谈谈废水监测中的预处理技术

为了提高废水监测中的准确度，针对不同的水样往往需要对《水和废水监测分析方法(第四版)》和各种标准分析方法中的其预处理方法进行适当的变更，并列出了一些监测项目的预处理改进方法．     

废水中硫化物分析预处理方法的改进

在加热条件下打开大气采样器,调节好流量,利用负压把硫化氢由反应瓶抽至吸收管内,然后按标准方法对吸收液进行分析。本法优化条件为水浴温度７０°Ｃ～７５°Ｃ;流量０．５ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ;抽气时间２０ｍｉｎ。分析结果：标准偏差０．２１;变异系数１．４％;加标回收率９５％。结果优于标准方法,缩短预处理时间,操作简便,不需要氮气,成本低。适于各种含硫化物废水的测定预处理。废水中硫化物分析预处理方法的改进@林颖$梧州市环境监测站!广西梧州543002     

异烟酸-吡唑啉酮光度法测定氰化物的方法研究

研究了用次氯酸钠代替氯胺 T为活性氯试剂进行测定的方法 ,比较了这两种试剂对测定条件、结果的影响 ,且对蒸馏预处理方法进行了改进 ,并提出了在蒸馏预处理及异烟酸 -吡唑啉酮分光光度法测定过程中的注意事项     

酶抑制法检测蔬菜中的有机磷农药

对新型酶抑制检测蔬菜中有机磷农药残留量的方法进行了研究,介绍了胆碱酯酶的提取、纯化方法,以及用粗酶和纯酶检测蔬菜中有机磷农药残留量的测定效果,确定了最佳实验条件。对样品的预处理方法进行了改进,得出该法的检测限为1mg／L,对甲基对硫磷等几种常用农药的加标回收率为90．4％～112％,相对标准偏差为1．06％～9．83％,表明三项评价指标均符合全国农药残留科研协作组对农药残留分析方法的基本要求。     

地表水6价铬监测水样预处理方法的改进

针对地表水中6价铬监测预处理锌盐沉淀分离法不足之处，提出了预处理物改进方法。     

地表水中Cr6+测定过程的改进

介绍了地表水监测分析中对Cr6 测定方法的改进,通过活性炭吸附预处理后的水样消除水样中色度的干扰,并对活性炭的用量进行了分析,确定了活性炭的用量,以及对显色剂的改进.对基层监测站Cr6 测定有实际意义.     

农药残留检测技术进展

本文介绍了近年来的环境残留农药检测的方法与进展,包括样品的预处理、净化、定性及定量检测方法．同时着重介绍了超临界流体萃取、超声波萃取样等品预处理领域中的前沿技术等．     

底质中硫化物样品预处理分析方法的改进

通过对底质中的硫化物预处理方法的改进 ,证明在盐酸或硫酸介质中气化 ,以 Na OH-EDTA为吸收液的预处理方法 ,具有准确度高、精密度好 ,测定周期短等优点。     

氨氮测定中水样混凝沉淀预处理的改进

氨氮测定中水样混凝沉淀预处理的改进陈淑贞（福建连江县环境监测站,连江３５０５００）改取１００ｍｌ水样于１００ｍｌ比色管,加１０％ＺｎＳＯ４溶液１ｍｌ混匀后加２４％ＮａＯＨ溶液０．２ｍｌ,使ｐＨ为１０．５,这时浓度＞１０ｍｇ／ＬＣａ－ＣＯ３的水样可自然...     

沸石在净水过程中的应用研究

试验采用活化沸石去除水中大肠杆菌、苯酚、氯仿和阴离子表面活性剂．结果表明：沸石去除大肠杆菌效果显著，去除率高达99.9％，滤速对去除效果有一定影响．同时，对是否采用活化剂进行预处理及活化剂种类对沸石吸附容量影响做了进一步研究。     

Total and Leachable Heavy Metals in Muddy and Sandy Sediments of Egyptian Coast Along Mediterranean Sea

The assessment of marine pollution due to metals was made for surficial sediments sampled from 20 sites along Mediterranean coast of Egypt. The samples were dried, acid digested and analyzed for leachable and total heavy metal contents (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer (air–acetylene) with deuterium background correction. Evaluation of the heavy metals pollution status was carried out using enrichment factors (EFs), the effect range-low (ERL) and the effect range-median (ERM). The study showed high concentrations of Cd, Co, Pb, Ni and moderate concentrations of Cr, Cu and Mn were contaminated in the sediments of studied sites. The results of Spearman correlation, factor and cluster analysis of the heavy metals analyzed in the collected sediment were discussed. The main source of contamination is the offshore oil field and industrial wastes, which arise due to the ineffective and inefficient operation equipments, illegal discharge and lack of supervision and prosecution of offenders.     

