临沂市PM2.5和PM10中元素分布特征及来源解析

为探究临沂市PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)中元素的污染特征及来源,于2016年12月至2017年10月对临沂市环境空气中PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)进行了同步采样.利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)和电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-OES)测定了其中的23种元素,并采用富集因子法和PMF法分析其来源.结果表明,采样期间临沂市PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)中主要元素为Si、Ca、Al、Fe、K、Na和Mg,分别占所测元素的质量分数为92.93%和94.61%. 18种元素(除Ti、Ni、Mo、Cd和Mg)的浓度水平在冬春季最高,夏秋季最低.其中Si、Al、Ca、K和Na表现为春季浓度最高,主要分布在粗颗粒中;Cu、Zn、Pb和Sb表现为冬季浓度最高,主要分布在细颗粒中.富集因子结果表明Cd、Sb和Bi元素富集程度显著,主要受燃煤、工业生产、垃圾焚烧等人为源共同影响.PMF源解析结果表明,临沂市PM_(2.5)中元素来源主要有燃煤和铜冶炼的混合源、市政垃圾焚烧源、扬尘源、机动车排放和工业源,贡献率分别为22.64%、 7.49%、 41.22%、 14.71%和13.94%.PM_(10)中元素来源主要有扬尘源、燃煤和铜冶炼的混合源、机动车排放和工业源,贡献率分别为55.47%、 19.80%、 7.48%和12.83%.由此可见,扬尘源和燃煤与铜冶炼的混合源是临沂市颗粒物污染形成过程中的重要源类.     

Emissions from the combustion of eucalypt and pine chips in a fluidized bed reactor

Interest in renewable energy sources has increased in recent years due to environmental concerns about global warming and air pollution,reduced costs and improved efficiency of technologies.Under the European Union(EU)energy directive,biomass is a suitable renewable source.The aim of this study was to experimentally quantify and characterize the emission of particulate matter(PM_(2.5))resulting from the combustion of two biomass fuels(chipped residual biomass from pine and eucalypt),in a pilot-scale bubbling fluidized bed(BFB)combustor under distinct operating conditions.The variables evaluated were the stoichiometry and,in the case of eucalypt,the leaching of the fuel.The CO and PM_(2.5)emission factors were lower when the stoichiometry used in the experiments was higher(0.33±0.1 g CO/kg and 16.8±1.0 mg PM_(2.5)/kg,dry gases).The treatment of the fuel by leaching before its combustion has shown to promote higher PM_(2.5)emissions(55.2±2.5 mg/kg,as burned).Organic and elemental carbon represented 3.1 to 30 wt.% of the particle mass,while carbonate(CO_3~(2-))accounted for between 2.3 and 8.5 wt.%.The particulate mass was mainly composed of inorganic matter(71% to 86% of the PM_(2.5)mass).Compared to residential stoves,BFB combustion generated very high mass fractions of inorganic elements.Chloride was the water soluble ion in higher concentration in the PM_(2.5)emitted by the combustion of eucalypt,while calcium was the dominant water soluble ion in the case of pine.     

Chemical characterization of size-resolved aerosols in four seasons and hazy days in the megacity Beijing of China

Size-resolved aerosol samples were collected by MOUDI in four seasons in 2007 in Beijing. The PM₁₀ and PM_1.8 mass concentrations were 166.0 ± 120.5 and 91.6 ± 69.7 μg/m³, respectively, throughout the measurement, with seasonal variation: nearly two times higher in autumn than in summer and spring. Serious fine particle pollution occurred in winter with the PM_1.8/PM₁₀ ratio of 0.63, which was higher than other seasons. The size distribution of PM showed obvious seasonal and diurnal variation, with a smaller fine mode peak in spring and in the daytime. OM (organic matter = 1.6 × OC (organic carbon)) and SIA (secondary inorganic aerosol) were major components of fine particles, while OM, SIA and Ca^2 + were major components in coarse particles. Moreover, secondary components, mainly SOA (secondary organic aerosol) and SIA, accounted for 46%–96% of each size bin in fine particles, which meant that secondary pollution existed all year. Sulfates and nitrates, primarily in the form of (NH₄)₂SO₄, NH₄NO₃, CaSO₄, Na₂SO₄ and K₂SO₄, calculated by the model ISORROPIA II, were major components of the solid phase in fine particles. The PM concentration and size distribution were similar in the four seasons on non-haze days, while large differences occurred on haze days, which indicated seasonal variation of PM concentration and size distribution were dominated by haze days. The SIA concentrations and fractions of nearly all size bins were higher on haze days than on non-haze days, which was attributed to heterogeneous aqueous reactions on haze days in the four seasons.     

