Association of Coloration Mode with Population Declines and Endangerment in Australian Frogs

Abstract: Successful protection of biodiversity requires increased understanding of the ecological characteristics that predispose some species to endangerment. Theory posits that species with polymorphic or variable coloration should have larger distributions, use more diverse resources, and be less vulnerable to population declines and extinctions, compared with taxa that do not vary in color. We used information from literature on 194 species of Australian frogs to search for associations of coloration mode with ecological variables. In general, species with variable or polymorphic color patterns had larger ranges, used more habitats, were less prone to have a negative population trend, and were estimated as less vulnerable to extinction compared with nonvariable species. An association of variable coloration with lower endangerment was also evident when we controlled statistically for the effects of range size. Nonvariable coloration was not a strong predictor of endangerment, and information on several characteristics is needed to reliably identify and protect species that are prone to decline and may become threatened by extinction in the near future. Analyses based on phylogenetic‐independent contrasts did not support the hypothesis that evolutionary transitions between nonvariable and variable or polymorphic coloration have been accompanied by changes in the ecological variables we examined. Irrefutable demonstration of a role of color pattern variation in amphibian decline and in the dynamics and persistence of populations in general will require a manipulative experimental approach.     

Likelihood Ratio Analysis of Skin Cancer Prevalence Associated with Arsenic in Drinking Water in the USA

Several published studies have examined skin-cancer prevalence in regions of the USA that have concentrations of arsenic above the USA drinking-water standard. Those studies with adequate exposure and health outcome data did not report any skin cancer cases. Because the USA's arsenic concentrations are relatively low compared to some other countries and the study populations are small, the absence of reported skin-cancer cases could be due to an absence of risk in USA populations or random variability from a predicted risk. We used the current EPA arsenic cancer slope factor (CSF) model, which is derived from Taiwanese populations exposed to high levels of arsenic, to predict the expected number of skin cancers. We then conducted a likelihood ratio analysis, which showed that a null hypothesis (no additional skin cancer risk from arsenic) was approximately 2.2 times more likely than the hypothesis that ingested arsenic causes the predicted rate of skin cancers. Although based on small numbers, our analysis of USA populations indicates that the CSF derived from arsenic exposure in Taiwanese populations may be an overestimate when applied to USA populations.     

三峡库区高阳平湖水体富营养化主要驱动因子研究 ——基于主成分分析法

研究各种水质因子(水温、溶解氧、电导率、pH、营养盐等)对三峡库区支流水体富营养化的驱动效果,为库区支流水体富营养化的防控与治理提供科学依据.于2018年11月至2019年10月在三峡库区高阳平湖进行了12次样品采集,获取了水温、水体pH、营养盐、水体溶解氧等指标数据,利用主成分分析法研究三峡库区支流水体富营养化状况,...     

天津滨海新区城市化进程中的环境风险分析

从天津滨海新区城市化趋势入手,系统分析了滨海新区城市化进程中产生的非突发性环境风险、突发性环境风险,并在此基础上进行了滨海新区区域生态环境安全和突发性环境污染事故的环境风险评估,结果表明:水环境安全系统是影响滨海新区区域生态环境安全的关键因素,滨海化工区是环境风险事故重点控制区、滨海新区中心商务区是环境风险影响重点防范区。结合滨海新区区域发展战略,提出了天津滨海新区环境风险防范管理对策与建议。     

Health Risks Associated with Contamination of Groundwater by Abandoned Mines Near Twisp in Okanogan County, Washington, USA

Abandoned mines are known to contaminate private drinking water wells with toxic metals and arsenic (As). Little attention is given, however, to sites in rural areas with low population densities where natural, geogenic sources of contaminants might also occur. This study measured arsenic and trace element exposure among residents consuming water from wells adjacent to abandoned mines near Twisp, in Okanogan County, Washington, USA, estimated the risk of adverse health effects, and considered the degree of uncertainty associated with the assessed risk. Water samples were collected between October 1999 and June 2001. Average As concentrations ranged from <1 to 298 microg L(-1), lead (Pb) ranged from 0 to 94 microg L(-1), cadmium (Cd) 0-5 microg L(-1), and selenium (Se) 0-390 microg L(-1). Concentrations varied seasonally with maximum concentrations occurring in conjunction with snow-melt. The calculated risk of mortality from cancer following exposure to As at average concentrations as low as 8 microg L(-1) was greater than one in 10,000. Additional noncarcinogenic risks are associated with exposure to As, Cd, Pb and Se. A potentially affected population, estimated to be between 1000 and 1287 residents, live within a 6.5-km (4-mile) radius of the study site. This study emphasises the need to test drinking water wells in the vicinity of abandoned mines during times of maximum snow-melt to determine the extent of risk to human health. Residents drinking water from wells tested in this study who want to reduce the estimated carcinogenic risk and the noncarcinogenic hazard quotient should consider treating their water or find alternative sources.     

