2013年夏季渤海和黄海浮游植物群落特征及比较分析

为比较分析渤、黄海夏季浮游植物的群落结构特征,本研究于2013年夏季在渤海、北黄海和南黄海（31.19 °N－39.82 °N,118.89 °E－125.65 °E）设50个站位采集水样,研究各海域浮游植物的种类组成、丰度分布、优势种和群落多样性。结果显示,种类数和香农?威纳指数均为南黄海最高,北黄海次之,渤海最低,多样性高值区集中在山东半岛南部海域、南黄海中部和长江口毗邻海区。研究海域水柱浮游植物丰度为0.01×103～418.2×103 cells/L,渤海、北黄海和南黄海的平均值分别为（14.6±12.8）×103 cells/L、（11.5±14.9）×103 cells/L和（35.7±92.3）×103 cells/L。甲藻和硅藻是浮游植物的优势类群,甲藻分别占渤海、北黄海和南黄海水柱总丰度的52.7%、26.4%和77.9%;硅藻分别占渤海、北黄海和南黄海水柱总丰度的46.6%、73.1%和22.1%。渤海和南黄海浮游植物多分布于表层及次表层,北黄海浮游植物多分布于中层至底层。     

秋季渤海和北黄海海水中挥发性卤代烃的分布与通量

使用吹扫-捕集气相色谱法于2013年11月对渤海和北黄海海水中4种常见的挥发性卤代烃(VHCs)浓度进行了分析。结果表明:秋季渤海和北黄海表层海水中CHBr2Cl、CHBr3、C2HCl3和C2Cl4的浓度平均值和变化范围分别为7.03(4.23~12.63) pmol/L、19.61(5.99~55.00) pmol/L、20.37(1.68~58.25) pmol/L和41.03(10.84~96.94)pmol/L。受生物生产、人为输入、陆地径流等因素的共同作用,4种VHCs浓度呈现出不同的空间分布特征,总体表现为渤海海域由北向南递减,北黄海海域山东半岛以北、鸭绿江口浓度较低的特点。受地理位置和水文条件的影响,不同站位VHCs浓度在垂直分布上有较大差异,但最大值均出现在真光层。周日变化研究表明:VHCs在13:00和17:00浓度较大,7:00和21:00浓度较低,说明VHCs生产释放受光照和潮汐等因素的共同影响。采用Liss和Salter双膜模型估算了CHBr2Cl、CHBr3、C2HCl3和C2Cl4的海-气通量,结果分别为36.28(0.13~109.54)nmol/m2d、85.96(-8.9~308.61)nmol/m2d、191.71(0.10~386.67)nmol/m2d和285.14(0.19~914.85)nmol/m2d,表明在调查期间渤海和北黄海是大气中CHBr2Cl、CHBr3、C2HCl3和C2Cl4的源。     

黄渤海上空气溶胶类型判别及其成因分析

气溶胶是大气环境的重要组成部分,其对天气和气候变化有重要影响,对人类健康也有危害.对气溶胶类型的区分有利于判别气溶胶的来源,这对控制气溶胶污染源、改善区域环境质量有重要的推动作用.本文基于黄渤海区域6个观测点的实测数据和卫星遥感数据,采用聚类分析方法对黄渤海上空的气溶胶进行分类,并采用拉格朗日轨迹追踪法判定气溶胶的来源.研究发现,黄渤海上空的气溶胶类型以清洁大陆型和生物燃烧以及城市/工业型为主,陆源输入是黄渤海上空气溶胶的重要来源.清洁大陆型的气溶胶在黄海中部的贡献率相比于其余海域偏低,这也间接表明近岸的气溶胶更易受到来自陆地的影响,离岸区域受陆地的影响相对较小.     