基于CiteSpace的温室气体监测发展动态可视化分析

采用文献计量方法,利用CiteSpace软件对Web of Science核心合集中2004—2020年以"Greenhouse Gases Monitoring"为主题词检索到的2 514篇文献进行可视化分析,从时间分布、国际合作、研究机构合作、研究领域、共被引分析和关键词分析等方面,揭示该领域的发展动态、研究实力分布、热点前沿等。结果表明:2004—2020年温室气体监测研究领域的发文数量总体呈现上升趋势,在全球应对气候变化的重大事件时间节点发文数量增幅较大;该领域发文量较多的国家和机构皆以发达国家为主,发展中国家中中国居首位,国家、机构合作关系紧密;温室气体监测研究涉及的学科领域较广,环境科学与生态学、环境科学、工程为排名前3位的学科领域,2010年后研究逐步拓展到建筑学、影像学、计算机科学、经济学等领域;该领域的研究知识基础主要聚焦温室气体浓度监测、来源去向、影响因素及变化趋势分析,温室气体监测技术方法研究及应用,以及森林、农业土壤碳汇研究等方面;通过不同时段关键词分析发现CO₂、CH₄和N₂O一直是温室气体监测...     

北京市主要水污染物排放特征及水质改善对策

污染排放信息是环境决策的重要依据。分析了北京市水环境质量的现状,基于最新源排放清单,解析北京市当前主控污染物COD、氨氮排放的结构特征和空间特征,以期为北京市开展基于流域综合治理的水污染控制和水环境管理提供依据。按照工业源、农业源、生活源和集中处理设施的环境统计口径,2013年,COD、氨氮的排放构成分别为2.7%、37.1%、35.0%、25.3%和1.5%、20.1%、54.8%、23.6%。其中,农业源中畜禽养殖排放是主要来源,COD、氨氮总排放分别占农业源总排放量的94.7%和87.0%。在北京市五大水系中,北运河流域排放量最大,COD、氨氮排放量分别占全市总排放量的53.3%和57.4%。为改善北京市水环境质量,建议从加快污水处理厂提标改造、推动面源污染治理、加强水利联通、合理规划城市规模布局等4个方面入手。     

Abundance, behavior, and movement patterns of western gray whales in relation to a 3-D seismic survey, Northeast Sakhalin Island, Russia

A geophysical seismic survey was conducted in the summer of 2001 off the northeastern coast of Sakhalin Island, Russia. The area of seismic exploration was immediately adjacent to the Piltun feeding grounds of the endangered western gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus). This study investigates relative abundance, behavior, and movement patterns of gray whales in relation to occurrence and proximity to the seismic survey by employing scan sampling, focal follow, and theodolite tracking methodologies. These data were analyzed in relation to temporal, environmental, and seismic related variables to evaluate potential disturbance reactions of gray whales to the seismic survey. The relative numbers of whales and pods recorded from five shore-based stations were not significantly different during periods when seismic surveys were occurring compared to periods when no seismic surveys were occurring and to the post-seismic period. Univariate analyses indicated no significant statistical correlation between seismic survey variables and any of the eleven movement and behavior variables. Multiple regression analyses indicated that, after accounting for temporal and environmental variables, 6 of 11 movement and behavior variables (linearity, acceleration, mean direction, blows per surfacing, and surface-dive blow rate) were not significantly associated with seismic survey variables, and 5 of 11 variables (leg speed, reorientation rate, distance-from-shore, blow interval, and dive time) were significantly associated with seismic survey variables. In summary, after accounting for environmental variables, no correlation was found between seismic survey variables and the linearity of whale movements, changes in whale swimming speed between theodolite fixes, mean direction of whale movement, mean number of whale exhalations per minute at the surface, mean time at the surface, and mean number of exhalations per minute during a whales surface-to-dive cycle. In contrast, at higher received sound energy exposure levels, whales traveled faster, changed directions of movement less, were recorded further from shore, and stayed under water longer between respirations.     

