基于RS和GIS的万源市生态保护红线划定方法研究

有效划定生态保护红线是维护国家生态安全的需要,改善环境质量的关键举措.以万源市作为研究区域,基于不同角度的生态功能重要性评估方法,采用地理信息系统(Geographic Information System,GIS)技术,遥感(Remote Sensing,和RS)技术,开展水源涵养、土壤保持以及生物多样性等三类生态系...     

农业规划环评中生物多样性影响评价研究

介绍了农业规划环评中生物多样性影响评价的背景、基本内涵和主要内容,概述了生物多样性评价的基本程序和工作内容。针对农业规划环评中生物多样性影响评价几乎是空白的现状,从农区和农业角度,提出农区遗传多样性、农区物种及生境多样性、农区生态系统多样性、农区景观多样性、农业产业结构多样性5个评价尺度,逐一分析了各尺度生物多样性影响评价的主要内容和特点。特别指出在环评实际工作中,应把遗传多样性影响评价的内容与物种多样性、生态多样性影响评价融合在一起描述;对农业产业结构多样性,强调评估当地生物多样性变化可能带来的经济价值变化。最后,提出加强农区生物多样性影响评价的有关建议。     

浅析中小城市生态安全格局的构建

双流县是四川省中小城市快速发展的典型代表,面临着快速城市化过程中生态服务功能退化与城市生态安全保障的矛盾。利用RS和GIS技术,对双流县生物多样性保护功能重要性、水源涵养功能重要性、土壤保持功能重要性进行评价分析,并进行综合叠加,构建生态安全格局。同时提出生态安全体系优化建议,加强对区域生态安全具有重要意义区域的保护,协调经济发展与生态环境保护的空间冲突,可为其他地区中小城市生态安全格局构建提供借鉴。     

河北省生态扶贫分类研究

以河北省62个扶贫开发重点县为研究区域,分析了国家和河北省生态扶贫相关的政策,并利用Arc GIS对河北省土地利用类型、自然保护区分布状况、生态功能重要区、生态脆弱性以及生物多样性优先区等要素进行聚类分析,按照研究区域生态环境特点和贫困现状将贫困区域划分为生态移民、生态工程、生态旅游、生态产业和生态种植五类,分别叙述了五类区域的分区状况和生态扶贫方向。     

基于改进熵权模糊评价模型的锦江河流健康评价

以锦江特点及现状为基础,选取物理结构、水质及水资源、生物和社会服务功能4个准则,结合改进熵权法计算指标权重构建改进熵权多级模糊评价模型。结果表明锦江为非常健康状况,建立的评价模型客观地反映了锦江生态健康状况。采用的改进熵权法有效地减少信息相近时产生的误差,表明本指标体系及评价标准可为今后河流健康评价提供参考基础。     

生态影响评价在旅游景区中的应用--以中山陵园风景区外缘景区为例

采用生态影响评价的工作方法，以中山陵园风景区外缘景区为例，在分析外缘景区生态现状的基础上，从土地利用与水土流失状况、森林群落状况、生物多样性、生态系统等方面对规划产生的生态影响进行了评价，得出外缘规划的实施总体上有利于景区生态可持续发展的结论，最后对评价中有待改进的方面做了几点探讨。     

“中国生物多样性保护战略与行动计划(2011-2030)”的实施途径

中国生物多样性保护战略与行动计划(2011-2030)的正式发布,是2010年国际生物多样性年的一件划时代的大事,其不仅是我国从工业文明时代进入生态文明时代的标志,也是推动生态文明时代迅速发展的关键力量。在生物多样性面临严重破坏的当下,需要以新的战略和行动计划为指导,采取多种途径,推进生物多样性保护的有效实施。     

2000—2010年医巫闾山国家级风景名胜区生态系统功能变化评估

以遥感数据和地面数据为基础,借助地理信息系统(GIS)和遥感技术(RS)对医巫闾山国家级风景名胜区2000—2010年生态系统功能进行研究,为能更好地保护风景名胜区的环境提供参考。结果表明,医巫闾山国家级风景名胜区的土地利用基本无明显变化;水源涵养能力和土壤保持能力有少量增强,主要是由于植被覆盖度的增加;植被净初级生产力有所下降,10年间下降5.27%;生物多样性有少量提高。总体来说,10年间,医巫闾山国家级风景名胜区生态系统功能基本处于稳定状态,表明现有的管理条例有效地保护了区域的生态功能。     