Chemical characterization of size-resolved aerosols in four seasons and hazy days in the megacity Beijing of China

Size-resolved aerosol samples were collected by MOUDI in four seasons in 2007 in Beijing. The PM₁₀ and PM_1.8 mass concentrations were 166.0 ± 120.5 and 91.6 ± 69.7 μg/m³, respectively, throughout the measurement, with seasonal variation: nearly two times higher in autumn than in summer and spring. Serious fine particle pollution occurred in winter with the PM_1.8/PM₁₀ ratio of 0.63, which was higher than other seasons. The size distribution of PM showed obvious seasonal and diurnal variation, with a smaller fine mode peak in spring and in the daytime. OM (organic matter = 1.6 × OC (organic carbon)) and SIA (secondary inorganic aerosol) were major components of fine particles, while OM, SIA and Ca^2 + were major components in coarse particles. Moreover, secondary components, mainly SOA (secondary organic aerosol) and SIA, accounted for 46%–96% of each size bin in fine particles, which meant that secondary pollution existed all year. Sulfates and nitrates, primarily in the form of (NH₄)₂SO₄, NH₄NO₃, CaSO₄, Na₂SO₄ and K₂SO₄, calculated by the model ISORROPIA II, were major components of the solid phase in fine particles. The PM concentration and size distribution were similar in the four seasons on non-haze days, while large differences occurred on haze days, which indicated seasonal variation of PM concentration and size distribution were dominated by haze days. The SIA concentrations and fractions of nearly all size bins were higher on haze days than on non-haze days, which was attributed to heterogeneous aqueous reactions on haze days in the four seasons.     

Emissions from the combustion of eucalypt and pine chips in a fluidized bed reactor

Interest in renewable energy sources has increased in recent years due to environmental concerns about global warming and air pollution,reduced costs and improved efficiency of technologies.Under the European Union(EU)energy directive,biomass is a suitable renewable source.The aim of this study was to experimentally quantify and characterize the emission of particulate matter(PM_(2.5))resulting from the combustion of two biomass fuels(chipped residual biomass from pine and eucalypt),in a pilot-scale bubbling fluidized bed(BFB)combustor under distinct operating conditions.The variables evaluated were the stoichiometry and,in the case of eucalypt,the leaching of the fuel.The CO and PM_(2.5)emission factors were lower when the stoichiometry used in the experiments was higher(0.33±0.1 g CO/kg and 16.8±1.0 mg PM_(2.5)/kg,dry gases).The treatment of the fuel by leaching before its combustion has shown to promote higher PM_(2.5)emissions(55.2±2.5 mg/kg,as burned).Organic and elemental carbon represented 3.1 to 30 wt.% of the particle mass,while carbonate(CO_3~(2-))accounted for between 2.3 and 8.5 wt.%.The particulate mass was mainly composed of inorganic matter(71% to 86% of the PM_(2.5)mass).Compared to residential stoves,BFB combustion generated very high mass fractions of inorganic elements.Chloride was the water soluble ion in higher concentration in the PM_(2.5)emitted by the combustion of eucalypt,while calcium was the dominant water soluble ion in the case of pine.     

利用SPAMS研究天津市夏季环境空气中细颗粒物化学组成特征

天津市作为京津冀大气污染传输通道及环渤海经济带的重要城市,其环境空气中细颗粒物的化学组成特征及来源具有重大研究价值.本研究于2017年8月利用单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪(SPAMS)采集了天津市津南区环境受体中细颗粒物的整月数据,旨在描述天津市夏季环境空气中细颗粒物的组分特征,定性判断主要污染源类.通过ART-2a聚类、合并后获得EC类颗粒,Fe-NO3颗粒,Na-K颗粒和金属类颗粒等12种颗粒类型,并对各类型颗粒在粒径分布和日变化上的特征进行了研究.EC颗粒随粒径增长数浓度占比降低,扬尘类颗粒和Fe-NO3颗粒相反;日变化结果显示光化学反应能够影响3类EC颗粒的日变化趋势,而Fe-NO3颗粒日间占比提升与白天工业生产活动排放有关.对观测时段内主要来向气团上颗粒物组成进行研究,监测点位夏季主要受西北和西南方向气团来向影响,当点位主要受西南方向上气团影响时,燃煤源的颗粒影响较大,而东南方向气团发生频率较高时,生物质燃烧源颗粒与海盐源颗粒贡献相对较高.     

北极夏季大气气溶胶单颗粒研究

为研究北极地区大气气溶胶颗粒的物理化学特性,于2013年8月8~12日环Svalbard岛收集大气气溶胶样品,利用带能谱的透射电子显微镜(TEM-EDS)共分析2530个单颗粒,并获得颗粒物的形貌特征和化学组成.结果表明,北极地区颗粒物主要表现为5种类型,分别为海盐颗粒、富S颗粒、富Fe颗粒、含碳颗粒和矿物颗粒.后向气流轨迹显示,采样期间大气污染物主要来自于北极点周边的海洋上空和附近格陵兰岛地区.来自海洋上空的大气中主要包含海盐颗粒,所占数量比例为54.7%;经过陆地的大气样品中95.4%为矿物颗粒.利用时间密度因子法估算出北极地区PM2.5质量浓度范围为0.55~0.72mg/m3.     

