关于河流污染事故的若干数学估计

为了预报突发河流污染事故的环境影响,对污染物迁移的相关估计和研究是非常必要的.以一维河流中的污染物迁移扩散模型为基础,讨论了几种不同情况下污染物浓度随空间的分布和随时间的变化.通过相应的数学推导,得到了若干简洁的估计公式:如污染物浓度的最大值点、达到某一浓度限值所经历的时间等.在获取足够的数据进行具体的数值模拟之前,由这些估计式可以得到污染物迁移过程中的一些重要特征量.     

污泥热干化过程中重金属Pb、Cu、Zn的形态转化及稳定特性

基于不同干化工艺条件下,对城市脱水污泥在不同的温度下进行干化预处理研究,对干化后污泥中重金属的量及不同形态进行定量分析,研究污泥干化过程前后影响污泥中重金属含量及形态变化的条件因子。结果表明,污泥中不同重金属的含量差异较大,在不同工艺温度干化作用下,不同重金属形态含量发生了明显的变化,且不同重金属在干化过程中各形态含量变化差异较大。污泥在高温干化作用下,可使一部分重金属的交换态、可还原态和可氧化态向残渣态转化。高温对污泥中重金属形态有较好的稳定作用。研究结果对城市污泥热处理过程中重金属的污染迁移及控制有重要指导意义。     

金矿污染河流的水体和沉积物中重金属分布特征及生态风险评价

金矿开采导致严重的水体和沉积物重金属污染。采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP/MS)分析了金矿开采区河道32个采样点的水体和表层沉积物样品,研究了水样的溶解态及颗粒态重金属(As、Pb、Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn)组成;通过分步化学提取法研究了各重金属在沉积物中的地球化学形态组成,利用地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法评价了河流沉积物中重金属污染状况。结果表明:水体中Cu、Zn、As主要以溶解态存在,Pb、Cr、Cd以颗粒态为主。水体中重金属元素形态分布主要受点源污染排放影响。沉积物中,Cd浓度较低;As、Zn主要以氧化物结合态、有机物结合态和残渣态存在;Pb、Cr、Cu以有机物结合态和残渣态为主。结合地累积指数和潜在生态风险指数分析表明,Cd和Cu为主要的风险元素。     

硫酸盐对电子垃圾拆解地底泥中重金属形态的影响

为研究硫酸盐对重金属形态分布的影响规律,评价不同条件下的重金属生态风险,采集广东清远某电子垃圾拆解区附近河流底泥,通过投加不同浓度硫酸盐,采用BCR四步提取法分析厌氧培养28 d期间铜、铅、锌、镉的形态变化。结果表明:灭菌条件下,重金属的形态基本保持不变;在空白条件下Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd 4种重金属由不稳定态向稳定态转化,其转化率分别是7%、5%、11%和5%,锌的变化最明显;与空白相比,硫酸盐的投加会加大这4种重金属的转化,其影响顺序为:CuCdZnPb。硫酸盐的投加可促进硫酸盐还原菌的生长,当硫酸盐浓度在286~655 mg·kg-1范围时,硫酸盐还原菌的数量随着硫酸盐浓度升高而增加。实验运行到后期,高浓度的H2S会对硫酸盐还原菌产生毒害作用,因此重金属的形态并不会一直向稳定态转化,研究结果表明,高浓度硫酸盐条件可降低重金属的迁移能力,有利于重金属污染场地的修复。     

长江口南槽水域污染物迁移和分布规律

经对长江口南槽水域水质指标监测表明,在近岸带,水体中悬浮颗粒吸附态磷和各种重金属的浓度较低,而氨氮、硝氮和总溶解态磷的浓度明显偏高;在南槽主航道至九段沙水域,水体中悬浮颗粒吸附态磷和各种重金属的浓度明显增加。水体中溶解态磷的浓度很低,磷的赋存形态以悬浮颗粒吸附态磷为主,水体中重金属元素的赋存形态也以悬浮颗粒吸附态为主。落潮时的悬浮颗粒、TP、悬浮颗粒吸附态磷和重金属总浓度明显高于涨潮。水体中各种重金属总浓度之间存在显著的相关性。     

