油菜根肿休眠孢子间接酶联免疫检测法的建立

根肿病是由专性寄生菌--芸苔根肿菌感染所引起的一种严重影响十字花科植物生长的植物病害.本文针对根肿病缺乏简便、快速检测方法的问题,制备油菜根肿休眠破碎孢子抗血清,确定抗血清及酶标抗血清最佳工作浓度,优化间接酶联免疫反应条件;优化的抗血清和酶标血清的工作浓度分别为1:2000和1:1000,孢子的饱和包被浓度为107个/mL.确定休眠孢子稀释液的最低检测浓度为10个/mL,建市快速检测油菜根肿菌的间接酶联免疫吸附测定法,该方法稳定、可靠,板间误差和板内误差均小于10.0%.与9种土壤分离得到的真菌和7种土壤常见菌黑曲霉、粉红粘帚霉、立枯丝核菌、产黄青霉、绿色木霉、枯草杆菌、脓杆菌进行特异性实验,其中一种未知菌M1交叉反应率>30%,其余在8.51%～24.88%之间,真菌的交叉反应率普遍高于细菌.对已知孢子浓度的土壤进行了检测,土壤样品休眠孢子浓度的最低检测限度为103个/g.     

丛枝菌根真菌与重金属的相互作用对玉米根际微生物数量和磷酸酶活性的影响

以玉米为供试植物 ,研究了砂培条件下不同丛枝菌根真菌 (Acaulosporalaevis,Glomuscaledonium ,Glomusmanihotis)与不同浓度重金属 (铜和镉 )的相互作用对菌根侵染率、孢子数、根际微生物数量和磷酸酶活性的影响 .在不同浓度的铜和镉中 ,G .caledonium的侵染率均最高 ,且随重金属浓度的增加而变化较小 ,而它的孢子数在这 3种接种处理中最低 .低量的铜 (0 .0 5mg/kg)可显著地减少不接种、接种A .laevis和G .manihotis的细菌数量 ,却能显著地增加接种处理的真菌数量 .当溶液中铜的浓度大于 0 .2mg/kg时 ,接种处理的真菌数量小于不接种处理的真菌数量 .铜或镉的浓度不同时放线菌数量均有接种远大于不接种 ,其中接种之间放线菌数量相差不大 ,且随重金属浓度增大而变化较小 .无论是不同浓度的铜还是不同浓度的镉的接种处理常有利于增加磷酸酶活性 .重金属浓度低时 ,细菌和真菌数量、磷酸酶活性变化较大 ,高浓度时变化较小 .图 7参 15     

催化臭氧化降解含微囊藻毒素污水

应用金属氧化物构建催化臭氧化工艺处理含微囊藻毒素污水,比较了不同催化剂的性能差异,分析了催化剂投加量、温度、pH、原水浓度对该工艺的影响.结果表明,选用CuO作催化剂能较好地处理含微囊藻毒素污水.温度与原水浓度对该工艺影响较小;催化剂投加量与pH是该工艺的主要影响因素.实验温度40℃、混合气体流量1.8 L.L-.1min-1、pH=9、催化剂投加量5 g.L-1、处理时间60 min,原水MC-LR去除率达到90%以上、COD去除率达到64%以上.处理20 min,该工艺催化作用去除MC-LR贡献率达到28%、去除COD贡献率达到52%.     

从枝菌根真菌与重金属的相互作用对玉米根际微生物数量和磷酸酶活性的影响

以玉米为供试植物，研究了砂培条件下不同丛枝菌根真菌（Acaulospora laevis,Glomus caledonium,Glomus manihotis)与不同浓度重金属（铜和镉）的相互作用对菌根侵染率，孢子数，根际微生物数量和磷酸酶活性的影响。在不同浓度的铜和镉中，G.caledonium的侵染率均最高，且随重金属浓度的增加而变化较小，而它的孢子数在这3种接种处理中最低，低量的铜（0.05mg/kg)可显著地减少不接种，接种A.laevis和G.manihotis的细菌数量，却能显著地增加接种处理的真菌数量，当溶液中铜的浓度大于0.2mg/kg时，接种处理的真菌数量小于不接种处理的真菌数量，铜或镉的浓度不同时放线菌数量均有接种远大于不接种，其中接种之间放线菌数量相差不大，且随重金属浓度增大而变化较小，无论是不同浓度的铜还是不同浓度的镉的接种处理常有利于增加磷酸酶活性，重金属浓度低时，细菌和真菌数量，磷酸酶活性变化较大，高浓度时变化较小。     

以麸皮为唯一底物生产Coniothyrium minitans孢子的研究

以一种简单经济的麸皮为唯一固态发酵底物 ,对Coniothyriumminitans(CBS 14 896 )的孢子生产进行了研究 .比较了不同的麸皮 /小麦配比作为底物时的孢子产量 ,发现当以麸皮为唯一底物时 ,能够获得最高孢子产量 .并在此基础上研究了不同的初始含水量 ,麸皮预处理和初始 pH对孢子产量的影响 ,在麸皮初始湿度为 14 0 % ,115℃处理 2 0min ,并调节 pH为 6 .0 ,固态发酵培养 7d可以得到 9.5× 10 9个孢子麸皮 .本研究第一次采用来源广泛 ,价格低廉的麸皮作为唯一底物来进行Coniothyriumminitans的孢子生产 ,并达到了较高的孢子产量 ,为Coniothyriumminitans作为生物农药的工业化生产提供了新的选择 .图 6参 17     

