Effects of two polybrominated diphenyl ethers (BDE-47, BDE-209) on the swimming behavior, population growth and reproduction of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are new kinds of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and their potential threats to the equilibrium and sustainability of marine ecosystems have raised worldwide concerns. Here, two kinds of PBDEs, tetra-BDE (BDE-47) and deca-BDE (BDE-209) were applied, and their toxic effects on the swimming behavior, population growth and reproduction of Brachionus plicatilis were investigated. The results showed that: (1) The actual concentrations of BDE-47 and -209 in the seawater phase measured by GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer) were much lower than their nominal concentrations. (2) In accordance with the 24-hr acute tests, BDE-209 did not show any obvious swimming inhibition to rotifers, but a good correlation did exist between the swimming inhibition rate and BDE-47 concentration suggesting that BDE-47 ismore toxic than BDE-209. (3) Both BDE-47 and -209 had a significant influence on the population growth and reproduction parameters of B. plicatilis including the population growth rate, the ratio of ovigerous females/non-ovigerous females (OF/NOF), the ratio of mictic females/amictic females (MF/AF), resting egg production and the mictic rate, which indicate that these parameters in B. plicatilis population were suitable for monitoring and assessing PBDEs. Our results suggest that BDE-47 and -209 are not acute lethal toxicants and may pose a low risk to marine rotifers at environmental concentrations for short-term exposure. They also accumulate differently into rotifers. Further research data are needed to understand the mechanisms responsible for the effects caused by PBDEs and to assess their risks accurately.     

Effects of two polybrominated diphenyl ethers (BDE-47, BDE-209) on the swimming behavior,population growth and reproduction of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs) are new kinds of persistent organic pollutants(POPs) and their potential threats to the equilibrium and sustainability of marine ecosystems have raised worldwide concerns. Here, two kinds of PBDEs, tetra-BDE(BDE-47)and deca-BDE(BDE-209) were applied, and their toxic effects on the swimming behavior,population growth and reproduction of Brachionus plicatilis were investigated. The results showed that:(1) The actual concentrations of BDE-47 and-209 in the seawater phase measured by GC–MS(Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer) were much lower than their nominal concentrations.(2) In accordance with the 24-hr acute tests, BDE-209 did not show any obvious swimming inhibition to rotifers, but a good correlation did exist between the swimming inhibition rate and BDE-47 concentration suggesting that BDE-47 is more toxic than BDE-209.(3) Both BDE-47 and-209 had a significant influence on the population growth and reproduction parameters of B. plicatilis including the population growth rate, the ratio of ovigerous females/non-ovigerous females(OF/NOF), the ratio of mictic females/amictic females(MF/AF), resting egg production and the mictic rate, which indicate that these parameters in B. plicatilis population were suitable for monitoring and assessing PBDEs. Our results suggest that BDE-47 and-209 are not acute lethal toxicants and may pose a low risk to marine rotifers at environmental concentrations for short-term exposure. They also accumulate differently into rotifers. Further research data are needed to understand the mechanisms responsible for the effects caused by PBDEs and to assess their risks accurately.     

环境激素氯氰菊酯对萼花臂尾轮虫繁殖的影响

以2 d种群增长率为指标研究了环境抗雄激素氯氰菊酯对萼花臂尾轮虫的急性毒性;以3 d种群动态参数(种群增长率、混交率、混交雌体受精率和携卵雌体/非携卵雌体)、7 d休眠卵产量和休眠卵孵化率为指标研究了低剂量氯氰菊酯(0.001～0.316 mg.L-1)对萼花臂尾轮虫繁殖的影响;以2 d种群参数分析了在氯氰菊酯中形成休眠卵孵化后的生长性能;以3 d种群参数为指标分析了母体暴露氯氰菊酯,对其后代繁殖的影响.结果表明氯氰菊酯浓度对数与种群增长率呈直线负相关.氯氰菊酯半数效应浓度(EC50)、最低可观察效应浓度(LOEC)和无可观察效应浓度(NOEC)分别为14.22、10和3.16mg.L-1;0.0316 mg.L-1氯氰菊酯组7 d休眠卵产量较对照组下降了41.23%,休眠卵孵化率亦较对照组显著下降;氯氰菊酯试验组中形成的休眠卵孵化后的种群增长率和混交率显著下降;萼花臂尾轮虫母体暴露0.316 mg.L-1氯氰菊酯其后代种群增长率比对照下降了15.96%.试验表明,萼花臂尾轮虫2 d种群增长率对氯氰菊酯较不敏感;低剂量氯氰菊酯可降低休眠卵产量、休眠卵孵化率及孵化后种群增长率,从而减少萼花臂尾轮虫后代早期对种群增长的贡献.     