东中国海表层海水微塑料分布特征及其来源综述

微塑料作为一种新型污染物,对环境、海洋生物、人体健康等均会产生潜在危害,因而引起国内外学者的广泛关注。本文基于公开发表的文献资料,剖析东中国海表层海水微塑料的丰度分布以及粒径、颜色、形状、种类组成特征,总结东中国海微塑料污染概况,进而分析微塑料可能的来源。研究表明,东中国海表层海水微塑料丰度整体变化幅度小,沿岸局部及河口附近海域丰度高。其中,渤海表层海水微塑料分布较为均匀,渤海海峡以及靠近陆地处略高;黄海局部（青岛近岸、桑沟湾海域）丰度较高,其余海域丰度与渤海相近,南部略高于北部;东海沿岸河口附近丰度明显升高,从沿岸向海呈降低趋势。渤海表层海水微塑料粒径组成以小于1 mm为主;黄海以小于0.5 mm为主;东海以0.5～1 mm和1～5 mm为主。东中国海各地表层海水微塑料的颜色组成差异大,形状组成以纤维状为主,种类组成以聚乙烯和聚丙烯为主。     

Dry deposition of PM10 over the Yellow Sea during Asian dust events from 2001 to 2007

Dry deposition velocities and fluxes of PM10during Asian dust events over the Yellow Sea from 2001 to 2007 were investigated using observation data in Qingdao, China and Jeju, Korea. The dry deposition velocities of PM10 during dust events over the Yellow Sea ranged from 0.19 to 8.17 cm/sec, with an average of 3.38 cm/sec. Dry deposition fluxes of PM10during dust events over the Yellow Sea were in the range of 68.5–2647.1 mg/(m2·day), with an average of 545.4 mg/(m2·day), which is 2–10 times higher than those reported by other studies for both dust and non-dust periods. It was estimated that 2.6 × 1011–48.7 × 1011g dust particles deposit to the Yellow Sea during dust events through dry deposition every year. Compared with the results in previous studies, it was found that the dry deposition of PM10over the Yellow Sea during dust events in the years with high frequency of dust could account for a large or overwhelming fraction of the annual total dry deposition. Backward air mass trajectory analysis showed that dust events influenced Jeju mainly originated from the desert regions located in Mongolia and Inner Mongolia, China. There were 119 backward trajectories influenced both Qingdao and Jeju during 15 dust events from 2001 to 2007, accounting for 61.3% of the total trajectories of 194, indicating that Qingdao and Jeju were usually on the same pathway of dust transport downwind from source areas.     

车用柴油机燃用棕榈生物柴油的颗粒物排放特性研究

在满足国Ⅳ排放法规的车用柴油机上研究了燃用不同掺混体积比例的棕榈油生物柴油的颗粒物排放特性.试验中棕榈油生物柴油的掺混比例分别为0%、10%、20%、50%和100%,采用DMS500型快速颗粒光谱仪测试分析了发动机在外特性和负荷特性时的颗粒物数量浓度、质量浓度及粒径分布.研究结果表明:随生物柴油掺混比例的增加,颗粒物质量浓度降低.燃用生物柴油后颗粒物的数量浓度在大负荷明显降低,中小负荷呈升高趋势.生物柴油的排气颗粒物呈核态和凝聚态的双峰分布特征,核态数量浓度所占比例高于柴油,凝聚态的质量浓度所占比例略低于柴油.生物柴油颗粒物的几何平均直径小于柴油.     

