现代环形交叉口安全性分析和安全设计

传统环形交叉口存在很多缺点,而国外目前采用一种现代环形交叉口替代传统环形交叉口,其安全性大大提高。根据冲突点数目采用理论安全影响分析法,再根据实际交通事故数据采用前后对比法,分析现代环形交叉口对车辆和弱势群体的安全影响。结果显示现代环形交叉口提高了汽车运行的安全性,但是在改善行人和自行车交通安全性方面却不如信号交叉口。最后,提出现代环形交叉口的适用条件、设计要点,以及自行车道安全设计方法。     

基于交通量的平面信号控制交叉口交通冲突模拟研究

针对我国交通冲突技术发展尚处于起步阶段 ,交通冲突数据统计尚不充分的现状 ,笔者研究了交通量和交通事故、交通冲突的密切关系 ,尝试建立以交通量为基础的交通冲突数学模型 ,力求更加准确地对平面交叉口进行安全评价 ,克服传统的基于事故统计的安全评价方法的不足。     

北京市道路交通安全现状分析及控制策略研究

在分析北京市道路交通安全形势以及事故特点的基础上,运用交通冲突理论分析道路交通事故发生的机理,论述道路交通事故发生的过程。并从安全系统工程学角度,使用交通事故显性/隐性致因模型对道路交通事故的致因因素进行分析,强调管理因素的重要性。最后,结合北京市道路交通现状,综合运用3E对策,讨论了改善道路交通安全的控制策略。通过加大违章行为惩罚力度、培养安全文化、建立道路交通事故应急救援体系以及应用智能交通技术等措施,消除道路交通系统中人的不安全行为和物的不安全状态,提高北京市道路交通安全水平。     

基于TCT的平面交叉口安全评价方法研究

事故率法是评价平面交叉口交通安全水平常用的方法之一,但因其存在基于事故统计方法固有的因事故的稀有性而使评价周期过长、因事故统计的不完全性致使评价结论欠真、缺乏事故严重性程度的考虑等缺点。笔者针对事故率法评价交叉口安全水平存在的上述问题,在概要介绍交通冲突技术并对交通冲突技术的有效性进行分析的基础上,提出了使事故率法与交通冲突技术相结合,用交通冲突代替交通事故改善交叉口事故率法的理论设想。进而,结合质量控制法,研究了同类型交叉口的交通冲突率的临界值的确定,提出了基于交通冲突技术和交叉口交通冲突率的评价方法。     

道路运营安全性评价方法与指标

笔者从道路交通设施系统客观安全性和道路用户主观安全性的角度,应用交通冲突分析技术、运行车速预测方法、行车动力学仿真分析[空间视距模型、人工神经网络(ANN)模型],研究并分析车辆在自由流和非自由流两种状态下运营安全性,提出跟驰风险指数、变换车道风险指数、高速行车风险指数,建立了服务于道路安全运营管理的道路交通设施系统及其运营安全性的分析评价方法和指标。     

Data fusion,ensemble and clustering to improve the classification accuracy for the severity of road traffic accidents in Korea

Increasing amount of road traffic in 1990s has drawn much attention in Korea due to its influence on safety problems. Various types of data analyses are done in order to analyze the relationship between the severity of road traffic accident and driving environmental factors based on traffic accident records. Accurate results of such accident data analysis can provide crucial information for road accident prevention policy. In this paper, we use various algorithms to improve the accuracy of individual classifiers for two categories of severity of road traffic accident. Individual classifiers used are neural network and decision tree. Mainly three different approaches are applied: classifier fusion based on the Dempster–Shafer algorithm, the Bayesian procedure and logistic model; data ensemble fusion based on arcing and bagging; and clustering based on the k-means algorithm. Our empirical study results indicate that a clustering based classification algorithm works best for road traffic accident classification in Korea.     

The application of reliability models in traffic accident frequency analysis

Analysis of traffic accident frequency represents an important subject of research of many authors. From the aspect of temporal analysis of traffic accident occurrence, two approaches have been singled out in previous practice: the collective (analyzes traffic accidents over a longer period of time) and individual (analyzes traffic accidents in real time). The paper shows that the system reliability theory, with certain adjustments, can be largely used to analyze traffic accident frequency based on the individual approach. A certain similarity has been observed between the system reliability theory and the traffic safety theory, and conceptual adjustment of equivalent terms and states has been performed based on this. A model has been successfully tested on the basis of which, for the road and sections, we have determined the traffic accident frequency, the probability of the occurrence of a certain number of traffic accidents and the mean time between two consecutive traffic accidents.     

AHP-SWOT法在道路交通安全改善策略中的应用

针对交通事故的特点,探讨AHP-SWOT方法在道路交通事故评价中的具体应用。SWOT(优势—劣势,机会—威胁)分析法是一种综合考虑系统外部环境和内部条件的各种因素,对其进行系统评价并从中选择最佳策略的方法,但是它缺少定量分析的过程。AHP(层次分析法)具有定性分析和定量分析相结合的优势,采用SWOT和AHP相结合的方法进行评价更加合理和准确。将AHP-SWOT方法应用于道路交通安全评价系统,分析道路交通安全系统所面临的机会和威胁、所处的优势和劣势,可为正确评价道路安全水平、制定合理的道路交通安全改善策略提供理论指导。实例证明该方法可行有效。     

基于GIS的道路交通安全管理系统的研究

针对道路交通安全的现状 ,笔者分析了利用地理信息系统 (GIS)建立道路安全管理系统的必要性及优点 ,探讨了基于GIS的道路安全管理系统的功能、设计思路及其开发的技术路线。利用GIS进行交通安全管理可以增强交通事故分析的直观性、可操作性 ,进行区域安全评价、事故多发点因素分析 ,有利于挖掘交通事故的深层原因 ,从而指导安全管理工作。基于GIS的道路交通安全管理的研究 ,是GIS在领域应用和迅速提高道路交通安全管理现代化水平的一个创新性探索。     