凤眼莲化感物质对铜绿微囊藻、斜生栅藻生长及细胞数相对比例的影响

为探索化感物质在蓝藻水华治理方面的应用潜力,选取在凤眼莲根系分泌物中发现的5种化感物质（亚油酸、亚油酸甘油酯、丙酰胺、N-苯基—2-萘胺和壬酸）,研究了3种剂量下（0.1、1.0、10.0mg.L-1）其对单一、混合培养铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻生长的影响.结果发现,化感物质成分、剂量和藻类培养方式对铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻生长...     

颗粒直链藻水华生消对婆罗异剑水蚤（桡足类）种群动态的影响

近年来,国内外学者对湖库型水华的发生机理和生态效应都做了大量研究,但有关水华生消对浮游动物群落结构影响的研究还很少.因此,本研究利用两个室外水泥池在中等尺度上考察了颗粒直链藻水华生消过程对婆罗异剑水蚤(桡足类)种群动态的影响,以及后者摄食对水华生消的下行调控作用.结果发现,颗粒直链藻水华发展迅速,仅5 d时间叶绿素浓度就从(21.24±0.75)μg·L-1上升到(240.34±11.00)μg·L-1;随后水华进入快速消退期,3 d后叶绿素a浓度下降到(53.63±0.47)μg·L-1.婆罗异剑水蚤的摄食压力对颗粒直链藻水华具有明显的抑制作用,水华生消期间含有婆罗异剑水蚤的藻液叶绿素a浓度比对照组低20μg·L-1左右,最大差异为26.08μg·L-1.期间婆罗异剑水蚤的丰度也由接入时的(56.50±4.32)ind·L-1增加到(142.11±6.35)ind·L-1,增加了1.5倍.该研究结果表明,在无鱼类摄食压力情况下,颗粒直链水华的爆发和消亡对婆罗异剑水蚤的生长和繁殖没有负面影响,反而促进了其种群数量的增加,这可能是由于水华期间为其提供了充足的饵料供应.     

2,2',4,4'-四溴联苯醚对赤子爱胜蚓的抗氧化酶、代谢酶及其基因表达的影响

多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)是广泛存在于环境中的一种新型持久性有机污染物.四溴联苯醚同分异构体中的BDE-47是多溴联苯醚中最重要的单体之一.试验采用人工土壤培养法,通过亚急性试验,研究了在不同暴露时间阶段下,不同BDE-47剂量对赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)抗氧化酶(过氧化氢酶CAT)、代谢酶(谷胱甘肽转移酶GST)以及二者基因表达的影响.结果表明,在暴露14 d和28 d时,CAT活性被诱导上升并且差异显著;GST活性变化差异不显著;CAT基因表达水平在第14 d时呈现抑制效应,在后续的第28 d和第42 d基因表达水平上调;GST基因表达水平整体呈现诱导效应,并且差异显著,随着暴露时间的增加,低毒处理组(10、50 mg·kg-1)的基因表达水平逐渐下调至低于对照组的水平,高毒处理组(100、200 mg·kg-1)的基因表达量仍高于对照组水平;在BDE-47的暴露试验中,CAT与GST活性及其基因表达水平两项指标对低毒处理组较高毒处理组更为敏感.     

2,2′,4,4′-四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)污染沉积物对铜锈环棱螺肝胰脏的SOD、CAT和EROD活性的影响

以实验室培养的铜锈环棱螺(Bellamya aeroginosa)为受试生物,研究了2,2′,4,4′-四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)污染沉积物对铜锈环棱螺肝胰脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和7-乙氧基-3-异吩唑酮-脱乙基酶(EROD)活性的影响,以揭示BDE-47与这些酶活性之间的剂量-效应和时间-效应关系.结果表明,不同水平BDE-47污染沉积物暴露后,铜锈环棱螺肝胰脏SOD和CAT活性表现出较为明显的剂量或时间依赖性效应,BDE-47可引起铜锈环棱螺肝胰脏的氧化应激,高剂量(≥160ng.g-1)BDE-47的长时间暴露可导致SOD和CAT活性显著下降,提示细胞出现氧化损伤.SOD对BDE-47胁迫的敏感性高于CAT.铜锈环棱螺肝胰脏中SOD和CAT可以作为指示低水平BDE-47污染沉积物胁迫的生物标志物.BDE-47不能诱导铜锈环棱螺肝胰脏EROD活性,但高剂量(≥160ng.g-1)或长时间BDE-47暴露则导致EROD活性显著降低.     

