剩余污泥中活性成分提取及其酸洗缓蚀行为研究

文章采用失重法,考察了从剩余污泥中提取的活性成分对A3碳钢在10%盐酸中的缓蚀作用,然后通过热力学研究了缓蚀剂的吸附行为,研究结果表明,污泥水解时37%盐酸加入量8 mL、水解时间18 h、水解温度(99±0.5)℃可有效地提取污泥中的活性成分,失重法结果表明缓蚀剂的加入可有效抑制钢铁在HCl中的腐蚀,在(30±0.5)℃下缓蚀率可达到88%以上,随着温度升高,缓蚀性能下降。该缓蚀剂在A3碳钢表面的吸附符合校正的Langmuir吸附模型,吸附过程为放热、熵增的自发过程。     

天然高分子改性多功能水处理剂FIQ-C缓蚀性能及缓蚀机理的研究

研究了多功能水处理剂FIQ－C在循环冷却水中对A3钢的缓蚀性能，考察了各种因素对缓蚀性能的影响，探讨了FIQ－C的缓蚀机理。研究结果表明，当FIQ－C的投加量为5mg/L时，在循环冷却水中的缓蚀率可达60％以上，且在中、低温条件下对A3钢均具有良好的缓蚀作用，是一种混全型缓蚀剂。     

缓蚀剂在流动条件下的缓蚀性能研究进展

为了延长管道寿命、降低生产成本,在油气集输过程中往往会添加缓蚀剂抑制管道的内腐蚀,但流动条件下的缓蚀剂性能并不理想。简要介绍了有机缓蚀剂的作用机理以及研究缓蚀性能的常用方法,对砂、流速、流型、油相等因素对缓蚀性能的影响和作用机理进行了综述和讨论,并对以后的研究方向做了展望。     

碳钢在高温高盐矿井水中腐蚀与缓蚀性能的试验研究

为了解决高温高盐矿井水对碳钢管道和设备腐蚀问题,进行了缓蚀挂片试验,研究适应该类水质的缓蚀剂种类和最佳投加量。试验结果表明：软化剂氢氧化钙和碳酸钠对碳钢均有一定缓蚀效果．其平均缓蚀率分别为17．33％、57．46％。因此药剂软化过程同时达到防腐效果有限：单独投加缓蚀剂HEDP的缓蚀效果明显,其静态缓蚀率82．46％以上,动态缓蚀率76．45％：复合配方缓蚀剂的缓蚀效果最好,最佳配方为“有机膦酸一聚环氧琥珀酸一锌盐”或“有机膦酸一磺酸基团多元共聚物一锌盐”,在投加量80mg／L时动态缓蚀率接近90％。     

生物法改性纤维素纳米纤维制备高效CO2缓蚀剂

目的 以绿色天然材料为原料,制备高效CO2缓蚀剂.方法 以植物乳杆菌为改性工具,采用生物法对纤维素纳米纤维进行改性,制备功能化的纳米材料.采用红外光谱对产物结构进行表征,使用失重测试和电化学测试相结合对碳钢在饱和CO2盐溶液中的缓蚀性能进行评价.结果 功能化的纤维素纳米纤维对碳钢的腐蚀具有明显的抑制作用.失重测试证实,当添加浓度达到10?4时,缓蚀效率可达到88.6％.极化曲线测试表明,改性后纳米缓蚀剂的作用机制属于混合抑制型,对阴极电荷的传递过程和阳极溶解过程均产生抑制作用,且纳米粒子在高过电位下会发生脱附.不同时间的电化学阻抗谱测试表明,纳米缓蚀剂的缓蚀作用在溶液中达到稳定的时间约8 h,明显长于传统的缓蚀剂.结论 功能化的纤维素纳米纤维是一种缓蚀性能优异的新型纳米缓蚀剂,它独特的组成结构使其能在金属表面吸附成膜.这种特殊的改性方法为缓蚀剂的绿色安全生产提供了新的思路.     

