我国城市汽车行驶工况调查研究

在５ 个典型城市进行汽车行驶工况试验的基础上，对建立城市汽车行驶工况模式的方法和必要性作了详细的描述。该行驶工况对有效地控制我国城市汽车排放污染提供重要依据     

我国城市汽车行驶工况调查研究

在５个典型城市进行汽车行驶工况试验的基础上，对建立城市汽车行驶工式的方法和必要性作了详细的描述，该行驶工况对有效地控制我国城市汽车排放污染提供重要依据。     

北京市汽车行驶工况和污染物排放系数调查研究

利用先进的技术和设备调查了北京市不同道路上的汽车行驶状况,基于这些调查数据进行了不同道路的汽车行驶工况解析,分别确定了用于北京市汽车排放污染物测定的一般道路行驶工况,快速路行驶工况,高速路行驶工况,城区综合道路行驶工况和综合道路行驶速度特征工况。     

宁波市实际道路下汽车排放特征的研究

采用一套车载尾气测试系统,对选取的6辆代表性车辆在宁波市实际道路行驶中的瞬时排放进行测试.该车载尾气测试系统可逐秒获取测试车辆在行驶过程中的排放、油耗、速度和位置等参数.根据测试结果,研究计算了6辆测试车辆的排放因子(g·km-1)和油耗(L·100km-1),并分析了汽车行驶特征对排放和油耗的影响.研究结果表明,落后技术(化油器)车辆的CO、HC和NOx分别是新技术(欧Ⅱ)车的7.9、15 5和2.4倍;汽车的CO和HC排放因子和百公里油耗随速度的增加而降低;怠速和变速对汽车排放和油耗有显著影响,变速行驶状态下,汽车CO、HC和NOx排放因子,以及百公里油耗,分别是匀速行驶状态下的1.18～1.61、1.17～1.42、1.08～1.42和1.08～1.24倍.     

机动车行驶速度对排放污染物的影响

对机动车不同行驶速度尾气排放监测,来研究其对排放污染的影响.调查了天津市机动车保有量及主要干线行驶速度,针对机动车稳态行驶工况分析排放污染物影响程度.     

典型城市轻型汽油车尾气排放模式分析

为建立典型城市机动车驾驶模式并量化其尾气排放,研究选取成都市内26辆满足国V排放标准(GB 18352.5-2013《轻型汽车污染物排放限值及测量方法(中国第五阶段)》)的轻型汽油车,利用便携式尾气测量系统测量其现实条件下的行驶工况及尾气排放,并根据实际情况结合分类回归树方法构建本地化的驾驶模式并分析各模式的尾气排放....     

广州市轻型车车载排放测试研究

研究广州市轻型车的三种常规污染物的排放因子,将分别采用实验室工况测试法和实际道路车载排放测试法,对选定的十余辆轻型车进行实际道路车载排放测试,得到符合实际道路行驶特征的排放因子,本文的研究结论对交通环境测评有一定能够的意义.     

机动车排放污染与城市交通环境

分析了城市机动车排放污染的状况及影响因素，特别重点讨论了机动车车型和汽车城市道路运行工况对机动车排放污染物的影响，提出了改善城市交通环境的若干措施。     

重型柴油车实际道路排放与行驶工况的相关性研究

采用SEMTECH-D车载排放测试仪测量了东风柴油卡车在城市实际道路工况以及等速和加速工况下的油耗及污染物排放状况.测试结果显示,测试卡车实际道路综合百公里油耗为17.8 L,NOx、CO和HC排放因子分别为3.96、8.86和2.15g·km-1.其中主干道路况相对较差,油耗与排放因子较高,是所有测试道路平均水平的1.3～1.8倍左右.研究结果表明,重型车油耗及污染物排放与各行驶工况下的速度、加速度均密切相关,车辆在高速加速行驶状态下易产生高排放.车辆在30～50 km·h-1速度区间内等速行驶时,油耗与排放因子最为经济且环境友好.车辆在加速行驶时,油耗与NOx、CO排放因子可达到城市实际道路平均水平的2.0、2.2、1.4倍,急加速时达到2.8、2.1、14倍.应用比功率概念可准确描述车辆在各运行工况下的排放水平,但在重型车上缺乏实验依据,有待进一步研究.     