附植藻类对沉水植物狐尾藻生长及生理的影响

为进一步了解附植藻类对沉水植物的影响,以狐尾藻为研究对象,通过室内模拟实验,研究了有无附植藻类情况下,狐尾藻根长、株长、生物量、可溶性蛋白含量、叶绿素含量、MDA含量、SOD、POD以及CAT等的变化情况.结果表明:未添加藻类处理组中狐尾藻的生物量最大是添加藻类处理组的2.49倍,实验末期未添加藻类处理组的叶绿素含量是添加藻类处理组的1.87倍,说明附植藻类的大量繁殖会影响狐尾藻生物量的合成,降低狐尾藻的叶绿素含量;添加附植藻类处理组的POD和CAT酶活性在实验后期均显著高于无附植藻类的处理组,且实验末期狐尾藻的MDA含量显著上升,说明附植藻类的大量繁殖使狐尾藻细胞膜损害严重,影响了抗氧化保护酶系统,最终导致狐尾藻衰败显著.附植藻类的大量繁殖是沉水植物衰败的原因之一.     

农业废物好氧堆肥中环境因子对nirK、nirS和nosZ数量的影响

应用定量聚合酶链式反应(real-time PCR)技术对农业废物好氧堆肥过程中参与反硝化过程的功能基因(nirK、nirS和nosZ)丰度在堆体不同位置处随时间的变化情况进行了研究.结果表明,随着堆肥进程,3种基因数量整体呈现出先升后降的变化规律,且不同位置处的反硝化基因数量之间存在着显著的差异性.使用Canoco 4.5软件对获得的反硝化功能基因丰度数据与不同时期不同层次堆体温度、pH、含水率、NH4+-N、NO3--N和水溶性有机碳(WSC)等环境因子的相关性进行冗余分析(redundancy analysis,RDA).基于手动选择的RDA分析结果表明,WSC、NH4+-N和堆体温度对反硝化基因丰度有着显著的影响(P<0.05),且前2个因子达到了极显著水平(P<0.01).应用t-value回归分析方法单独分析每种环境因子与3种基因的相关性,其中nirK与温度和pH显著正相关(P<0.05),nirS与温度显著正相关(P<0.05),nosZ与NH4+-N显著正相关(P<0.05)、与WSC显著负相关(P<0.05).     

底泥对洋河水库微囊藻和鱼腥藻生长影响的研究

采用批量培养的方法研究洋河水库底泥浸出液对洋河水库微囊藻和鱼腥藻生长的影响.结果表明,厌氧条件底泥浸出液对鱼腥藻生长速率有促进作用,添加2%、20%、50%的厌氧底泥浸出液的鱼腥藻生长速率比M11培养基中分别高出36.6%、47.2%、36.0%;而添加厌氧底泥浸出液对微囊藻生长有抑制作用,微囊藻最大生物量随底泥浸出液的添加量增加而减小.与添加厌氧底泥浸出液相比,添加好氧条件的底泥浸出液对鱼腥藻生长速率也有一定的促进作用,添加20%的好氧底泥浸出液的鱼腥藻生长速率比M11培养基中高出37.2%;而添加好氧底泥浸出液对微囊藻生长影响不明显.在添加厌氧底泥浸出液的培养基中增加铁,则微囊藻的最大生物量显著增加,表明底泥浸出液对微囊藻生长的影响可能是较高浓度的有机质与铁的结合影响了微囊藻对铁的利用.     

氮负荷升高对螺-附着藻-苦草生态关系的影响

本文设计了双因子(氮负荷升高、有无螺类)受控实验,研究了氮负荷升高(太湖正常氮负荷的3倍)对螺-附着藻-苦草关系的影响.结果表明,氮负荷升高处理明显提高了水体总氮、总溶解氮、叶绿素a等指标的含量,显著增加了附着生物干重,进而抑制了苦草生长;与正常氮负荷处理组相比,3倍氮负荷处理组中苦草的相对生长率、株高和叶片数分别降低了33%、25%和13%.环棱螺降低了附着生物干重和水体叶绿素a含量,明显促进了苦草生长.氮负荷升高和环棱螺存在对水体各项理化指标、附着生物干重和苦草的各项生长指标均无交互作用.此外,氮负荷升高还降低了环棱螺的生长速率.分析认为,氮负荷升高对沉水植物生长的抑制机理主要体现在浮游藻类与附着生物生物量增加的抑制效应;环棱螺的存在虽然在一定程度上减弱了这种效应,但由于氮负荷升高还同时使环棱螺生长率降低,削弱了其对附着生物的牧食压力,从而使得附着生物对苦草生长的抑制作用加强.因此,氮负荷升高使螺-附着藻-沉水植物之间的生态关系失衡,也可能是氮浓度较高的富营养湖泊中沉水植被稀少的重要原因.     

Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations on the bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers by Prorocentrum donghaiense

The growth, cellular total lipids, bioaccumulation amount, and bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) of 2,4,4 ′ -tribromodiphenyl ether (BDE28), 2,2 ′ ,4,4 ′ -tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE47), and 2,2 ′ ,4,4 ′ ,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE99) in a semi-continuous culture of Prorocentrum donghaiense were studied in relation to nitrate (0, 128, and 512 μmol/L) and phosphate (0, 8, and 32 μmol/L) concentrations. The BDE28, BDE47, and BDE99 content per cell under 0 μmol N/L were 3.77 × 10 6 , 3.95 × 10 6 , and 4.32 × 10 6 ng/cell, respectively, which were significantly higher than those under 128 and 512 μmol N/L. A nearly 5-fold increase in polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) content per algal cell was found between 0 and 8 μmol P/L and between 8 and 32 μmol P/L. With increasing N and P concentrations, the PBDE content per volume of algal culture and the accumulation percentage of available PBDEs declined slightly. The BAFs for the PBDEs based on lipids showed that the logBAF lip under 0 μmol N/L was higher than those under 128 and 512 μmol N/L. The logBAF lip under 0 μmol P/L was higher than that under 8 μmol P/L but lower than that under 32 μmol P/L. Correlation analysis indicated a significant negative correlation between nutrient concentration and cellular total lipids, as well as the PBDE content per cell. The results indicate that different N and P concentrations change the total lipids content of P. donghaiense, thereby resulting in varying PBDE accumulation.     

微囊藻毒素和温度对萼花臂尾轮虫热激蛋白Hsp70水平的影响

微囊藻毒素(MCs)是由有毒蓝藻(尤其是铜绿微囊藻)产生的一类藻毒素,可对水生生物和人类健康造成严重危害,然而目前有关浮游动物对MC-LR胁迫的应激响应研究较为少见.因此,本文探究了微囊藻毒素MC-LR和温度对采自青海西宁的萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)热激蛋白Hsp70水平的影响.结果表明,温度、MC-LR及其交互作用对萼花臂尾轮虫Hsp70含量具有显著影响.在各温度条件下,MC-LR均诱导了轮虫Hsp70水平的上调;虽然Hsp70的表达水平在低剂量MC-LR处理下上调不显著,但在高剂量MC-LR(6 mg·L-1)处理下上调却极为显著;另外,以24℃处理为对照组,在20和28℃温度胁迫下各MC-LR处理组轮虫的Hsp70含量均显著增加,但16℃实验组与24℃对照组间未见显著差异,这可能与诱导轮虫Hsp70表达的环境温度阈值或机体对低温环境的长期适应性进化和调节机制有关.     

重金属铅、铬胁迫对斜生栅藻的生长、光合性能及抗氧化系统的影响

以斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus JNU49)为研究对象,研究了重金属Pb2+、Cr3+、Cr6+对斜生栅藻生物量积累、光合性能及抗氧化系统的影响.结果表明,Pb2+、Cr3+、Cr6+对斜生栅藻的半数抑制浓度(IC50)分别为82.94、121.15、23.65μmol·L-1.半数抑制浓度胁迫下,斜生栅藻的放氧速率分别在第2~8 d(Pb2+胁迫)、1~3 d(Cr3+、Cr6+胁迫)受到明显抑制,而呼吸速率无明显变化;Pb2+胁迫下,斜生栅藻光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)的原初光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)、实际光能转化效率(Yield)、相对电子传递速率(rETR)均明显低于对照,光化学淬灭(qP)从第1~5 d高于对照,而第6~8 d则显著低于对照;Cr3+和Cr6+胁迫对斜生栅藻光合性能的影响不如Pb2+胁迫明显.斜生栅藻丙二醛(MDA)含量在重金属胁迫下变高,以第3、4 d尤为明显;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性升高,于第3、4 d较为明显;过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、总抗氧化活性(T-AOC)在重金属胁迫下均小幅度提升.通过本研究发现,斜生栅藻的生物量、光合速率、叶绿素荧光参数和SOD活性等指标对重金属胁迫的反应均较为灵敏,可作为评估重金属胁迫对微藻危害的指标.     