冬季黄海西部海域气溶胶中主要水溶性离子的化学组成与特性研究

基于2012年初冬采集的黄海西部海域大气总悬浮颗粒物样品（TSP）,分析其中主要水溶性离子（Cl-、NO₃-、SO₄2-、Na+、K+、NH₄+、Mg2+、Ca2+）及甲基磺酸盐（CH₃SO₃-,MSA）的浓度水平及化学特性,并探讨人为活动对近海大气气溶胶组成的影响。分析结果显示,气溶胶中二次离子（非海盐硫酸盐nss-SO₄2-、NO₃-和NH₄+）浓度最高,占到总测定离子浓度的69.4%。同时发现Cl-由于受人为活动的影响表现出一定程度的富集,富集因子平均值为34.6%。气溶胶样品中的MSA浓度水平较低,平均值仅为0.014±0.012 μg/m3。来源分析结果表明,海盐硫酸盐（ss-SO₄2-）对总SO₄2-的贡献率仅为7.3%,生源硫酸盐对nss-SO₄2-的贡献率为5.0%,说明人为活动输入是中国黄海大气气溶胶中SO₄2-的主要来源。另外,气溶胶中NO₃-占无机氮的比例为62.56%～83.03%。     

Highly time-resolved aerosol characteristics during springtime in Weizhou Island

A single particle aerosol mass spectrometer was deployed to measure the changes of single particle species and sizes during March 2015 in Weizhou Island of the Beibu Gulf, Guangxi province, South China. In this campaign, a total of 3,100,597 particles were sized, and 25.8%particles with both positive and negative mass spectrum were collected and 24.8%characterized in combination with the ART-2 a neural network algorithm. The distribution of sized particles was mainly in from 520 to 600 nm, and the diameters ranging from 340 to1000 nm accounted for above 90%. Eight types of particles were classified: Elemental Carbon containing(EC), Organic Carbon containing(OC), EC and OC combined containing particles,Na containing particles, K containing particles(K), Levoglucosan containing particles,mineral containing particles, and Heavy Metal containing particles(HM). EC, OC and K were the major containing particles, which accounted for 84.3% in the eight types particles. The relative ratio and size distribution of the three types were EC(48.1%, 620 nm), OC(12.7%,440 nm), and K(23.5%, 600 nm), respectively. The three types of particles were a bit increasing ratios compared with those in clean periods during haze pollution periods.Combined with the back-trajectory results from the Hysplit-4 model and local pollution sources revealed that the ambient air quality on the Weizhou Island may be influenced by biomass burning in the Indochina Peninsula(biomass burning in the Indochina Peninsula)from the transportation on higher level atmospheric layer and by mainland of south China located northeast of Weizhou Island on the ground.     

Online single particle measurement of fireworks pollution during Chinese New Year in Nanning

Time-resolved single-particle measurements were conducted during Chinese New Year in Nanning, China. Firework displays resulted in a burst of SO_2, coarse mode, and accumulation mode(100–500 nm) particles. Through single particle mass spectrometry analysis, five different types of particles(fireworks-metal, ash, dust, organic carbon-sulfate(OC-sulfate), biomass burning) with different size distributions were identified as primary emissions from firework displays. The fireworks-related particles accounted for more than70% of the total analyzed particles during severe firework detonations. The formation of secondary particulate sulfate and nitrate during firework events was investigated on single particle level. An increase of sulfite peak(80SO_3~-) followed by an increase of sulfate peaks(97HSO_4~-+ 96SO_4~-) in the mass spectra during firework displays indicated the aqueous uptake and oxidation of SO_2 on particles. High concentration of gaseous SO_2, high relative humidity and high particle loading likely promoted SO_2 oxidation. Secondary nitrate formed through gas-phase oxidation of NO_2 to nitric acid, followed by the condensation into particles as ammonium nitrate. This study shows that under worm, humid conditions, both primary and secondary aerosols contribute to the particulate air pollution during firework displays.     

Single particle analysis of ambient aerosols in Shanghai during the World Exposition, 2010: two case studies

ATSI Model 3800 aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer (ATOFMS) was deployed for single-particle analysis in Shanghai during the World Exposition (EXPO), 2010. Measurements on two extreme cases: polluted day (1st May) and clean day (25th September) were compared to show how meteorological conditions affected the concentration and composition of ambient aerosols. Mass spectra of 90496 and 50407 particles were analyzed respectively during the two sampling periods. The ART-2a neural network algorithm was applied to sort the collected particles. Seven major classes of particles were obtained: dust, sea salt, industrial, biomass burning, organic carbon (OC), elementary carbon (EC), and NH₄-rich particles. Number concentration of ambient aerosols showed a strong anti-correlation with the boundary layer height variation. The external mixing states of aerosols were quite different during two sampling periods because of different air parcel trajectories. Number fraction of biomass burning particles (43.3%) during polluted episode was much higher than that (21.6%) of clean time. Air parcels from the East China Sea on clean day diluted local pollutant concentration and increased the portion of sea salt particle dramatically (13.3%). The large contribution of biomass burning particles in both cases might be an indication of a constant regional background of biomass burning emission. Mass spectrum analysis showed that chemical compositions and internal mixing states of almost all the particle types were more complicate during polluted episode compared with those observed in clean time. Strong nitrate signals in the mass spectra suggested that most of the particles collected on polluted day had gone through some aging processes before reaching the sampling site.     