三种铜缓蚀剂抗H2S腐蚀性能研究

研究了BTA,MBI,MBT等3种铜缓蚀剂在H2S环境中的缓蚀性能,采用量子化学研究方法对实验结果进行了分析,研究了苯三唑在铜表面所形成的配合物保护膜的稳定性。结果表明,MBT抗H2S腐蚀性能较差,BTA是铜及其合金在H2S环境中理想的接触缓蚀剂和气相缓蚀剂。     

一种船舶用钢预膜缓蚀剂的研究

目的研究CP-CI021海水介质预膜缓蚀剂的缓蚀行为及复配工艺。方法主要采用失重法和电化学阻抗谱(EIS)研究CP-CI021对Q235碳钢在海水介质中的缓蚀行为,并优化出预膜缓蚀剂最佳复配工艺。结果 CP-CI021预膜缓蚀剂具有优异的缓蚀性能,经预膜处理的Q235碳钢测试的EIS阻抗模值增大了2个数量级。结论得到了预膜缓蚀剂的最佳复配工艺,有机膦PHA质量浓度为7.3 g/L,助剂A质量浓度为3 g/L,助剂B质量浓度为5 g/L,缓蚀效率高达98.4%。     

桐油水解制备咪唑啉缓蚀剂及其量子化学研究

目的 开发原料价廉易得、能实际应用的缓蚀剂。方法 以桐油为原料,水解后得到桐油酸,然后与二乙烯三胺经过酰胺化和环化反应,生成桐油咪唑啉缓蚀剂。在模拟现场环境的条件下对所合成的桐油咪唑啉缓蚀剂进行电化学测试和高温高压性能评价。利用量子化学计算对桐油咪唑啉缓蚀剂的分子动力学进行模拟,探讨其在Fe表面的吸附作用。结果 红外光谱显示,桐油水解后可生成桐油酸,最终合成物为桐油咪唑啉。电化学测试表明,随着桐油咪唑啉缓蚀剂添加量的增大,20#测试钢片的自腐蚀电位逐渐提高,腐蚀电流降低。高温高压模拟实验显示,加入油酸咪唑啉后,腐蚀速率明显降低,由0.3181 mm/a降到了0.0392 mm/a。量子化学计算表明,桐油咪唑啉分子中的咪唑啉环会平行吸附于铁表面,形成一层缓蚀剂膜。结论 价廉易得的桐油经水解后可得桐油酸,再与二乙烯三胺经过酰胺化和环化反应最终合成了桐油咪唑啉缓蚀剂。该缓蚀剂添加量越大,对20#钢片的缓蚀效果越好,呈现出了较好的缓蚀效果,其分子结构中的咪唑环能平行吸附于铁表面,属于抑制阳极型缓蚀剂。     

3-(吗啉基甲基)-苯并噻唑-2-硫酮的合成与缓蚀性能

目的研究3-(吗啉基甲基)-苯并噻唑-2-硫酮(MLMBT)的缓蚀性能。方法在微波辐照下用2-巯基苯并噻唑、甲醛和吗啡啉合成了MLMBT,采用失重法和动电位极化曲线测试了其缓蚀性能,利用分子动力学模拟方法探讨了其在Fe表面的吸附作用。结果该缓蚀剂能有效抑制N80钢CO2腐蚀,属于混合型缓蚀剂。在90℃和其加量为0.5 g/L时,能使腐蚀速率从0.3691 g/(m2·h)降低到0.1048 g/(m2·h)。其分子中最高占据轨道(HOMO)的电荷主要分布在分子中的N,S原子上,而其最低空轨道(LUMO)的电荷则主要分布在巯基苯并噻唑环上,当其在N80钢表面发生吸附时,分子中的巯基苯并噻唑环和吗啉基处于同一平面而同时平行吸附。结论分子动力学模拟结果从微观角度验证了MLMBT具有良好缓蚀性能,与失重法和电化学测试结果一致。     

钼酸盐复合缓蚀剂对海水中碳钢缓蚀性及机理研究

采用失重法、电极化法和X-射线光电子能谱XPS技术对钼酸盐复合缓蚀剂的缓蚀性及缓蚀机理进行了研究。实验结果表明:单一钼酸盐对海水中碳钢的缓蚀率随着钼酸盐使用浓度的增加而增加,但低浓度使用缓蚀率较低。通过失重法确定了与钼酸盐有较好协同效应的缓蚀剂配方-钼酸盐、柠檬酸钠、有机膦酸盐(HEDP)和锌盐,当缓蚀剂各组分浓度分别为10mg/L、40mg/L、10mg/L和4mg/L时,该缓蚀剂对海水中碳钢的缓蚀率超过93%。动电位极化曲线测试结果表明:单一钼酸盐缓蚀剂和钼酸盐复合缓蚀剂均为抑制阳极反应为主的阳极型缓蚀剂;X-射线光电子能谱XPS实验结果表明:添加了缓蚀剂的碳钢表面形成了以氧化铁和有机铁络合物为主要成分,钼与磷也参与成膜的不溶性沉淀膜,有效的抑制了海水对碳钢表面的腐蚀。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.