超声强化茶皂素对污染土壤中重金属去除效果的影响

利用超声强化茶皂素修复土壤重金属,研究了淋洗剂浓度、淋洗方式及淋洗时间对土壤中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd的修复效果及修复前后土壤重金属的形态变化。结果表明:茶皂素对土壤Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd的解吸率随着茶皂素浓度升高而增大,最大解吸率分别为48.60%、35.10%、28.10%和45.60%。单独采用超声导致低解吸率,而超声辅助振荡能增加重金属的解吸率(26.3%～61.6%)并缩短达到平衡状态的时间。双常数方程和Elovich方程均能较好描述3种淋洗方式下重金属的解吸动力学过程,重金属的解吸过程是非均相扩散。超声辅助作用下可以活化土壤中的重金属,并通过振荡减少重金属的酸提取态和可还原态,从而减少重金属可迁移性和生物可利用性。     

黄铁矿焙烧过程中铊析出影响因素及其烧渣中重金属的相态分布研究

通过模拟硫酸厂的沸腾焙烧炉,考察了黄铁矿焙烧过程中铊(T1)析出的影响因素.并通过分级提取法考察了黄铁矿烧渣中重金属的相态分布.结果表明,T1释放率随焙烧温度的升高而增加,随停留时间的增长而增加;当O2流量在20～300 mL/mi.范围变化时,T1释放率先增后减.环境中备受关注的重金属(如Pb、Cd、Cr等)在黄铁矿烧渣中以Pb为主,各相态Pb的总量达到1 429.20 μg/g,且黄铁矿烧渣中的重金属(除Cu和Sr外)主要是以分布于硅酸盐矿物相中的残余态形式存在,因此在环境中不易迁移释放.尽管黄铁矿烧渣中的重金属(除Cu和Sr外)不是以非残余态分布为主,但非残余态重金属的总量也不少,因此黄铁矿烧渣在环境中的潜在污染风险应当引起重视.     

水动力条件下重金属在沉积物上的吸附及其形态分布与转化

以北京近郊通州凉水河底泥沉积物为研究对象,利用环流槽(annular flume)模拟河流水力学条件,研究了重金属(Cr、Cu、Zn和Pb)在上覆水、悬浮颗粒物(SPMs)以及底泥中的交换、分配、形态分布与转化特征。结果表明,在动态水流环境条件下,加入到上覆水体中的重金属离子(5 mg/L)很快被吸附到SPMs上,模拟运行1 h后,上覆水中重金属的浓度(低流速条件下Zn除外),均不到初始值的3%;而SPMs中重金属的浓度在实验初期随着运行时间而降低,并且其浓度在低流速(0.2 m/s)时较高流速(0.35 m/s)条件下高,这是由于"颗粒物浓度效应"所致。在整个模拟运行周期(35 d)内,表层底泥中重金属形态发生了改变。其中,重金属的F4(硫化物+有机物)形态由于其与硫化物结合的形态被氧化而逐渐释放出来,并最终剩下不易氧化的有机物结合形态。与此同时,释放出的重金属通过再分配作用以易解析的F1～F3形态吸附于SPMs及底泥沉积物中,从而导致这3种形态浓度有所升高。     

伴矿景天汁液中重金属形态及絮凝沉淀效果优化

超积累植物伴矿景天在镉污染土壤修复方面展现出广泛的应用前景,而收获后鲜样的快速脱水处置是目前急需解决的问题。采用连续浸提法研究了伴矿景天植株中重金属浓度及形态,正交实验探讨了汁液在絮凝沉淀过程中重金属及化学需氧量(COD)的去除效果及其影响因素,Cd离子选择电极测定了汁液处理前后镉形态变化。结果表明,伴矿景天植株中Cd、Pb主要以活性较低的盐提取态和酸提取态存在,Zn主要以活性较高的乙醇提取态和去离子水提取态存在;汁液中离子态Cd约占总浓度的20%,其余主要为非离子态;絮凝沉淀可有效去除汁液COD和重金属,优选条件pH为10,聚合氯化铝(PAC)投加量2%,搅拌速度为400 r·min~(-1),该条件下汁液Cd、Pb、Zn和COD去除率分别为81.9%、77.0%、76.4%和55.0%。汁液经絮凝沉淀后,Cd总浓度降低到0.23 mg·L~(-1),且主要为非离子态。伴矿景天汁液中重金属的形态对汁液的絮凝沉淀效果有较大影响,有机螯合态重金属难以通过絮凝沉淀彻底去除,而离子态重金属在絮凝沉淀中更容易被去除。     