梯级小水电减水河道的灰线带达标率研究——以大渡河右岸的一级支流Alpha河为例

河岸带是区域生物多样性的重要孕育地带,对改善水质及河流生态系统的结构与功能有重要作用。然而小水电开发后会产生水面宽度变化,若生态流量下泄不足则会造成生态缓冲带的暴露,对河流水环境、水生生态和陆生生态造成不同程度的影响。本文以Alpha河为例,引入河流灰线带的概念和灰线带变化达标率的评价指标,并建立该指标的评价标准,进而通过计算定量判断Alpha河流域水面宽度变化对生态缓冲带暴露的影响。计算结果显示,Alpha河上参与评价的20座水电站中仅有小水二级电站评价等级为一般,其余电站评价等级均为极差或较差,说明在其流域水电建设运营过程中,生态流量下泄长期不达标,生态缓冲带暴露明显,对当地环境及其生物多样性造成了严重影响。建议有关部门建立小水电退出标准评价体系,退出部分小水电,并加大生态流量下泄,采取相应的纵向连通措施,并加强植被抚育与重建,尽快恢复当地生境。     

基于空间耗费距离模型的旅游小镇景观生态网络构建——以大连金石滩国家旅游度假区为例

以多时序土地利用、遥感数据为基础,以大连市金石滩国家旅游度假区为例,利用RS与GIS技术,获得1998年、2004年、2009年研究区景观格局分布图。在此基础上,运用空间耗费距离模型构建研究区生态网络。以加强研究区生态网络空间联系为目的,结合各景观组分的生态系统服务功能价值与空间作用,确定包括生态源地、生态廊道、生态节点等在内的生态网络构建方案,完善生态功能。     

Testing a Scandinavian Biodiversity Assessment Tool in an African Desert Environment

Life cycle assessment-based environmental product declarations (EPDs) require the inclusion of biodiversity impacts across the entire supply chain. The objective of this study is to test the applicability of a Scandinavian biodiversity assessment tool, developed specifically for use with EPD applications, in an African desert environment, linking the industry types power generation and mining. For this purpose, a GIS-based spatial analysis tool—the biotope method—was adapted to a framework approach which allowed the selection of more suitable, site-specific biodiversity indicators. The biotope method provides a step-by-step process of defining system boundaries, mapping biotopes, categorizing biotopes based on site-specific indicators, and evaluating change in biotope status “before” and “after” the impact. The development of site-specific indicators was piloted in this study and determined by the affected ecosystem and the status of knowledge on biodiversity in this geographic area. Thus plants were used as indicators for biodiversity, and red-list status and endemism constituted the prime criteria for conservation value of plants. This in turn represented the key criterion for classifying biotopes. The tested biodiversity assessment tool has potential for application in different environments and operational settings but leaves room for improvement by including secondary impacts in the assessment and using a wider range of taxa for indicators of biodiversity.     

公路建设项目生态环境评价方法研究进展

本文阐述了目前国内研究和应用较广泛的公路建设项目生态环境评价方法。模糊综合法、层次分析法、生态足迹法等评价方法还处于学术理论探讨研究和应用尝试阶段;生态机理法、生产力法、生物多样性法等评价方法是目前公路建设项目生态环境评价工作中常采用的评价方法,但这些方法缺乏宏观性、综合性。定性和定量分析相结合,单项环境因子指标评价和综合评价相结合,点段相结合评价,生物个体、种群、群落、生态系统和景观相结合是今后评价公路建设项目生态环境影响的主要发展方向。     

环境影响评价中生物多样性的影响评价探析

环境影响评价分为规划环境影响评价和建设项目环境影响评价。由于两种环境评价类型的发展情况不同,其生物多样性影响评价的发展情况也有所不同。根据其特点概括分析了生物多样性影响评价的现状,包括评价原则和评价方法,指出不足之处,并初步提出了评价指标的筛选。     

污染土壤的生态风险评估标准、方法和模型

本文介绍了生态风险评估的定义,国外在污染土壤生态风险评估领域的相关土壤标准、标准设置情况及其内容,生态风险评估的方法和步骤,土壤-有机污染物变化及迁移暴露模型、农药根区模型、土壤模型、土壤迁移及变化数据库和模型管理系统、农药径流对地表水的污染模型、多介质污染物变化、迁移和暴露模型等计算机模型及其理论基础。尤其是美国环保署在这一领域的系列工作及其思路,为国内在这方面的工作和研究提供一些参考。     

Towards an Integrated Approach to Natural Hazards Risk Assessment Using GIS: With Reference to Bushfires