高等级公路机动车污染物排放因子的实验研究

运用美国环保局“ＭＯＢＩＬＥ汽车源排放因子计算模式”，同时全面考虑各种因素对机动车污染物排放所产生的影响，确定了反映我国目前高等级公路汽车行驶状况下各类型车辆污染物的排放因子，给出了公路车辆污染物排放源强的计算公式及各参数的取值。     

Influence of driving cycles on exhaust emissions and fuel consumption of gasoline passenger car in Bangkok

The influence of different driving cycles on their exhaust emissions and fuel consumption rate of gasoline passenger car was investigated in Bangkok based on the actual measurements obtained from a test vehicle driving on a standard chassis dynamometer. A newly established Bangkok driving cycle (BDC) and the European driving cycle (EDC) which is presently adopted as the legislative cycle for testing automobiles registered in Thailand were used. The newly developed BDC is constructed using the driving characteristic data obtained from the real on-road driving tests along selected traffic routes. A method for selecting appropriate road routes for real driving tests is also introduced. Variations of keyed driving parameters of BDC with different driving cycles were discussed. The results showed that the HC and CO emission factors of BDC are almost two and four times greater than those of EDC, respectively. Although the difference in the NOx emission factor is small, the value from BDC is still greater than that of EDC by 10%. Under BDC, the test vehicle consumes fuel about 25% more than it does under EDC. All these differences are mainly attributed to the greater proportion of idle periods and higher fluctuations of vehicle speed in the BDC cycle. This result indicated that the exhausted emissions and fuel consumption of vehicles obtained from tests under the legislative modal-type driving cycle (EDC) are significantly different from those actually produced under real traffic conditions especially during peak periods.     

重型柴油车道路循环工况下排放特性的仿真分析

柴油车道路工况下NO_x排放和排温的动态特性对柴油机排气后处理系统的工作以及后处理系统控制策略的确定具有重要的影响.根据6114涡轮增压柴油机的万有特性及NO_x和排温的MAP图,仿真分析了道路循环工况下配有6114柴油机的重型柴油车的NO_x排放和排温的动态变化;研究了道路工况、行驶特征、驾驶行为以及柴油车载荷等对柴油车排放的影响规律.研究结果表明,城市道路循环工况下,柴油车NO_x排放的整体水平不高,但变化频繁、剧烈;高速公路道路循环工况下,柴油车NO_x排放整体水平较高,但变化平缓;加速过程,尤其是在高速区对柴油车排放的影响显著;冲动的驾驶方式会显著提高柴油车的排放水平;满载时,柴油车的高排放区将由半载时的高速高加速区向外扩展至其他工况点,高排放区显著增大.     

纯电动与柴油货车全生命周期能耗及排放分析

选择传统柴油厢式货车和纯电动厢式货车为研究对象.基于GREET软件,建立适宜于我国国情的车辆全生命周期计算模型,对比分析两款车型全生命周期的能耗、温室气体排放以及标准污染物排放情况;结果表明:纯电动货车全生命周期内的百公里能耗比柴油货车降低了6.57%,化石燃料、天然气、石油的百公里消耗量分别降低14.4%、58.8%、96.8%;纯电动货车CH_4、VOC、CO、NO_x的排放分别比柴油货车低16.7%、14.8%、63.0%和63.4%,而柴油货车的CO_2和SO_x的排放量比纯电动货车低7.2%和96.8%.同时对车辆进行不确定性分析和单因素的敏感性分析发现,纯电动货车全生命周期内CO_2排放量对电能生产阶段的敏感度高达66.9%,而且相较于柴油货车,纯电动货车在全生命周期能耗、一次能源消耗以及主要污染物的排放等方面受车辆寿命的影响较小,在长期运行过程中更能发挥其在节能减排方面的优势.     

Carbonyl emissions from heavy-duty diesel vehicle exhaust in China and the contribution to ozone formation potential

Fifteen heavy-duty diesel vehicles were tested on chassis dynamometer by using typical heavy duty driving cycle and fuel economy cycle. The air from the exhaust was sampled by 2,4- dinitrophenyhydrazine cartridge and 23 carbonyl compounds were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. The average emission factor of carbonyls was 97.2 mg/km, higher than that of light-duty diesel vehicles and gasoline-powered vehicles. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone and propionaidehyde were the species with the highest emission factors. Main influencing factors for carbonyl emissions were vehicle type, average speed and regulated emission standard, and the impact of vehicle loading was not evident in this study. National emission of carbonyls from diesel vehicles exhaust was calculated for China, 2011, based on both vehicle miles traveled and fuel consumption. Carbonyl emission of diesel vehicle was estimated to be 45.8 Gg, and was comparable to gasolinepowered vehicles （58.4 Gg）. The emissions of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone were 12.6, 6.9, 3.8 Gg, respectively. The ozone formation potential of carbonyls from diesel vehicles exhaust was 537 mg O3/km, higher than 497 mg O3/km of none-methane hydrocarbons emitted from diesel vehicles.     