焦磷酸钾对铜污染土壤的淋洗修复

焦磷酸钾是一种对农田土壤环境友好的物质。通过批处理振荡淋洗实验研究了所配制的焦磷酸钾淋洗液对模拟污染土壤中重金属铜的淋洗特性,探讨了淋洗时间、淋洗液pH和焦磷酸钾浓度对淋洗效果的影响,并讨论了土壤中铜在焦磷酸钾淋洗液作用下的解吸动力学和淋洗前后重金属形态变化特性。结果表明,淋洗时间越长、淋洗液浓度越大,淋洗效果越好。优化实验条件,淋洗浸提24 h、淋洗液pH为7.0、n(焦磷酸钾)∶n(铜)为7∶1,淋洗效果较好,铜淋洗率为40.51%。焦磷酸钾淋洗的铜主要以酸提取态和可还原态为主。焦磷酸钾淋洗液对土壤铜的浸提过程符合双常数方程,说明土壤中铜在焦磷酸钾淋洗液作用下的解吸是非均相扩散过程。     

Investigating the metal contamination status from recycling e-waste sites from Dakar,Senegal

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - In Senegal, processes employed for recycling e-wastes result in release of so-called heavy metals in the environment. In this study, the metal...     

Laboratory evaluation of zero-valent iron to treat water impacted by acid mine drainage

This study examines the applicability and limitations of granular zero-valent iron for the treatment of water impacted by mine wastes. Rates of acid-neutralization and of metal (Cu, Cd, Ni, Zn, Hg, Al, and Mn) and metalloid (As) uptake were determined in batch systems using simulated mine drainage (initial pH 2.3-4.5; total dissolved solids 14000-16000 mgl(-1)). Metal removal from solution and acid-neutralization occurred simultaneously and were most rapid during the initial 24 h of reaction. Reaction half-lives ranged from 1.50+/-0.09 h for Al to 8.15+/-0.36 h for Zn. Geochemical model results indicate that metal removal is most effective in solutions that are highly undersaturated with respect to pure-metal hydroxides suggesting that adsorption is the initial and most rapid metal uptake mechanism. Continued adsorption onto or co-precipitation with iron corrosion products are secondary metal uptake processes. Sulfate green rust was identified as the primary iron corrosion product, which is shown to be the result of elevated [SO(4)(2-)]/[HCO(3)(-)] ratios in solution. Reversibility studies indicate that zero-valent iron will retain metals after shifts in redox states are imposed, but that remobilization of metals may occur after the acid-neutralization capacity of the material is exhausted.     

厌氧消化工艺的金属抑制现象

厌氧消化是一种非常有用的废物处理方式,既能实现污染控制,又可回收能源,具有多种优势。而金属抑制是导致厌氧消化工艺运行不稳定的重要原因之一。综述了厌氧消化工艺金属抑制相关研究进展,分析了抑制机制,总结了其影响因素,并提出了解毒对策。分析表明,由于所用接种污泥、废物成分、试验条件和方法各不相同,金属抑制效应也各异。微生物驯化以及在厌氧消化前采取沉淀、吸附和螯合等方法,可减弱金属的抑制作用,从而显著改善废物处理的效率。     

Geochemical behaviour of dissolved trace elements in a monsoon-dominated tropical river basin,Southwestern India