用排放情景分析系统研究北京市机动车污染问题

针对北京市动车污染非常严重,机动车排放控制涉及的方面较多,解决起来比较复杂的特点,开发了城市机动车排放情况分析系统,以国内外的先进理论和技术为基础,采用系统化的方法研究这个问题,对北京市未来车污染控制的几种情况进行了分析和比较,证明了北京市目前实施新排放标准,采用车辆定期报废制度对控制污染的巨大作用,提出进一步强化I／M制度,完善在用车监测维修体系等控制机动车污染的具体方法。     

湖南省高职院校学生体质健康影响因素分析

该文主要采用文献资料法、测试比较法、数理统计法等方法对湖南省4所高职院校学生体质健康状况进行实地测试并且进行分析与研究.从湖南省4所高职院校学生体质健康状况中对影响学生体质健康的因素进行研究论证,并进行策略分析,其目的是为了提高高职院校学生体质健康服务.表3,参2.     

玉米/花生间作条件下土壤环境因子的相关性和主成分分析

玉米/花生间作具有明显的间作优势,对作物生长和产量均有促进作用。为了阐明玉米/花生间作效应机制,测定了玉米/花生间作根际土壤养分含量、酶活性和微生物数量的变化规律,并对这些环境因子进行相关性和主成分分析。结果表明,与单作玉米和单作花生相比,玉米/花生间作显著提高了根际土壤的全氮、有效氮、有效磷含量以及脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性,促进了间作玉米根际土壤细菌和微生物总数量显著增加。相关分析表明,有效磷含量与脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),脲酶活性和酸性磷酸酶活性显著正相关(P<0.05),真菌和放线菌数量显著正相关(P<0.05)。总钾含量和p H值、蔗糖酶活性呈显著负相关(P<0.05),蛋白酶和过氧化氢酶呈极显著负相关(P<0.01)。主成分分析获得3个主成分,解析贡献率分别为48.981%,43.617%和7.402%。第一主成分主要是放线菌、真菌、有效磷等组成,第二主成分主要为有机质和p H,第三主成分主要是总氮和细菌。经标准化后计算栽培措施得分显示:间作花生得分最高1.937,其次是间作玉米1.008,两者均显著高于单作玉米和单作花生。该研究表明玉米/花生间作系统的生态环境优于单作系统,机制解析为玉米/花生间作可明显促进土壤有效氮磷含量、脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性及微生物数量的增加,进而改善土壤微生态环境。     

Disturbance-Response Analysis: a Method for Rapid Assessment of the Threat to Species in Disturbed Areas

Abstract:  We developed a method with which to analyze a specie's response to chronic anthropogenic disturbance (CAD). We regressed density of individuals on the intensity of 3 disturbance agents (human activities, raising livestock, and land degradation) along CAD gradients to determine how much CAD is experienced by a species; whether species are ruderal (achieving maximum densities in disturbed sites); whether density declines as a result of CAD; which disturbance agents are responsible for this reduction; and the number of populations that decline as a result of CAD. We tested the method on 9 threatened Mammillaria species (Cactaceae). Seven species were ruderal. In 4 species, actual disturbance surpassed the CAD intensity in which plants achieved their maximum densities; thus, the density of those 4 species appeared to be declining. For 7 species, some populations were threatened by human activities or livestock, whereas others were favored by them. Land degradation negatively affected all species. Our results allowed us to distinguish 4 groups of species that had similar responses and thus may require different forms of management. Our method provided an estimation of the growth rate (λ) of the studied populations that was significantly correlated with λs obtained from demographic studies. The size structures of populations were consistent with the predictions of the analysis, which suggests our results are consistent and reliable. Disturbance–response analysis provides a basis for management in heavily populated areas, where conservation must be achieved along with development activities that cause CAD. The method provides readily interpretable information, which facilitates participative decision making; the data are rapidly generated, which makes it appropriate when results are required promptly or for assessment of large numbers of species; and it provides a comprehensive perception of how threatened species behave in the real world.     

宁波城市热岛随城市化演变的多指标综合分析

以宁波市为研究对象,利用1984─2010年间冬、夏各5景Landsat TM/ETM+遥感影像数据进行地表温度反演,在此基础上使用热岛强度、热岛面积、景观格局指数综合分析了宁波城市化进程中城市热岛在冬、夏两季的演变趋势,得出如下结果,（1）强度方面,冬季平均热岛强度为1.57℃,夏季为8.67℃,夏季明显强于冬季;热岛强度在夏季呈增强趋势,在冬季呈变弱趋势。（2）热岛面积方面,在冬季,平均89%的建成区受热岛效应的影响,而在夏季,该比例为98%。无论冬夏,热岛面积均随城市化的发展持续增加。（3）数量方面,热岛景观在冬季以低等级热岛斑块为主,占热岛面积的96%左右,夏季以中、高等级热岛斑块为主,比例约为热岛面积的92%。无论冬夏高等级热岛斑块个数均随着城市化进程显著增加。（4）形态方面,无论冬夏主要热岛景观类型乃至整个热岛的斑块形状均变得更加复杂。（5）结构方面,热岛景观在冬季总体上逐渐破碎化,各类景观趋向均匀,多样性增加。在夏季则逐渐聚集,逐步向以高等级斑块为主导的格局方向发展,多样性降低。（6）空间分布方面,随着城市化进展,冬夏两季热岛景观斑块都经历了数量增加、等级升高的变化。冬季在北仑的宁波经济技术开发区形成了两个热点区,夏季在三江口周边、甬江口两岸以及经济技术开发区形成了三大高温片区。利用多指标综合分析可以更加全面的反映城市热岛的演变规律,为减缓城市热岛效应提供理论依据。