Modeling and predicting low-speed vehicle emissions as a function of driving kinematics

An instantaneous emission model was developed to model and predict the real driving emissions of the low-speed vehicles. The emission database used in the model was measured by using portable emission measurement system (PEMS) under actual traffic conditions in the rural area, and the characteristics of the emission data were determined in relation to the driving kinematics (speed and acceleration) of the low-speed vehicle. The input of the emission model is driving cycle, and the model requires instantaneous vehicle speed and acceleration levels as input variables and uses them to interpolate the pollutant emission rate maps to calculate the transient pollutant emission rates, which will be accumulated to calculate the total emissions released during the whole driving cycle. And the vehicle fuel consumption was determined through the carbon balance method. The model predicted the emissions and fuel consumption of an in-use low-speed vehicle type model, which agreed well with the measured data.     

基于遥感尾气监测的柴油车气态污染物排放因子计算方法研究

采用遥感尾气测试系统实测了柴油车在实际道路工况下的CO、HC和NO排放特征,修正了排放因子的计算方法,并与车载排放测试系统（PEMS）实测结果进行了验证,获得了实测车辆的CO、HC和NO排放因子.测试结果显示,在各种遥感监测的工况下柴油车尾气中均含有较高浓度的氧气,未考虑氧气影响的燃烧方程反演获得的各污染物体积浓度计算值与PEMS实测值的偏差较大,且氧气浓度越大,偏差越大.经过氧气修正的燃烧方程反演计算的尾气浓度与PEMS实测值吻合度大幅提升,适用于实际工况下遥感检测车辆尾气的反演计算.修正算法得到CO、HC和NO的排放因子离散性较小,精确度较高,可以为量化柴油车尾气排放贡献提供科学依据.     

遥感法用于车辆实际道路行驶污染状况评估

为了评估满足不同排放标准的在用车在实际道路行驶条件下的污染状况,以2013年3-11月间在北京市朝阳区收集的16.5×104组在用汽油车排放遥感测试大数据为基础,对北京市的在用车实际道路排放水平进行分析和评价.结果表明:新车排放标准升级明显降低了在用车的CO、HC和NO平均排放浓度.从国Ⅰ/国Ⅱ到国Ⅲ以及从国Ⅲ到国Ⅳ/国Ⅴ,每次标准升级使得在用车的CO排放浓度平均降低12%~15%,HC和NO排放浓度分别降低13%和40%左右.与2003年相比,北京市2013年机动车CO、HC和NO排放的平均浓度分别下降了52.1%、82.1%和65.3%,排放标准升级带来的减排效果十分明显.未来排放标准升级过程中应当强化对在用车实际驾驶过程排放的监管,同时积极引导老旧车辆的淘汰更新,加大对排放造假行为的执法和处罚力度.      

机动车尾气检测及其若干问题

随着社会的发展和人类生活的需要,机动车的保有量呈现不断上升的趋势,汽车尾气对大气环境和人类健康的危害也更进一步地凸现出来。尾气的形成与机动车的车况和油品的质量有直接的关系。目前,国内检测汽车尾气的排放方法就是双怠速法和简易工况法这两种方法。但这两种机动车排气污染物的排放限值标准,是否完全符合我们国情值得商榷。     

Optimization of gasoline hydrocarbon compositions for reducing exhaust emissions

Effects of hydrocarbon compositions on raw exhaust emissions and combustion processes were studied on an engine test bench. The optimization of gasoline hydrocarbon composition was discussed. As olefins content increased from 10.0% to 25.0% in volume, the combustion duration was shortened by about 2 degree crank angle ( CA), and the engine-out THC emission was reduced by about 15%. On the other hand, as aromatics content changed from 35.0% to 45.0%, the engine-out NOx emissions increased by 4%. An increment in olefins content resulted in a slight increase in engine-out CO emission, while the aromatics content had little e ect on engine-out total hydrocarbon (THC) and CO emissions. Over the new European driving cycle (NEDC), the THC, NOx and CO emissions of fuel with 25.0% olefins and 35.0% aromatics were about 45%, 21% and 19% lower than those of fuel with 10.0% olefins and 40.0% aromatics, respectively. The optimized gasoline compositions for new engines and new vehicles have low aromatics and high olefins contents.