The study presents a 3-year time series data on dissolved trace elements and rare earth elements (REEs) in a monsoon-dominated river basin, the Nethravati River in tropical Southwestern India. The river basin lies on the metamorphic transition boundary which separates the Peninsular Gneiss and Southern Granulitic province belonging to Archean and Tertiary–Quaternary period (Western Dharwar Craton). The basin lithology is mainly composed of granite gneiss, charnockite and metasediment. This study highlights the importance of time series data for better estimation of metal fluxes and to understand the geochemical behaviour of metals in a river basin. The dissolved trace elements show seasonality in the river water metal concentrations forming two distinct groups of metals. First group is composed of heavy metals and minor elements that show higher concentrations during dry season and lesser concentrations during the monsoon season. Second group is composed of metals belonging to lanthanides and actinides with higher concentration in the monsoon and lower concentrations during the dry season. Although the metal concentration of both the groups appears to be controlled by the discharge, there are important biogeochemical processes affecting their concentration. This includes redox reactions (for Fe, Mn, As, Mo, Ba and Ce) and pH-mediated adsorption/desorption reactions (for Ni, Co, Cr, Cu and REEs). The abundance of Fe and Mn oxyhydroxides as a result of redox processes could be driving the geochemical redistribution of metals in the river water. There is a Ce anomaly (Ce/Ce*) at different time periods, both negative and positive, in case of dissolved phase, whereas there is positive anomaly in the particulate and bed sediments. The Ce anomaly correlates with the variations in the dissolved oxygen indicating the redistribution of Ce between particulate and dissolved phase under acidic to neutral pH and lower concentrations of dissolved organic carbon. Unlike other tropical and major world rivers, the effect of organic complexation on metal variability is negligible in the Nethravati River water.     

Assessment of heavy metal releases from the use phase of road transport in Europe

An emission inventory was compiled for heavy metal air emissions from road transport in Europe (EU-40). For the database, country-specific data was taken such as the diesel and gasoline fuel consumption per country, the content of Pb in gasoline and diesel fuel and the share of different vehicle types. For tyre and brake wear emissions, average wear rates and heavy metal contents of different materials were used to develop emission factors for tyre and brake wear. It covers exhaust emissions (Pb from gasoline and diesel) as well as non-exhaust emissions (As, Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb from the wear of brake linings and vehicle tyres). The base year is 2000, and two scenarios were developed for 2010, a business as usual (BAU) scenario and a maximum feasible technical reduction (MFTR) scenario. Both result in a remarkable decrease in Pb exhaust emissions and a rising share of non-exhaust emissions. To assess the results, the inventory is (a) compared to an inventory compiled with a top-down approach that covers the same area and years but only emissions from combustion processes and (b) added to an inventory covering all sectors for heavy metal air emissions.     

Influence of ageing on zinc bioavailability in soils

Currently, soil quality criteria or soil risk assessments of metals are based on laboratory toxicity tests which are carried out in soils freshly spiked with metal salts. With these data, species sensitivity distributions are fitted, from which hazardous concentrations and predicted no effect concentrations are derived. However, due to long-term processes, called ageing, soil metal availability decreases with time. Here we show that pH is the most important parameter determining the effect of ageing on zinc partitioning in soils, with the effect of ageing becoming more important with increasing pH. Furthermore, zinc bioavailability, expressed as the internal zinc concentrations in red clover (Trifolium pratense) is closely related to pore water zinc concentration. In addition, there is a clear dose-response relationship between the survival of the earthworm Eisenia fetida and the calcium chloride-extracted zinc fraction. These results indicate that zinc partitioning can be used to predict zinc bioavailability to terrestrial organisms. However, the use of spiked soils in toxicity assays can result in an over-estimation of the effects of zinc, especially at a high pH.     

