instead of products, and to use integrated ecosystem management. Recommendations to move forest management paradigms beyond the current view of ‘timber’ or ‘reserves’ and toward one of truly integrated use that adapt conservation approaches to local cultural representations of the environment are made.     

祁连山自然保护区生态承载力分析与评价

以层次分析法和模糊模式识别为基础,建立生态承载力综合评价模型,重点分析祁连山自然保护区森林、草地和农田3种受人类活动干扰最强烈的生态系统的生态承载力和生态荷载,在此基础上进一步分析整个保护区的总体生态承载力和生态荷载。结果显示,祁连山区域生态系统已经受到人类活动的强烈干扰,生态荷载总体处于严重超载状态。但区域生态系统内部各子系统之间以及生态荷载的空间分布存在差异。其中,森林子系统和草地子系统属于严重超载,农田子系统属于中度超载;在总体生态荷载的空间分布上,西北部地区比东南部地区超载更为严重;就各子系统的生态荷载状况而言,森林子系统和草地子系统的超载程度均表现为东南部地区略低于西北部地区,但农田子系统东南部地区超载程度高于西北部地区。     

Scaling up of biomass simulation for Eucalyptus plantations based on landsenses ecology

ABSTRACT

Sustainable forest management on a regional scale requires accurate biomass estimation. At present, technologically comprehensive forecasting estimates are generated using process-based ecological models. However, isolation of the ecological factors that cause uncertainty in model behavior is difficult. To solve this problem, this study aimed to construct a meliorization model evaluation framework to explain uncertainty in model behavior with respect to both the mechanisms and algorithms involved in ecological forecasting based on the principle of landsenses ecology. We introduce a complicated ecological driving mechanism to the process-based ecological model using analytical software and algorithms. Subsequently, as a case study, we apply the meliorization model evaluation framework to detect Eucalyptus biomass forest patches at a regional scale (196,158 ha) using the 3PG2 (Physiological Principles in Predicting Growth) model. Our results show that this technique improves the accuracy of ecological simulation for ecological forecasting and prevents new uncertainties from being produced by adding a new driving mechanism to the original model structure. This result was supported by our Eucalyptus biomass simulation using the 3PG2 model, in which ecological factors caused 21.83% and 9.05% uncertainty in model behavior temporal and spatial forecasting, respectively. In conclusion, the systematic meliorization model evaluation framework reported here provides a new method that could be applied to research requiring comprehensive ecological forecasting. Sustainable forest management on regional scales contributes to accurate forest biomass simulation through the principle of landsenses ecology, in which mix-marching data and a meliorization model are combined.     

Urban forest in China: Development patterns,influencing factors and research prospects

Urban forest is a very important part of urban ecosystems and provides significant ecosystem services. It benefits urban communities environmentally, aesthetically, recreationally and economically. This article reviews the development status, development patterns and influencing factors of urban forest in China. There are four typical development patterns of urban forest in China: the forest city, garden city, ecological economics and forest greenbelt. Social, climatic, economic and other factors influence urban forest development in China. Social factors include government behaviour, laws and regulations, science and technology, education and culture, public awareness and participation, ecological planning and management. Climatic factors include rainfall, temperature and sunlight. Economic factors include urban economic level and funding for urban forest. In future, government, NGOs and the private sector should be considered more in the planning and management of urban forest. The social, climatic and economic factors should be taken into account when improving urban forest management. Research on urban forest from the academic and the management viewpoint should be strengthened. This can improve the development and management of urban forest in China and in other developing countries.     

Ecological footprint and biological capacity time series assessment for a forest region in northeastern China

Anthropogenic disturbances have caused major landscape changes in the forests of northeastern China during the past 50 years. In particular, continuous over-deforestation has greatly decreased the region's forest quality. Ecological footprint analysis generates aggregated information about a population's demand on nature and the population regional biological capacity. To show the forest change and the population's ecological demand on the study area, this paper presents an ecological footprint time series for the Songling Forestry Bureau in northeastern China from 1965 to 2000. The paper shows conventional ecological footprint time series and area demand time series – under global, Chinese and local yearly yields – to study the biological productivity of Songling. In this study, biological capacity was calculated based on a conventional approach. The results demonstrate that the ecological footprint has increased slightly and continuously during the 35-year timespan, while the biological capacity has decreased dramatically. These effects have been caused mainly by the depletion of forest resources. The results also yield much information about natural changes and socioeconomic dynamics, as well as the driving factors for these changes, of which the most important is forest management policy.     

Managing Biodiversity in a Forestry Environment

In forest management and other land-use planning, ecological, social, and economical demands often conflict. Forest planning in particular has been biased towards maximizing economic output while disregarding the ecological effects of forestry practices. In this paper we present an approach for taking biological diversity into account in strategic forest management planning. We used the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method for resource allocation and priority setting. We carried out a case study, whereby a set of management strategies was evaluated in order to identify the strategy which best fulfills the requirement of maintaining biological diversity while at the same time yielding a reasonable income from timber production. We discuss applicability of the approach in solving different forest management and conservation planning problems, as well as in assessment of ecological impacts.