Local PM10 and PM2.5 emission inventories from agricultural tillage and harvest in northeastern China

Mineral particles or particulate matters(PMs) emitted during agricultural activities are major recurring sources of atmospheric aerosol loading.However,precise PM inventory from agricultural tillage and harvest in agricultural regions is challenged by infrequent local emission factor(EF) measurements.To understand PM emissions from these practices in northeastern China,we measured EFs of PM_(10) and PM_(2.5) from three field operations(i.e.,tilling,planting and harvesting) in major crop production(i.e.,corn and soybean),using portable real-time PM analyzers and weather station data.County-level PM_(10) and PM_(2.5) emissions from agricultural tillage and harvest were estimated,based on local EFs,crop areas and crop calendars.The EFs averaged(107 ± 27),(17 ± 5) and 26 mg/m~2 for field tilling,planting and harvesting under relatively dry conditions(i.e.,soil moisture 15%),respectively.The EFs of PM from field tillage and planting operations were negatively affected by topsoil moisture.The magnitude of PM_(10) and PM_(2.5) emissions from these three activities were estimated to be 35.1 and 9.8 kilotons/yr in northeastern China,respectively,of which Heilongjiang Province accounted for approximately45%.Spatiotemporal distribution showed that most PM_(10) emission occurred in April,May and October and were concentrated in the central regions of the northeastern plain,which is dominated by dryland crops.Further work is needed to estimate the contribution of agricultural dust emissions to regional air quality in northeastern China.     

北京市海坨山冬季不同污染过程下气溶胶化学组分及其潜在来源分析

为了探讨京津冀地区冬季背景大气中气溶胶化学组分特征及其来源分布,使用GRIMM 180、单颗粒黑碳光度计(SP2)和高分辨率飞行时间气溶胶质谱仪(HR-TOF-AMS)观测了海坨山2020年12月28日至2021年2月3日PM和化学组分,结合气象数据和HYSPLIT模式,计算了潜在源贡献因子(PSCF)和浓度权重轨迹(...     

An intensive study on aerosol optical properties and affecting factors in Nanjing, China

The optical properties of aerosol as well as their impacting factors were investigated at a suburb site in Nanjing during autumn from 14 to 28 November 2012. More severe pollution was found together with lower visibility. The average scattering and absorption coefficients(B sca and B abs) were 375.7 ± 209.5 and 41.6 ± 18.7 Mm~(-1), respectively. Higher ?ngstr?m absorption and scattering exponents were attributed to the presence of more aged aerosol with smaller particles. Relative humidity(RH) was a key factor affecting aerosol extinction. High RH resulted in the impairment of visibility, with hygroscopic growth being independent of the dry extinction coefficient. The hygroscopic growth factor was 1.8 ± 1.2 with RH from 19% to 85%.Light absorption was enhanced by organic carbon(OC), elemental carbon(EC) and EC coatings,with contributions of 26%, 44% and 75%(532 nm), respectively. The B sca and B abs increased with increasing N_(100)(number concentration of PM_(2.5)with diameter above 100 nm), PM_1 surface concentration and PM_(2.5)mass concentration with good correlation.     