抗重茬菌剂和双氰胺对华北夏玉米节根特性的影响

以抗重茬微生物菌剂、双氰胺与尿素配施设置3种施肥处理(CK,常规施肥;T1,常规施肥+抗重茬微生物菌剂;T2,常规施肥+双氰胺),在夏玉米拔节期测定夏玉米节根形态、生物量、氮含量和根条数,明确不同施肥处理对夏玉米节根特性和产量的影响,为提高氮肥利用效率同时减少农业环境污染提供理论依据。结果表明:与CK处理相比,T1处理地上节根直径、生物量和数量分别显著增加25.82%、24.39%和75%,总根长显著降低50.39%;地下节根含氮量显著增加30.79%,体积显著减少23.24%。T1处理中节根生长指标仅受土壤pH值的显著影响。与CK处理相比,T2处理地上节根直径、生物量、含氮量和数量分别显著增加32.42%、57.32%、68.29%和100%,总根长显著降低30.34%;地下节根表面积、分枝数和含氮量分别显著增加36.75%、47.24%和36.07%。T2处理中节根生长指标受土壤铵态氮、有效磷和pH值的显著影响。T1和T2两处理显著改善了节根特性,提高了节根的吸收功能,其中地上节根反应更为敏感。综合比较两种模式,双氰胺的效果优于抗重茬微生物菌剂,显著提高了夏玉米有效穗数和秸秆干质量,但两种模式对产量的影响却不明显。     

杭锦2~#土复合吸附剂对磷的吸附动力学

通过静态试验考察杭锦2#土/聚合硫酸铝复合吸附剂对生活污水中磷酸根的吸附特性,研究吸附过程的动力学模型,并从动力学角度探讨其吸附机理。结果表明,在杭锦2#土/聚合硫酸铝复合吸附剂用量5 g.L-1、吸附时间60 min、废水pH值6.0、温度25℃、磷初始质量浓度小于16.72 mg.L-1条件下,磷酸根的去除率在96%以上;复合吸附剂对磷酸根的吸附动力学特征符合假二级方程,吸附速率在前10 min为内扩散控制,后期由膜扩散和内扩散共同控制,且膜扩散占主导地位;磷酸根的初始浓度越高,吸附质粒子的表观内扩散系数和表观传质系数越小;使用不同再生次数的再生吸附剂（添加量为5 g.L-1）处理16.72 mg.L-1含磷生活污水,随着再生次数的增加,吸附能力有所下降,但磷酸根的去除率均大于89%。     

微波诱导活性炭氧化降解阳离子红GTL废水的特性

采用微波诱导氧化工艺技术,以活性炭为催化剂,对阳离子红GTL染料废水进行氧化处理,考察了活性炭用量、微波功率、反应时间及染料初始质量浓度对阳离子红GTL去除率的影响,利用SEM/EDS、BET表征了反应前后活性炭的结构及组分变化.结果表明:微波和活性炭具有协同效应;在pH=7.0,活性炭用量4 g,阳离子红质量浓度为50 mg·L-1,微波功率300 W,反应时间4 min的条件下,阳离子红GTL去除率达到99.4%;活性炭的结构与组分影响阳离子红GTL的微波处理效果.     

PGPR生物肥对甜樱桃(Cerasus pseudocerasus)根际土壤生物学特征的影响

利用保绿法和萝卜子叶增重法从7年生甜樱桃[Cerasus pseudocerasus(Lindl.)G.Don]根际土壤中,筛选具有促生作用的植物根际促生细菌YT-3(PGPR),以发酵好的鸡粪(DCM)为吸附载体制成甜樱桃专用的PGPR生物肥料(YMF),对比研究了YMF、普通生物肥(NMF)和DCM对樱桃根系和根际土壤生物学特征的影响.结果表明:YMF显著增加了根际土壤中细菌数量和微生物总量,真菌数量明显减少,但对放线菌数量影响差异不显著.YMF处理根系活力分别比NMF、DCM和CK提高了22.49%、13.25%和15.33%.PGPR生物肥料对樱桃根系生长和构建影响显著,YMF处理0～40 cm土壤剖面中根系重量尤其是毛细根重量显著增加.同NMF处理相比,YMF处理根际土壤的pH降低8.61%,阳离子代换能力显著提高.此外,YMF处理显著增加了根际土壤中养分离子的有效性,速效磷和有效钾含量分别增加17.21%和9.56%,但碱解氮含量差异不显著.因此,PGPR生物肥的施用在一定程度上改善了根际土壤的生态环境,提高了根际土壤中养分离子的有效性和养分保持能力,提高了根系活力,促进了表层土壤中(主要为0～40 cm)根系尤其是毛细根的生长.     

褪黑素诱导拟南芥抗芸薹根肿菌

芸薹根肿菌是一种土传性致病菌,严重时可导致作物死亡.利用荧光定量PCR的方法研究褪黑素诱导拟南芥对根肿病的抗病效果及分子机制.结果显示:不同的褪黑素诱导浓度对根肿病的诱抗效果不同,其中,10μmol/L的褪黑素溶液为最佳抗菌浓度,抗诱效果达到47.57%.褪黑素处理后的拟南芥根部的发病程度减轻并且根肿菌孢子囊数目减少.荧光定量PCR技术检测发现,褪黑素诱导拟南芥后,茉莉酸(JA)途径中的标记基因PR3、PR4有明显的过量表达,同时水杨酸(SA)途径中的PR1、PR2和PR5的表达量也呈上升趋势,但上调幅度不明显,表明褪黑素诱导拟南芥产生的抗病过程主要是以JA信号途径为主,SA途径起辅助作用.本研究认为褪黑素可有效抑制由芸薹根肿菌引起的根肿病,为褪黑素在植物防治中的作用提供了新认识.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.