Particle-phase Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Emissions from Non-catalysed, In-use Four-stroke Scooters

Metals and radionuclide levels in marine birds of the Aleutians are of interest because they are part of subsistence diets of the Aleut people, and can also serve as indicators of marine pollution. We examined geographic and species-specific variations in concentrations of radionuclides in birds and their eggs from Amchitka, the site of underground nuclear tests from 1965 to 1971, and Kiska Islands (a reference site) in the Aleutians, and the levels of lead, mercury and cadmium in eggs. In 2004 we collected common eiders (Somateria mollissima), tufted puffins (Fratercula cirrhata), pigeon guillemot (Cepphus columba) and glaucous-winged gulls (Larus glaucescens) from Amchitka and Kiska, and eggs from eiders and gulls from the two island. We also collected one runt bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) chick from both Amchitka and Kiska Islands. For most species, the levels of radionuclide isotopes were below the minimum detectable activity levels (MDA). Out of 74 cesium-137 analyses, only one composite (gulls) was above the MDA, and out of 14 composites tested for plutonium (Pu-239, 240), only one exceeded the MDA (a guillemots). Three composites out of 14 tested had detectable uranium-238. In all cases, the levels were low and close to the MDAs, and were below those reported for other seabirds. There were significant interspecific differences in metal levels in eggs: gulls had significantly higher levels of cadmium and mercury than the eiders, and eiders had higher levels of lead than gulls. There were few significant differences as a function of island, but eiders had significantly higher levels of cadmium in eggs from Kiska, and gulls had significantly higher levels of mercury on Kiska. The levels of cadmium and mercury in eggs of eiders and gulls from this study were above the median for cadmium and mercury from studies in the literature. The levels of mercury in eggs are within the range known to affect avian predators, but seabirds seem less vulnerable to mercury than other birds. However, the levels of mercury are within the action levels for humans, suggesting some cause for concern if subsistence Aleuts eat a large quantity of eggs.     

Economic development and environmental protection: an ecological economics perspective

This paper argues on both theoretical and empirical grounds that, beyond a certain point, there is an unavoidable conflictbetween economic development (generally taken to mean 'materialeconomic growth') and environmental protection. Think for a moment of natural forests, grasslands, marine estuaries, salt marshes, and coral reefs; and of arable soils, aquifers, mineraldeposits, petroleum, and coal. These are all forms of 'natural capital' that represent highly-ordered self-producing ecosystemsor rich accumulations of energy/matter with high use potential (low entropy). Now contemplate despoiled landscapes, eroding farmlands, depleted fisheries, anthropogenic greenhouse gases,acid rain, poisonous mine tailings and toxic synthetic compounds.These all represent disordered systems or degraded forms of energy and matter with little use potential (high entropy). The main thing connecting these two states is human economic activity. Ecological economics interprets the environment-economyrelationship in terms of the second law of thermodynamics. The second law sees economic activity as a dissipative process. Fromthis perspective, the production of economic goods andservices invariably requires the consumption of available energy and matter. To grow and develop, the economynecessarily 'feeds' on sources of high-quality energy/matter first produced by nature. This tends to disorder and homogenizethe ecosphere, The ascendance of humankind has consistently been accompanied by an accelerating rate of ecological degradation, particularly biodiversity loss, the simplificationof natural systems and pollution. In short, contemporary political rhetoric to the contrary, the prevailing growth-oriented global development paradigm is fundamentally incompatible with long-term ecological and social sustainability. Unsustainability is not a technical nor economic problem as usually conceived, but rather a state of systemic incompatibilitybetween a economy that is a fully-contained, growing, dependent sub-system of a non-growing ecosphere. Potential solutions fly inthe face of contemporary development trends and cultural values.     

Natural capital in ecology and economics: an overview

The Brundtland Commission report, Our Common Future, defined sustainable development as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of futuregenerations to meet their own needs. Although the idea of sustainable development has been widely accepted, it has proveddifficult to identify and implement policies and practices thatpromote sustainable economic growth. Some economists, environmental scientists and policy analysts believe that they can transform the consensus about sustainability into manageablepractices. They propose to accomplish this feat with a set of new ideas about the relationships between the economy and theenvironment offered under the banner of 'natural capital'. An ideal account of natural capital would be one or more standard measures or models that would allow the direct comparison of environmental goods, like forests, fresh water and clean air, with economic goods, like money, capital and productivity. By bringing economic science and environmental science to an objective common ground, a natural capital model has the potentialto provide a concrete means of comparing the economic and ecological costs and benefits of particular policies and programmes. This paper offers a survey and analysis of several new contributions to the formation of the natural capital concept from economists, ecologists, policy analysts, biometricians, foresters and a philosopher. The paper concludes that existingmicroeconomic theory may be 'ungreenable', if it is not reformulated. While macroeconomic approaches to natural capitalhave been more successful, they share the limitation that ecosystems and species are valued solely in monetary terms. These problems are taken to suggest that the development of a successful natural capital model may require economic theory tobe recast to include non-monetary social preferences and values.     