Toxic effects of perfluorononanoic acid on the development of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos

Perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) is a nine-carbon perfluoroalkyl acid widely used in industrial and domestic products. It is a persistent organic pollutant found in the environment as well as in the tissues of humans and wildlife. There is a concern that this chemical might be a developmental toxicant and teratogen in various ecosystems. In the present study, the toxic effects of PFNA were evaluated in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. One hour post-fertilization embryos were treated with 0, 25, 50, 100, 200, 300, 350, and 400 μmol/L PFNA for 96 hr in 6-well plates. Developmental phenotypes and hatching rates were observed and recorded. Nineteen genes related to oxidative stress and lipid metabolism were examined using Quantitative RT-PCR and confirmed by whole mount in situ hybridization (WISH). Results showed that PFNA delayed the development of zebrafish embryos, reduced the hatching rate, and caused ventricular edema and malformation of the spine. In addition, the amount of reactive oxygen species in the embryo bodies increased significantly after exposure to PFNA compared with that of the control group. The Quantitative RT-PCR and WISH experiments demonstrated that mRNA expression of the lfabp and ucp2 genes increased significantly while that of sod1 and mt-nd1 decreased significantly after PFNA exposure. The mRNA expression levels of gpx1 and mt-atp6 decreased significantly in the high concentration group. However, the mRNA expression levels of both ppara and pparg did not show any significant variation after exposure. These findings suggest that PFNA affected the development of zebrafish embryos at relatively low concentrations.     

全氟辛烷磺酸对赤子爱胜蚓的抗氧化酶、代谢酶和DNA损伤的影响

非致死浓度下全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)对土壤生物的毒性作用研究在国内外鲜见报道.因此,本文采用人工土壤培养法,通过亚急性试验,研究了PFOS对赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)生长抑制、谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)及DNA损伤的影响.结果表明,PFOS暴露急性期和亚急性期,非致死浓度PFOS显著抑制蚯蚓生长(p=0.000),生长抑制率随着暴露浓度、暴露时间的增大而逐渐增大,42 d时250 mg·kg^-1处理组的生长抑制率最大(55.86%).PFOS暴露急性期和亚急性期,非致死浓度PFOS对GST和CAT活性没有显著性影响(GST:p=0.067;CAT:p=0.123),采用GST和CAT酶活性评价非致死浓度PFOS对蚯蚓的生态毒性时,需要参考其他指标进行综合分析.PFOS暴露急性期,非致死浓度PFOS可致体腔细胞DNA损伤;PFOS暴露亚急性期,体腔细胞DNA损伤随着暴露时间的增加而逐渐得到恢复.     

低剂量长期铅暴露对雄性黑斑蛙精巢组织关键酶活性的影响

在实验条件下,将健康的性成熟雄性黑斑蛙暴露于0.1、0.2、0.4、0.8和1.6mg·L-1的Pb2+溶液中30d,以Ca2+-ATP酶、Na+-K+-ATP酶、Ca2+-Mg2+-ATP酶、β-葡萄糖醛酸苷酶(β-DG)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性为指标,进行了长期铅暴露对雄性黑斑蛙生殖毒性的研究.结果表明:随着铅染毒剂量的增加,Ca2+-ATP酶和Na+-K+-ATP酶活性被诱导,Ca2+-Mg2+-ATP酶活性被抑制,当Ca2+-Mg2+-ATP酶的抑制程度超过Ca2+-ATP酶和Na+-K+-ATP酶的代偿机制时,会抑制精子的发生,进而导致雄性生殖毒性;在1.6mg·L-1Pb2+处理下,ACP酶被显著抑制,提示支持细胞受损,精子总数受到影响;在0.4mg·L-1Pb2+处理下,LDH酶被显著抑制,提示生精细胞受损,精子质量受到影响.     