中原城市冬季两次重污染形成机制及来源

为揭示郑州市冬季空气污染过程及形成原因,选取郑纺机国控站点为采样点,探讨2019年12月郑州大气污染物浓度和主要气象参数特征,对比不同污染阶段PM_2.5水溶性离子、元素和碳质组分浓度变化,并利用空气质量模型模拟结果,分析采样期间污染源排放与区域传输对采样点PM_2.5质量浓度的贡献.结果表明,采样期间第一次和第二次重污染形成和消散过程略有差异,分别呈现出"缓慢累积、缓慢清除"和"缓慢积累、快速清除"的特征.第一次和第二次重污染时段NO₃^-、SO₄^2-和NH₄⁺质量浓度占PM_2.5比值达到41.5%和46.2%,OC/EC比值分别为4.0和4.5,二次气溶胶颗粒的大量生成是两次重污染形成的主要原因.采样期间本地、东部、南部、西部和北部区域对采样点PM_2.5浓度贡献占比均值分别为58.0%、2.4%、6.7%、6.9%和12.7%,第一次重污染是本地污染物排放和外来源区域传输共同作用的结果,期间西部和南部区域及外来工业源贡献占比有所升高;而第二次重污染则主要受到本地大气污染物累积的影响,期间交通源、扬尘源和燃煤源污染贡献骤增,外部区域对采样点PM_2.5浓度的影响有所减弱.     

晋城城市扬尘化学组成特征及来源解析

采集晋城市城市扬尘及其他污染源样品,分析其中元素、离子、碳含量,选取富集因子分析法、潜在生态风险评价法、化学质量平衡模型分析城市扬尘化学组成及来源,为制定有效的城市扬尘污染防治工作方案提供科学依据.结果表明,晋城市城市扬尘中主量成分包括Si、TC、Ca、OC、Al、Mg、Na、Fe、K和SO_4~(2-),质量分数总和为61.14%.地壳元素在城市扬尘中含量最丰富,离子更易在细颗粒上富集.OC在PM_(2.5)上的质量分数较高,EC在PM_(10)上的质量分数较高,说明二次有机污染物主要集中在细颗粒上.城市扬尘PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)潜在生态风险指数均为极强,且PM_(2.5)比PM_(10)具有更强的生态危害性.城市扬尘中Pb的富集因子最大,在PM_(2.5)中达196.97,其次为As、Cr、Ni、V、Zn、Cu,且这些重金属元素的富集因子均在10以上,表明这几种元素显著富集,受人类活动影响较大.土壤风沙尘、建筑水泥尘、机动车尾气尘、煤烟尘是城市扬尘的主要来源.     

东莞市PM1中重金属元素的污染特征及来源解析

采集了2011年8月—2012年7月间东莞市不同区域两点(A:生活区;B:工业区)的PM2.5～10、PM1～2.5和PM1样品,并用ICP-MS分析了颗粒物上Pb、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、V、Mn、Cr、Hg和Al等10种元素,重点研究了PM1中除Al外其它9种重金属元素的污染特征.分析结果显示,工业区B点PM1中的重金属污染明显较生活区A点严重,9种重金属元素在B点PM1中的浓度是A点的2.3～4.4倍.Zn和Pb是A、B两点PM1中主要的重金属元素,同时各重金属元素质量占PM1质量百分比范围为0.0008%～0.3530%.粒径分布、富集因子分析的结果显示,大部分重金属元素主要富集在PM1中,且主要受人为源的影响.因子分析源解析结果表明,A、B两点PM1主要来源于4类污染源:燃煤源、机动车/工厂燃油源、冶金化工源、土壤尘.污染源特征分析表明,偏北风时东莞地区PM1受局地源远距离输送影响更严重,偏南风时受本地污染源影响更严重.     