Removal of heavy metals and arsenic from a co-contaminated soil by sieving combined with washing process

Batch experiments were conducted with a heavy metals and arsenic co-contaminated soil from an abandoned mine to evaluate the feasibility of a remediation technology that combines sieving with soil washing.Leaching of the arsenic and heavy metals from the different particle size fractions was found to decrease in the order: 0.1,2–0.1,and 2 mm.With increased contact time,the concentration of heavy metals in the leachate was significantly decreased for small particles,probably because of adsorption by the clay soil component.For the different particle sizes,the removal efficiencies for Pb and Cd were75%–87%,and 61%–77% for Zn and Cu,although the extent of removal was decreased for As and Cr at 45%.The highest efficiency by washing for Pb,Cd,Zn,and As was from the soil particles 2 mm,although good metal removal efficiencies were also achieved in the small particle size fractions.Through SEM-EDS observations and correlation analysis,the leaching regularity of the heavy metals and arsenic was found to be closely related to Fe,Mn,and Ca contents of the soil fractions.The remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soil by sieving combined with soil washing was proven to be efficient,and practical remediation parameters were also recommended.     

An intensive study on aerosol optical properties and affecting factors in Nanjing, China

The optical properties of aerosol as well as their impacting factors were investigated at a suburb site in Nanjing during autumn from 14 to 28 November 2012. More severe pollution was found together with lower visibility. The average scattering and absorption coefficients(B sca and B abs) were 375.7 ± 209.5 and 41.6 ± 18.7 Mm~(-1), respectively. Higher ?ngstr?m absorption and scattering exponents were attributed to the presence of more aged aerosol with smaller particles. Relative humidity(RH) was a key factor affecting aerosol extinction. High RH resulted in the impairment of visibility, with hygroscopic growth being independent of the dry extinction coefficient. The hygroscopic growth factor was 1.8 ± 1.2 with RH from 19% to 85%.Light absorption was enhanced by organic carbon(OC), elemental carbon(EC) and EC coatings,with contributions of 26%, 44% and 75%(532 nm), respectively. The B sca and B abs increased with increasing N_(100)(number concentration of PM_(2.5)with diameter above 100 nm), PM_1 surface concentration and PM_(2.5)mass concentration with good correlation.     

Particle size distribution and characteristics of heavy metals in road-deposited sediments from Beijing Olympic Park

Due to rapid urbanization and industrialization, heavy metals in road-deposited sediments (RDSs) of parks are emitted into the terrestrial, atmospheric, and water environment, and have a severe impact on residents' and tourists' health. To identify the distribution and characteristic of heavy metals in RDS and to assess the road environmental quality in Chinese parks, samples were collected from Beijing Olympic Park in the present study. The results indicated that particles with small grain size (< 150 μm) were the dominant fraction. The length of dry period was one of the main factors affecting the particle size distribution, as indicated by the variation of size fraction with the increase of dry days. The amount of heavy metal (i.e., Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd) content was the largest in particles with small size (< 150 μm) among all samples. Specifically, the percentage of Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd in these particles was 74.7%, 55.5%, 56.6% and 71.3%, respectively. Heavy metals adsorbed in sediments may mainly be contributed by road traffic emissions. The contamination levels of Pb and Cd were higher than Cu and Zn on the basis of the mean heavy metal contents. Specifically, the geoaccumulation index (I_geo) decreased in the order: Cd > Pb > Cu > Zn. This study analyzed the mobility of heavy metals in sediments using partial sequential extraction with the Tessier procedure. The results revealed that the apparent mobility and potential metal bioavailability of heavy metals in the sediments, based on the exchangeable and carbonate fractions, decreased in the order: Cd > Zn ≈ Pb > Cu.     