氮磷比对蛋白核小球藻和塔玛亚历山大藻种间竞争的影响

通过单独培养和共同培养的方法,以Na NO3和KH2PO3为氮源和磷源,研究了氮磷比(4、6、9、10、13、16、22、36和91)对蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)和塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense)生长和种间竞争的影响,并对其作用机制进行了探讨.结果表明:在单独培养模式下,蛋白核小球藻在N/P为4~22时生长适宜,N/P22时生长受抑制,而塔玛亚历山大藻在N/P为4和6时生长适宜,N/P6时生长受抑制;在共同培养模式下,蛋白核小球藻具有竞争优势,而塔玛亚历山大藻的生长受抑制,且N/P为13和16时蛋白核小球藻种群竞争优势最明显;蛋白核小球藻和塔玛亚历山大藻的培养滤液对彼此生长均未产生抑制作用,由此推测,两种微藻的种间竞争主要以资源利用性竞争为主.结果可为开发利用饵料藻进行赤潮生物防控提供一些理论依据.     

凤眼莲对铜绿微囊藻生长及藻毒素与营养盐释放的影响

针对目前我国凤眼莲治理富营养化水体技术的规模化应用现状,考虑到大面积控养的凤眼莲与暴发的水华蓝藻(尤其是产毒铜绿微囊藻)会在湖湾区短期内密集共存的情况,开展了凤眼莲对产毒铜绿微囊藻生长、生理特性、藻毒素生产与释放影响的研究,另外,也考察了短期共存下藻类营养盐释放与凤眼莲对藻毒素积累的情况.半连续共培养实验结果表明,凤眼莲能够有效抑制铜绿微囊藻的生长,促进藻细胞的衰亡.虽然凤眼莲未对铜绿微囊藻光合系统Ⅱ的电子传递产生影响,但减少了其光合系统中的藻蓝蛋白(PC)含量和藻蓝蛋白/别藻蓝蛋白(PC/APC)水平,10%和20%水体交换率处理的PC/APC水平第8 d时分别降至相应空白对照的54.93%±7.07%和55.81%±1.97%.凤眼莲对铜绿微囊藻形成了一定的氧化伤害,最终促进其抗氧化系统中超氧化物歧化酶比活显著下降,丙二醛含量显著提高,10%和20%水体交换率处理的丙二醛含量第8d时分别升至相应空白对照的2.95倍±0.074倍和2.22倍±0.086倍.凤眼莲通过促进蓝藻的衰亡和分解,加速了营养盐的释放.12 d内,可溶性总氮浓度回升到初始水平,而水体可溶性总磷的释放速度比氮营养盐更快.另一方面,凤眼莲并没有促进铜绿微囊藻毒素的生产,也没有使水体藻毒素含量显著提高.相反,和自然衰减不同,短期内显著促进了水体藻毒素的降解,第12 d时10%和20%水体交换率处理的水体藻毒素分别下降至12.07μg·L-1±0.63μg·L-1和11.36μg·L-1±0.04μg·L-1.而凤眼莲整株的藻毒素短期积累量(FW)仅为5.95 ng·g-1±0.76 ng·g-1.增加水体交换率能够在一定程度上减缓凤眼莲对铜绿微囊藻的伤害,减缓营养盐的释放速度,但对水体藻毒素消减的影响不显著.     

老化土壤中铅对赤子爱胜蚓生长及繁殖的影响

采用赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)为测试生物,人工土壤为测试介质,Pb(NO3)2为土壤污染物,研究土壤老化对赤子爱胜蚓生长及繁殖的影响.结果表明,与对照组相比,污染土壤中赤子爱胜蚓体重随土壤中Pb(NO3)2浓度的升高呈现降低的趋势.Pb(NO3)2在人工土壤中老化0、7、28和84 d后,不同老化时间,Pb(NO3)2抑制赤子爱胜蚓的生长也不相同,影响最明显的是1 000 mg·kg-1和1 500 mg·kg-1试验组.不同老化时间的Pb(NO3)2对赤子爱胜蚓繁殖的影响有很大差异,其产茧量的半数有效浓度(EC50)分别为1 085.10、1 163.32、1 666.86和1 606.94 mg·kg-1;幼蚓孵化量的EC50分别为700.01、703.88、1 031.34和1 017.89 mg·kg-1.Pb(NO3)2在人工土壤中经过不同老化时间后,其对赤子爱胜蚓生长及繁殖的影响有很大的差异,这种差异影响到对土壤Pb(NO3)2污染的毒性评估,因此,进行Pb(NO3)2毒性试验时应考虑其在土壤中的老化作用.此研究结果可为老化土壤中污染物的生态风险评估以及土壤环境质量标准的制定提供科学依据.