海西城市群PM2.5中重金属元素的污染特征及健康风险评价

采集2010~2011年海西城市群PM_(2.5)样品,用粒子激发-X射线发射技术(PIXE)方法测试样品中痕量重金属(Zn、Cu、Pb、Mn、Ni、Cr、As)的浓度,分析痕量重金属的污染特征、富集程度和来源,并进行重金属对人体健康风险的评价.结果表明,PM_(2.5)中重金属总浓度的时空分布特征与PM_(2.5)的不一致,这与PM_(2.5)的某些主要贡献源(如建筑尘和扬尘等)并非痕量重金属的贡献源有关.PM_(2.5)中Zn、Cu、Pb、Mn、Ni、Cr、As等重金属的EF值均高于10,呈明显的人为源富集现象.主成分-多元线性回归(PCA-MLR)解析结果显示,PM_(2.5)中痕量重金属主要有3种来源,即燃煤和机动车尾气(70.59%)、混合源(燃煤、燃油和冶炼行业,17.55%)以及其他工业源(11.86%).健康风险评价结果显示,PM_(2.5)中致癌重金属(Ni、Cr、As)的风险值高于非致癌重金属(Zn、Cu、Pb、Mn)风险值,但均低于一般可接受风险水平(10-6),说明海西城市群大气环境PM_(2.5)中重金属未对人体健康造成危害.     

北京冬季PM2.5中金属元素浓度特征和来源分析

为了解北京冬季细颗粒物中金属元素的浓度水平及其来源,于2014年12月至2015年1月使用中流量PM_(2.5)采样器在北京城区开展了为期30 d的连续采样,采用滤膜称重法检测PM_(2.5)浓度,电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)分析PM_(2.5)中16种元素总量,并采用富集因子法和因子分析法分析元素污染特征及其来源.结果表明,观测期间PM_(2.5)中主要金属元素为K、Ca、Fe、Al和Mg,占16种元素总量的90.7%.与白天相比,地壳元素如Mg和Al等在夜间的浓度下降30%以上,而人为源金属元素如Cu和Pb等的浓度则上升40%以上.从优良天到重污染天气,上述16种金属元素的总浓度上升1倍,但其在PM_(2.5)中的比例却逐渐降低,说明金属元素的富集不是PM_(2.5)上升的主要原因.随着污染程度的加剧,Cu、Zn、As、Se、Ag和Cd等主要来自人为源的金属元素浓度上升较快,重度污染天与优良天的浓度比值范围为2.9~5.3;而Al、Mg、Ca、Mn和Fe等地壳元素浓度上升则较缓,重度污染天与优良天的浓度比值范围为1.2~1.8.北京冬季PM_(2.5)中金属元素主要来源于燃煤和生物质燃烧、交通和工业排放以及地面扬尘,贡献率分别为34.2%、25.5%和17.1%.     

四川省基于第二次污染源普查数据的人为源大气污染源排放清单及特征

本研究根据自下而上和自上而下相结合的方法收集四川省人为源活动水平数据,其中工业源活动水平来自四川省第二次污染源普查数据,涵盖11020台锅炉信息、60078家工业企业信息,成都市收集了19152家工业企业数据,占四川省企业总数的32%.各污染源选取合理的排放因子并结合GIS技术,构建了该地区2017年9 km×9 km人为源大气污染物排放清单.结果表明,2017年四川省SO₂、NO_x、CO、PM₁₀、PM_2.5、BC、OC、VOCs和NH₃排放总量分别为308.6×10³、725.7×10³、3131.2×10³、927.6×10³、422.4×10³、30.2×10³、72.0×10³、600.9×10³和887.1×10³t.固定燃烧源和工艺过程源是SO₂主要贡献源,CO的主要贡献源为工艺过程源和移动源,扬尘源和工艺过程源为PM₁₀和PM_2.5的主要贡献源,扬尘源是BC和OC最大贡献源,VOCs排放源主要来自工艺过程源、移动源和溶剂使用源,NH₃排放主要来源于畜禽养殖和氮肥施用.污染空间分布结果显示,各项污染物主要集中分布于人口密集,工业和农业较为发达的四川盆地和攀枝花部分区域,高值点位集中在成都平原地区的德阳—成都—眉山—乐山沿线.本研究建立的排放清单仍具有一定不确定性,后续研究工作中应进一步加强活动水平数据获取的准确性,针对典型污染源开展污染物排放因子测试工作,完善网格化排放清单,为四川省大气污染防治提供科学支撑.     

