轧钢酸洗废液制备聚合氯化铁的工艺条件研究

利用轧钢酸洗废液制备出一种新型高效的无机高分子絮凝剂-聚合氯化铁,进行了合成条件研究。研究结果表明利用酸洗废液制备聚合氯化铁的反应条件:反应温度控制在常温,废液中二价铁与氧化剂氯酸钠的物质的量的比为1∶0.08,每100mL酸洗废液加入17 mL浓盐酸,反应时间在5 min。所制得的聚合氯化铁产品,总铁含量大于40%,盐基度为58.7%,密度为1.3g/mL。     

高效电镀废水净化剂净化效果的试验

本文报道了利用酸洗废液，废铁屑及聚合剂制作高效电镀废水净化剂的方法及净化电镀废水的小试，中试效果。     

废氯气吸收回用的新方法

本文比较了废氯气吸收回用各种方法的优缺点,说明了广泛应用的碱液吸收法存在运行费用高及二次污染等问题。而废铁屑吸收废氯气且生成副产品聚合氯化铁的新方法具有广阔的应用前景。     

钢铁加工酸洗废液再生利用实验研究

利用高温喷射分离技术对钢铁酸洗废液进行铁盐分离和HCl的回收实验研究。在不同温度、热气液比和Fe2+/Fe3+含量的因素下,寻找酸洗废液中铁盐的最佳分离效率发生条件,并在该条件下对来自沈阳某精密钢制品有限公司酸洗废液进行实际分离处理,处理后Cl-(铁盐的形式)回收率可达86.81%,其余Cl-则以HCl形式收集并可回用于酸洗工艺,实现真正的零排放。     

用酸洗废液回收硫酸亚铁

冷轧带钢加工过程中所产生的酸洗废液,含有大量的硫酸亚铁和相当一部分硫酸,如不回收,不但是废水污染源之一,且是资源的极大浪费.采用简易自然冷却结晶法回收硫酸亚铁,是将酸洗废液放入反应楷中,并渗入一定比例的废铁屑,使其与废液中的硫酸进行化学反应,随着废酸溶液浓度和温度的变化,将反应后的溶液放入结晶槽中,使硫酸亚铁达到超饱和状态,硫酸亚铁便逐渐结晶出来,多余的结晶水放入沉淀池中,经泵排至反应槽中进行循环反应,废酸液的含量降至5%以下,经过中和处理后,排至下水中.利用该法回收硫酸亚铁的特点是:方法简便,设备简单,占地少,投资省,效益高.因此,既有环境效益,也可获得社会效益和经济效益.     

应尽快建立含铁废水排放标准

为了除去金属表面氧化物,使之便于进一步加工处理,通常用强酸(盐酸、硫酸、硝酸、氢氟酸等)对钢铁进行酸洗。排出的酸性废水有二部分:一部分是酸洗废液,每酸洗1吨钢材,约产生55～72kg废液,内含3～4kg铁及部分酸;另一部分是酸洗冲洗水,水量大约     

冷轧钢铁加工行业危险废物产污特征研究

采用资料调查、问卷调查及现场调查相结合的方法,研究了冷轧钢铁加工行业危险废物产污特征.研究表明冷轧钢铁加工行业危险废物的产生主要来源于酸洗、轧制、污水处理等环节,危险废物种类主要是废酸(HW34)、乳化液(HW09)、废矿物油(HW08)、表面处理废物(HW17)等.废酸、表面处理废物是控制企业危废产生量的关键因素,提高酸洗工艺效率、废酸循环利用能从源头上减少危险废物的产生和排放,有效降低危险废物的产生量.     

Fe—C微电解法＋H2O2组合工艺处理硝基苯废水的实验研究

利用废铁屑对硝基苯废水进行预处理,可以使废水中的硝基苯转化为苯胺,然后在废水中加入H2O2,使H2O2与废水中的Fe^2＋构成Fenton试剂,反应生产OH·自由基,OH·自由基具有强烈的氧化性,将苯胺和硝基苯中的苯环打开,形成断链,再进一步将其矿化分解。     

酸洗对铁屑处理地下水中硝酸盐的影响

以人工配置含硝酸钠地下水为研究对象,采用静态烧杯试验研究了铁粉表面酸洗对靖酸盐氮的去除的影响。研究表明在试验条件下铁屑表面经过酸洗后,硝酸盐去除率可提高10％左右。采用扫描电镜（SEM）对酸洗前后的铁粉进行表面特征扫描分析表明酸洗前后表面存在很大差异,酸洗可去除铁屑表面的氧化层,从而增加铁屑与硝酸盐反应的比表面积,提高其反应效率。研究表明在应用工业铁屑现场修复地下水硝酸盐污染时,应考虑铁屑表面的酸洗处理。     

利用盐酸酸洗废液生产FeCl3

冶金行业金属制品生产过程中,钢材表面采用盐酸进行连续酸洗除锈处理,产生大量含FeCl_3和盐酸的酸洗废液.目前对这种废液的处理方法主要有三种,即;焙烧-吸收法、溶剂萃取法和氯气氧化法.本法采用非氯氧化法制取FeCl_3·6H_2O.试验结果表明:该工艺具有生产过程简单,无毒害和污染,投资少效益好,生产安全等优点.一、FeCl_3的制备(一)制备的基本原理及方法氯化亚铁(FeCl_2,盐酸酸洗废液)在酸性介质中,经催化剂的作用,直接与氧气反应生成FeCl_3.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.