Characteristics of atmospheric single particles during haze periods in a typical urban area of Beijing: A case study in October, 2014

To investigate the composition and possible sources of particles, especially during heavy haze pollution, a single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS) was deployed to measure the changes of single particle species and sizes during October of 2014, in Beijing. A total of 2,871,431 particles with both positive and negative spectra were collected and characterized in combination with the adaptive resonance theory neural network algorithm (ART-2a). Eight types of particles were classified: dust particles (dust, 8.1%), elemental carbon (EC, 29.0%), organic carbon (OC, 18.0%), EC and OC combined particles (ECOC, 9.5%), Na-K containing particles (NaK, 7.9%), K-containing particles (K, 21.8%), organic nitrogen and potassium containing particles (KCN, 2.3%), and metal-containing particles (metal, 3.6%). Three haze pollution events (P1, P2, P3) and one clean period (clean) were analyzed, based on the mass and number concentration of PM_2.5 and the back trajectory results from the hybrid single particle Lagrangian integrated trajectory model (Hysplit-4 model). Results showed that EC, OC and K were the major components of single particles during the three haze pollution periods, which showed clearly increased ratios compared with those in the clean period. Results from the mixing state of secondary species of different types of particles showed that sulfate and nitrate were more readily mixed with carbon-containing particles during haze pollution episodes than in clean periods.     

2014年1月北京市大气重污染过程单颗粒物特征分析

利用在线单颗粒物气溶胶质谱仪(SPAMS)对2014年1月北京市典型大气重污染过程进行了连续监测,分析了具有正负离子质谱信息的颗粒物共2248225个.同时,利用ART-2a神经网络分类方法并结合Matlab统计分析,将具有质谱信息的颗粒物归为10类,分别为:矿尘类颗粒物(Dust)、元素碳颗粒物(EC)、有机碳颗粒物(OC)、元素碳和有机碳混合颗粒物(ECOC)、钠钾颗粒物(NaK)、富钾颗粒物(K)、含氮有机物(KCN)、高分子有机物(MOC,Macromolecular OC)、多环芳烃类颗粒物(PAHs)和重金属类颗粒物(Metal).结合PM_2.5质量浓度数据和HYSPLIT 4.0后向轨迹模型结果,将观测时间段划分为3个典型污染过程和1个清洁过程.结果显示,重污染期间OC、MOC和PAHs为最主要的颗粒物类型.最后,本文还比对分析了污染过程和清洁期间颗粒物的混合状态,结果表明,污染过程中硫酸盐和硝酸盐较清洁期间更容易与碳质颗粒物结合.     

Heterogeneous sulfur conversion in sea-salt aerosol particles: the role of aerosol water content and size distribution

Meteorological and chemical conditions during the July 1988 Bermuda-area sampling appear to have been favorable for conversion of sulfur gases to particulate excess sulfate (XSO₄). Observed average XSO₄ and SO₄ concentrations of 11 and 2.1 nmol m⁻³, respectively, at 15 m a.s.l. in the marine boundary layer (MBL) upwind of Bermuda, indicate that conversion of SO₂ to XSO₄, over and above homogeneous conversion, may be necessary to explain the > 5.0 average molar ratio of XSO₄ to SO₂. Given an observed cloud cover of <15% over the region and the <3 nmol m⁻³ SO₃ concentrations observed by aircraft, heterogeneous conversion mechanisms, in addition to cloud conversion of SO₂, are necessary to explain the observed 11 nmol XSO₄ m⁻³.Aerosol water content, estimated as a function of particle size distribution plus consideration of SO₂ mass transfer for the observed particle size distribution, shows that SO₂ was rapidly transferred to the sea-salt aerosol particles. Assuming that aqueous-phase SO₂ reaction kinetics within the high pH sea-salt aerosol water are controlled by O₃ oxidation, and considering mass-transfer limitations, SO₂ conversion to XSO₄ in the sea-salt aerosol water occurred at rates of approximately 5% h⁻¹ under the low SO₂ concentration, Bermuda-area sampling conditions. All of the 2 nmol XSO₄ m⁻³ associated with sea-salt aerosol particles during low-wind-speed, Bermuda-area sampling can be explained by this conversion mechanism. Higher wind speed, greater aerosol water content and higher SO₂ concentration conditions over the North Atlantic are estimated to generate more than 4 nmol XSO₄ m⁻³ by heterogeneous conversion of SO₂ in sea-salt aerosol particles.