Characteristics and anthropogenic sources of carbonyl sulfide in Beijing

Atmospheric mixing ratios of carbonyl sulfide (COS) in Beijing were intensively measured from March 2011 to June 2013. COS mixing ratios exhibited distinct seasonal variation, with a maximum average value of 849 ± 477 pptv in winter and a minimal value of 372 ± 115 pptv in summer. The seasonal variation of COS was mainly ascribed to the combined effects of vegetation uptake and anthropogenic emissions. Two types of significant linear correlations (R² > 0.66) were found between COS and CO during the periods from May to June and from October to March, with slopes (ΔCOS/ΔCO) of 0.72 and 0.14 pptv/ppbv, respectively. Based on the emission ratios of COS/CO from various sources, the dominant anthropogenic sources of COS in Beijing were found to be vehicle tire wear in summer and coal burning in winter. The total anthropogenic emission of COS in Beijing was roughly estimated as 0.53 ± 0.02 Gg/year based on the local CO emission inventory and the ΔCOS/ΔCO ratios.     

Composition and source apportionment of dust fall around a natural lake

The aim of this study was to determine the source apportionment of dust fall around Lake Chini, Malaysia. Samples were collected monthly between December 2012 and March2013 at seven sampling stations located around Lake Chini. The samples were filtered to separate the dissolved and undissolved solids. The ionic compositions(NO-3, SO2-4, Cl-and NH+4) were determined using ion chromatography(IC) while major elements(K, Na, Ca and Mg) and trace metals(Zn, Fe, Al, Ni, Mn, Cr, Pb and Cd) were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS). The results showed that the average concentration of total solids around Lake Chini was 93.49 ± 16.16 mg/(m2·day). SO2-4, Na and Zn dominated the dissolved portion of the dust fall. The enrichment factors(EF) revealed that the source of the trace metals and major elements in the rain water was anthropogenic, except for Fe. Hierarchical agglomerative cluster analysis(HACA) classified the seven monitoring stations and 16 variables into five groups and three groups respectively. A coupled receptor model, principal component analysis multiple linear regression(PCA-MLR), revealed that the sources of dust fall in Lake Chini were dominated by agricultural and biomass burning(42%),followed by the earth's crust(28%), sea spray(16%) and a mixture of soil dust and vehicle emissions(14%).     

Sources and characteristics of fine particles over the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea using online single particle aerosol mass spectrometer

Marine aerosols over the East China Seas are heavily polluted by continental sources. During the Chinese Comprehensive Ocean Experiment in November 2012, size and mass spectra of individual atmospheric particles in the size range from 0.2 to 2.0 μm were measured on board by a single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS). The average hourly particle number (PN) was around 4560 ± 3240 in the South Yellow Sea (SYS), 2900 ± 3970 in the North Yellow Sea (NYS), and 1700 ± 2220 in the Bohai Sea (BS). PN in NYS and BS varied greatly over 3 orders of magnitude, while that in SYS varied slightly. The size distributions were fitted with two log-normal modes. Accumulation mode dominated in NYS and BS, especially during episodic periods. Coarse mode particles played an important role in SYS. Particles were classified using an adaptive resonance theory based neural network algorithm (ART-2a). Six particle types were identified with secondary-containing, aged sea-salt, soot-like, biomass burning, fresh sea-salt, and lead-containing particles accounting for 32%, 21%, 18%, 16%, 4%, and 3% of total PN, respectively. Aerosols in BS were relatively enriched in particles from anthropogenic sources compared to SYS, probably due to emissions from more developed upwind regions and indicating stronger influence of continental outflow on marine environment. Variation of source types depended mainly on origins of transported air masses. This study examined rapid changes in PN, size distribution and source types of fine particles in marine atmospheres. It also demonstrated the effectiveness of high-time-resolution source apportionment by ART-2a.     