Flow and transport in unsaturated fractured rock: effects of multiscale heterogeneity of hydrogeologic properties

The heterogeneity of hydrogeologic properties at different scales may have different effects on flow and transport processes in a subsurface system. A model for the unsaturated zone of Yucca Mountain, Nevada, is developed to represent complex heterogeneity at two different scales: (1) layer scale corresponding to geologic layering and (2) local scale. The layer-scale hydrogeologic properties are obtained using inverse modeling, based on the available measurements collected from the Yucca Mountain site. Calibration results show a significant lateral and vertical variability in matrix and fracture properties. Hydrogeologic property distributions in a two-dimensional, vertical cross-section of the site are generated by combining the average layer-scale matrix and fracture properties with local-scale perturbations generated using a stochastic simulation method. The unsaturated water flow and conservative (nonsorbing) tracer transport through the cross-section are simulated for different sets of matrix and fracture property fields. Comparison of simulation results indicates that the local-scale heterogeneity of matrix and fracture properties has a considerable effect on unsaturated flow processes, leading to fast flow paths in fractures and the matrix. These paths shorten the travel time of a conservative tracer from the source (repository) horizon in the unsaturated zone to the water table for small fractions of total released tracer mass. As a result, the local-scale heterogeneity also has a noticeable effect on global tracer transport processes, characterized by an average breakthrough curve at the water table, especially at the early arrival time of tracer mass. However, the effect is not significant at the later time after 20% tracer mass reaches the water table. The simulation results also verify that matrix diffusion plays an important role in overall solute transport processes in the unsaturated zone at Yucca Mountain.     

垃圾堆肥工艺过程动态模拟及优化研究

选取通气量、含水率、温度、底物浓度等作为堆肥控制因子,在堆肥生物反应动力学的基础上,根据堆肥反应过程的物料平衡和能量平衡,以及微生物比生长速度与含水率、堆肥温度的依存关系,结合翻转式堆肥反应装置操作运行条件,对厨房垃圾好氧堆肥过程中堆温、含水率、有机物、微生物量及氧气消耗量等变化进行计算机模拟计算,并将模拟结果与堆肥实验结果进行对比。结果证明,除了由于反应装置保温不理想引起堆温和含水率二者有偏差外,总体模拟计算结果与实际堆肥结果基本吻合。另外还开展了利用所开发的模型进行堆肥通气优化的应用研究。模型计算结果表明当出口氧气控制在10%～18%时,采用间歇供氧,不仅能提高堆肥效率,而且可以使供氧时间减少40%以上。经过堆肥实验验证模拟结果是正确的。由此可见,利用模型模拟堆肥过程,快速优化堆肥方案是可行与有效的。     

Long-term sustainability of metal immobilization by soil amendments: Cyclonic ashes versus lime addition

A soil column leaching experiment was used to gain insight into the long-term metal immobilization capacity of cyclonic ashes (CAH) compared to lime (LIME). Twenty six years of rainfall were simulated. Initially, all amended soils were brought to an equal soil pH. This was done to obtain optimal conditions for the detection of metal immobilization mechanisms different from just a pH effect. During the simulation period, soil pH in all treatments decreased in parallel. However, the evolution of metal mobility and phytoavailability showed a clearly distinct pattern. The strong reduction in metal immobilizing efficiency observed in the lime treatment at the end of the simulation period was much less pronounced, or even absent, in the CAH treatments. Moreover, metal accumulation in plants grown on the CAH amended soil was significantly lower compared to the untreated and the lime treated soil. CAH + SS treatment delivered the strongest reductions in metal mobility and bioavailability.     

Evaluating the Impact of Distance Measures on Deforestation Simulations in the Fluvial Landscapes of Amazonia

Land use and land cover change (LUCC) models frequently employ different accessibility measures as a proxy for human influence on land change processes. Here, we simulate deforestation in Peruvian Amazonia and evaluate different accessibility measures as LUCC model inputs. We demonstrate how the selection, and different combinations, of accessibility measures impact simulation results. Out of the individual measures, time distance to market center catches the essential aspects of accessibility in our study area. The most accurate simulation is achieved when time distance to market center is used in association with distance to transport network and additional landscape variables. Although traditional Euclidean measures result in clearly lower simulation accuracy when used separately, the combination of two complementary Euclidean measures enhances simulation accuracy significantly. Our results highlight the need for site and context sensitive selection of accessibility variables. More sophisticated accessibility measures can potentially improve LUCC models’ spatial accuracy, which often remains low.