This paper develops a GIS-based integrated approach to risk assessment in natural hazards, with reference to bushfires. The challenges for undertaking this approach have three components: data integration, risk assessment tasks, and risk decision-making. First, data integration in GIS is a fundamental step for subsequent risk assessment tasks and risk decision-making. A series of spatial data integration issues within GIS such as geographical scales and data models are addressed. Particularly, the integration of both physical environmental data and socioeconomic data is examined with an example linking remotely sensed data and areal census data in GIS. Second, specific risk assessment tasks, such as hazard behavior simulation and vulnerability assessment, should be undertaken in order to understand complex hazard risks and provide support for risk decision-making. For risk assessment tasks involving heterogeneous data sources, the selection of spatial analysis units is important. Third, risk decision-making concerns spatial preferences and/or patterns, and a multicriteria evaluation (MCE)-GIS typology for risk decision-making is presented that incorporates three perspectives: spatial data types, data models, and methods development. Both conventional MCE methods and artificial intelligence-based methods with GIS are identified to facilitate spatial risk decision-making in a rational and interpretable way. Finally, the paper concludes that the integrated approach can be used to assist risk management of natural hazards, in theory and in practice.     

毒害污染物生态风险评价模型研究进展

随着化学品的使用种类和数量日益增加,有毒有害污染物的生态效应逐渐受到重视.生态风险评价模型作为较好的科研和管理技术工具,被越来越广泛地用于扩散到环境中化学物质的生态风险评价中;欧美等发达国家和地区已经建立了多个生态风险评价的模型,并投入到实际应用中.本研究系统综述和总结了毒害污染物生态风险评价模型的构建方法、种类、结构以及特征,归纳了重金属和有机污染物等主要毒害物质的风险评价模型发展状况,比较了几种较为成熟的风险评价模型的具体模块和特点,分析了模型在生态风险评价中的应用以及不足之处,在总结我国生态风险评价模型的研究方向和趋势的基础上,提出模型研究和发展的具体建议.     

Applying Ecological Risk Principles to Watershed Assessment and Management

Considerable progress in addressing point source (end of pipe) pollution problems has been made, but it is now recognized that further substantial environmental improvements depend on controlling nonpoint source pollution. A watershed approach is being used more frequently to address these problems because traditional regulatory approaches do not focus on nonpoint sources. The watershed approach is organized around the guiding principles of partnerships, geographic focus, and management based on sound science and data. This helps to focus efforts on the highest priority problems within hydrologically-defined geographic areas. Ecological risk assessment is a process to collect, organize, analyze, and present scientific information to improve decision making. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sponsored three watershed assessments and found that integrating the watershed approach with ecological risk assessment increases the use of environmental monitoring and assessment data in decision making. This paper describes the basics of the watershed approach, the ecological risk assessment process, and how these two frameworks can be integrated. The three major principles of watershed ecological risk assessment found to be most useful for increasing the use of science in decision making are (1) using assessment endpoints and conceptual models, (2) holding regular interactions between scientists and managers, and (3) developing a focus for multiple stressor analysis. Examples are provided illustrating how these principles were implemented in these assessments.     

Spatial Rule-Based Assessment of Habitat Potential to Predict Impact of Land Use Changes on Biodiversity at Municipal Scale

In human dominated landscapes, ecosystems are under increasing pressures caused by urbanization and infrastructure development. In Alpine valleys remnant natural areas are increasingly affected by habitat fragmentation and loss. In these contexts, there is a growing risk of local extinction for wildlife populations; hence assessing the consequences on biodiversity of proposed land use changes is extremely important. The article presents a methodology to assess the impacts of land use changes on target species at a local scale. The approach relies on the application of ecological profiles of target species for habitat potential (HP) assessment, using high resolution GIS-data within a multiple level framework. The HP, in this framework, is based on a species-specific assessment of the suitability of a site, as well of surrounding areas. This assessment is performed through spatial rules, structured as sets of queries on landscape objects. We show that by considering spatial dependencies in habitat assessment it is possible to perform better quantification of impacts of local-level land use changes on habitats.     

Road Developments in the UK: An Analysis of Ecological Assessment in Environmental Impact Statements Produced between 1993 and 1997

Environmental impact assessment (EIA) has been required for certain proposed road developmentsin the UK since EC Directive (85/337) was implemented in 1988. The extent to which the requirements of the EIA Directive are met with respect to ecological issues has been explored in earlier reviews of road statements (Treweek et al., 1993) and of UK environmental impact statements (EISs) in general (Thompson et al., 1997). This paper describes the results of a further review of 40 EISs produced between 1993 and 1997 and also examines recent changes in the political context for EIA of proposed road developments,including developments in UK transport policy and the UK biodiversity process. The results of the review suggest that the ecological assessment of proposed road developments has improved in some respects, but also highlights the persistence of many shortcomings identified in earlier reviews. The reasons for ongoing failure to address these issues are explored. Key findings include a marked improvement in the extent of reference to consultation with statutory consultees and an increase in the proportion of EISs reporting the results of new ecological surveys. However, while potential ecological impacts were discussed in all the EISs reviewed, many still failed to predict the full range of potential ecological impacts.