西安市城市降尘和土壤尘PM10和PM2.5中碳组分特征

为研究西安市城市降尘和土壤尘PM₁₀和PM_2.5中碳组分污染特征,丰富大气降尘的成分谱库,于2015年4~5月收集了西安市城区5个点位的城市降尘和周边16个点位的土壤尘样品,通过ZDA-CY01颗粒物再悬浮采样器获得PM₁₀和PM_2.5的滤膜样品,使用Model5L-NDIR型OC和EC分析仪测定了样品中的有机碳（OC）和元素碳（EC）,定量分析了西安市城市降尘和土壤尘PM₁₀和PM_2.5中碳组分特征及其主要来源.结果表明,不同站点降尘PM₁₀和PM_2.5中OC的占比差异较大,分别为6.0%~19.4%和7.6%~29.8%.不同站点降尘PM₁₀和PM_2.5中EC的占比较小,在城市站点的占比分别为0.6%~2.2%和0.2%~3.6%,而在多数外围土壤尘中几乎检测不到EC的存在.PM₁₀中含碳组分的占比为：城市降尘>外部对照>河滩土>土壤尘,PM_2.5中含碳组分的占比为：城市降尘>土壤尘>外部对照>河滩土.不同站点降尘含碳气溶胶均以OC为主,在城市降尘中相对较低,在PM₁₀和PM_2.5中OC占总碳（TC）的比值分别为85.2%~95.3%和87.9%~98.9%;在土壤尘中OC的占比较高,均超过99%.含碳物质主要集中在细颗粒物中.不同城市站点降尘中碳组分的分布具有一致性,不同土壤尘中碳组分的差异较大.城市和土壤降尘中碳组分主要受生物质燃烧、燃煤、汽油车和柴油车尾气等污染源的影响,PM₁₀和PM_2.5中含碳气溶胶的来源贡献率存在差异.     

Chemical characteristics and source apportionment of atmospheric particles during heating period in Harbin, China

Atmospheric particles（total suspended particles（TSPs）; particulate matter（PM） with particle size below 10 μm, PM10; particulate matter with particle size below 2.5 μm, PM2.5）were collected and analyzed during heating and non-heating periods in Harbin. The sources of PM10 and PM2.5were identified by the chemical mass balance（CMB） receptor model.Results indicated that PM2.5/TSP was the most prevalent and PM2.5was the main component of PM210, while the presence of PM10–100was relatively weak. SO-4and NO-3concentrations were more significant than other ions during the heating period. As compared with the non-heating period, Mn, Ni, Pb, S, Si, Ti, Zn, As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Fe and K were relatively higher during the heating period. In particular, Mn, Ni, S, Si, Ti, Zn and As in PM2.5were obviously higher during the heating period. Organic carbon（OC） in the heating period was 2–5 times higher than in the non-heating period. Elemental carbon（EC） did not change much. OC/EC ratios were 8–11 during the heating period, which was much higher than in other Chinese cities（OC/EC： 4–6）. Results from the CMB indicated that 11 pollution sources were identified, of which traffic, coal combustion, secondary sulfate, secondary nitrate, and secondary organic carbon made the greatest contribution. Before the heating period, dust and petrochemical industry made a larger contribution. In the heating period, coal combustion and secondary sulfate were higher. After the heating period, dust and petrochemical industry were higher. Some hazardous components in PM2.5were higher than in PM10, because PM2.5has a higher ability to absorb toxic substances. Thus PM2.5pollution is more significant regarding human health effects in the heating period.     