Knowing, Mapping and Understanding st. Lawrence Biodiversity, with Special Emphasis on Bird Assemblages

Environment Canada and the Québec Department of the Environment, partners in the St Lawrence Vision 2000 Action Plan, set out to prepare a compendium of knowledge of the flora and fauna of the St Lawrence and to identify potential conservation sites. The resulting Portrait is an Internet site that presents the current knowledge base of the river's ecological and biological diversity (http://lavoieverte.qc.ec.gc.ca/faune/biodiv/index.html). The Portrait provides information on over 5,000 species of flora and fauna. On the website, you will find a detailed ecological analysis of the richness, rarity and vulnerability of several broad groups of plant and animal species. Furthermore, you will find a list of species for each of the 700 survey units and a distribution map for 2,500 species recorded along the St Lawrence., in atlas form, along with a detailed conservation plan. The plan encompasses the most unique and heterogeneous landscapes of the St Lawrence, some of which have no protection at present. The Portrait provides an overview of the sites that are currently protected by public agencies and private-sector organisations and identifies new sites of interest for conserving biodiversity and protecting species at risk. This paper exposes the content of this extensive compendium on the biodiversity of the St. Lawrence. For conciseness, it presents some of the analyses conducted on birds to illustrate a few of the analytical approaches that were used. Then, the information on species richness and concentration areas for priority species of vascular plants, breeding birds and herpetofauna will serve to identify the terrestrial sites of significance for biodiversity. Finally, a similar approach having been applied to the aquatic environnement, we will conclude with a conservation plan that identifies the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, and the geographic sites where the most important elements of St. Lawrence biodiversity are concentrated. Our analysis of the biodiversity of the most thoroughly studied taxa of the St. Lawrence clearly shows the importance of wetlands, particularly those located at the mouths of rivers or within archipelagos or delta complexes, such as the groups of islands and channels found at both ends of the Montréal Archipelago. These aquatic landscapes are sites of intense biological production, combining in a small geographical area spawning, nursery and feeding grounds for a large number of fish species and breeding, rearing and foraging areas for aquatic birds. Variable flooding conditions, associated with seasonal flooding or daily tidal fluctuations, create a complex mosaic of wetland and aquatic habitats. Although wetlands occupy only a small area in comparison with terrestrial habitats, they support a large number of rare plant and animal species in relation to their size. At present, 10% of the vascular flora and 27% of the herpetofauna of the St. Lawrence are at risk. In the case of reptiles and amphibians, the situation is especially worrisome because nearly all of the most threatened species live in a narrow band along the river corridor. Not only is this the sector that is under the greatest pressure from human development, very little public land remains here, making it difficult to create protected areas. Increased participation by non-governmental organisations and individuals, through private stewardship arrangements, is an essential precondition for completing the network of conservation areas in this part of the St. Lawrence. Along the estuary and the Gulf, habitat integrity has not been affected as much by the expansion of Québec's human population. This is a vast territory, and sites have been identified with a view to making up for the deficiencies in the present network of protected sites in terms of representing biodiversity.     

贵州省高峰村卡林型金矿苔藓植物调查及污染指示研究

为研究苔藓植物在重金属污染中的监测作用及其对重金属的富集能力,调查了贵州省喀斯特山区高峰村卡林型金矿苔藓植物的种类,并对该金矿区各生境中的苔藓植物优势种及基质进行Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、Hg、As测定分析。利用检测数据,通过相关性分析和富集系数完成本次研究。在采集到的169份苔藓标本中,发现苔藓植物12科26属50种,优势科为丛藓科和真藓科,生活型以矮丛集型为主。该金矿2个开采点的苔藓植物科、属、种的相似性系数分别为58. 82%、55. 56%和27. 59%。2个开采点的苔藓植物与其基质的重金属含量呈现良好的正相关性,其中硬叶净口藓Cd和Zn的相关系数为0. 973和0. 892,属于显著正相关;各生境中的优势苔藓植物对Cd的富集能力最强,其中羽枝青藓和硬叶净口藓对Cd强烈富集,富集系数为16. 52和5. 58。当地硬叶净口藓对Cd和Zn污染有明确指示作用。     

江苏生物多样性保护进展、问题及对策建议

总结了江苏生物多样性保护管理工作取得的主要进展、典型做法及有益经验,分析了生物多样性现状特点,针对法规制度亟需加强、典型生境连通较差、基础能力尚显薄弱、物种入侵不容忽视、开发矛盾仍未根治等问题,提出,完善生物多样性管理政策制度、优化保护空间格局、加大自然生态系统保护修复、深化生物多样性本底调查评估、构建多级生物多样性观测网络、加强入侵物种监督管理、探索生物多样性可持续利用机制、提升生物多样性保护宣贯力度等对策建议,以期为新时期江苏生物多样性保护策略的制定提供参考和借鉴。