石家庄市冬季道路积尘PM2.5中金属元素污染特征及来源

为研究石家庄市冬季道路积尘PM_2.5中金属元素污染特征及来源,利用移动式采样法收集石家庄市不同类型铺装道路积尘,使用ICP-MS和ICP-OES分析测定PM_2.5中Cr、Zn、Mn、Cu、Pb、Ni、Sn、As、Sb、Co、Mo、Cd、Al、Mg、Ca、Fe共16种元素的质量分数.结果表明:石家庄市冬季道路积尘PM_2.5中金属元素质量分数之和依次为支路>快速路>主干道>次干道,与车流量、车辆类型、道路类型等影响因素有关,w（Mg）、w（Ca）、w（Cr）、w（Cu）、w（Ni）、w（Zn）、w（Pb）、w（Sn）、w（Sb）、w（Mo）、w（Cd）的平均值均高于当地土壤背景值,是背景值的1.2~40.5倍,其中Cr、Zn、Cu、Pb、Sn、Sb、Mo、Cd等元素中,除Pb的富集因子（9.38）接近10外,其他均高于10,来源于人为污染.I_geo（地累积指数）评价结果显示,Cr、Sn（I_geo为4~5）达到强-极强污染水平;Cd、Cu（I_geo为3~4）达到强污染水平;Sb、Mo、Zn（I_geo为2~3）为中-强污染水平,Pb（I_geo为1~2）为中污染水平.多元统计分析结果表明,石家庄市冬季道路积尘中金属元素来源可分为四大类:As、Mo、Zn、Cd、Ni、Pb主要来自机动车和大气中的燃煤沉降;Mn、Co、Sb来自于自然来源、机动车尾气的排放和焊接材料及轴承的磨损;Cr、Cu、Sn主要来自于工业排放的沉降和机动车刹车片磨损;Al、Ca、Mg、Fe主要来自绿化带或机动车携带的土壤尘.研究显示,石家庄市冬季道路积尘PM_2.5中金属元素污染严重,主要来源于交通排放.      

2011年春季辽宁一次沙尘天气过程及其对不同粒径颗粒物和空气质量的影响

利用2011年5月11—12日辽宁沙尘天气过程的相关资料,分析了沙尘天气对不同粒径颗粒物及空气质量的影响及此次沙尘过程的天气成因.结果表明:沙尘天气发生前后可吸入颗粒物PM₁₀、PM_2.5和PM₁的浓度变化很大,沈阳、鞍山、本溪和丹东4城市PM₁₀、PM_2.5的小时浓度最大值都增大了1.5~20倍;粗粒子PM_(2.5~10)的数量浓度分别增加了30~41倍,质量浓度分别增加了27~30倍;细粒子PM_(1~2.5)的质量浓度分别增加了30~35倍,数量浓度分别增加了15~30倍;微粒子的数量浓度和质量浓度各城市表现不同,沈阳微粒子的数量浓度和质量浓度最大值增大了3倍和5倍,而鞍山PM₁的数量浓度和质量浓度分别减少了50%和10%.受蒙古气旋的影响内蒙古地区产生大风降温天气,大风将内蒙古地区的沙尘带到高空并随西风带向东移动进入辽宁,由于辽宁地区风速比较小,造成了辽宁大部分地区的浮尘天气,并对辽宁各地空气质量造成了严重影响,除丹东外辽宁其他13个城市空气质量都达到了轻微污染到重度污染的级别,铁岭、阜新、沈阳和抚顺的污染指数分别超过了300,达到了重度污染的级别.     

碳质大气颗粒物的扫描质子微探针分析

碳质颗粒物是大气颗粒物的重要组成部分,对全球气候变化、环境质量、人类健康等有重要影响.本研究使用扫描质子微探针对上海两个典型环境监测点的大气颗粒物及7类污染排放源的单颗粒进行了分析.利用微束非卢瑟福弹性背散射谱micro-EBS(non-Rutherford elastic backscattering,EBS)分析了单颗粒中的C含量,发现燃煤烟尘、燃油烟尘、汽车尾气、柴油公交车尾气等污染源中碳质颗粒物占优,而水泥尘、钢铁工业尘、土壤尘中无机颗粒物占优;中心城区的碳质颗粒物占优,而工业区的无机颗粒物占优,单颗粒物的元素分布可以反映颗粒物发生大气化学反应的重要信息,利用微束质子激发X射线荧谱micro-PIXE(particle induced X-ray emission,PIXE)分析得到了大气颗粒物的S、Ca、Fe等元素分布,发现含Ca的碳质颗粒在大气中发生了硫化反应.