高速公路安全改善项目方案决策研究

针对我国高速公路运营安全特点,在对事故资料、道路设计资料的收集与分析的基础上,将事故黑点和事故多发路段类型划分为撞固定物、追尾及其组合不同类型。结合现场交通运行环境与运行状态调查,分析事故黑点和事故多发路段的成因,提出安全改善对策研究的基本原则,并有针对性地进行了安全改善对策研究,建立高速公路事故黑点和事故多发路段安全改善工程对策集。在决策方法研究中,总结常用安全改善对策的可能效果,提出高速公路安全改善项目方案决策的原则,研究了安全改善对策选择的效用决策方法,并进行了案例分析。     

基于哈默“人的差错理论”的道路交通安全研究

以道路交通安全系统为背景,人的差错为研究方向,运用"哈默"人的差错分类理论,从机动车驾驶员和非机动车驾驶员、乘客及行人两种人群的差错角度,对2004—2006年3年间我国交通事故发生率和死亡人数进行较有针对性的分析归类和研究,进而分别提出基于主动性和被动性两方面的交通事故人因预防措施。通过"哈默"全新的分类方法,全面分析交通行为中人的差错类型,为道路交通事故预防体系的研究、建立以及进一步的发展,提供了有参考价值的基于人的行为机理的理论依据和合理化建议。     

基于智能交通运输系统(ITS)的交通安全控制体系研究

道路交通事故是当今世界最严重的公害之一 ,道路交通安全问题也受到世界各国的广泛重视。近十年 ,全球发展较快的智能交通运输系统 (ITS)使传统的交通运输状况大为改善 ,大大地提高了现有道路网的通行能力和交通运输的安全性 ,削弱或消除了以往诱发交通事故的不安全因素 ,有效地减少了交通事故的发生。笔者在简述了ITS的应用概况、基本功能以及智能汽车理论研发内容的基础上 ,论述了以ITS技术为基础的交通安全控制体系框架及其功效 ,阐明了我国快速发展ITS技术对提高道路交通安全水平具有重要的战略意义。     

我国道路交通安全教育培训思考

统计数据显示,我国2007-2009年道路运输事故呈下降趋势。但道路运输事故造成的死亡人数远远高于煤炭事故造成的死亡人数,道路交通安全形势依然很严峻。交通安全形势严峻的主要原因之一就是人为因素,加强对交通参与者的相关教育培训,提高安全意识,规范安全行为,是改善交通安全形势的根本途径。本文系统分析了我国的安全教育环境、交通文化、交通安全法律法规及交通安全教育培训存在问题,提出了改善我国交通安全教育的措施及建议。     

Understanding factors associated with misclassification of fatigue-related accidents in police record

IntroductionFatigue is one of the riskiest causes of traffic accidents threatening road safety. Due to lack of proper criteria, the identification of fatigue-related accidents by police officers largely depends on inferential evidence and their own experience. As a result, many fatigue-related accidents are misclassified and the harmfulness of fatigue on road safety is misestimated.MethodIn this paper, a joint model framework is introduced to analyze factors contributing to misclassification of a fatigue-related accident in police reports. Association rule data mining technique is employed to identify the potential interactions of factors, and logistic regression models are applied to analyze factors that hinder police officers' identification of fatigue-related accidents. Using the fatigue-related crash records from Guangdong Province during 2005–2014, factors contributing to the false positive and false negative detection of the fatigue-related accident have been identified and compared.ResultsSome variables and interactions were identified to have significant impacts on fatigue-related accident detection.ConclusionsBased on the results, it can be inferred that the stereotype of certain groups of drivers, crash types, and roadway conditions affects police officers' judgment on fatigue-related accidents.Practical applicationsThis finding can provide useful information for training police officers and build better criteria for fatigue identification.     

基于交通安全的交叉口倒计时信号灯设置研究

交通信号倒计时装置被国内一些城市广泛采用。在体现交通“以人为本”原则的同时,倒计时装置的应用也应注意其带来了一些交通安全和通行效率上的问题。倒计时会诱发一部分驾驶员在绿灯末尾时加速通过路口,和红灯变绿灯下一相时头车提前高速到达冲突点,可能引发重特大交通事故,因而需要更长的绿灯间隔时间保证信号换相时的交通安全。由于绿灯间隔时间增长,交通信号倒计时装置降低了交叉口的通行能力,且不当的绿间隔设置还会造成严重的交通冲突。因而应谨慎采用机动车交通信号灯倒计时装置,并应辅以绿灯间隔时间调整、交通安全宣传教育和明确交通规则等措施。     

Incorporating real-time traffic and weather data to explore road accident likelihood and severity in urban arterials

IntroductionThe effective treatment of road accidents and thus the enhancement of road safety is a major concern to societies due to the losses in human lives and the economic and social costs. The investigation of road accident likelihood and severity by utilizing real-time traffic and weather data has recently received significant attention by researchers. However, collected data mainly stem from freeways and expressways. Consequently, the aim of the present paper is to add to the current knowledge by investigating accident likelihood and severity by exploiting real-time traffic and weather data collected from urban arterials in Athens, Greece.MethodRandom Forests (RF) are firstly applied for preliminary analysis purposes. More specifically, it is aimed to rank candidate variables according to their relevant importance and provide a first insight on the potential significant variables. Then, Bayesian logistic regression as well finite mixture and mixed effects logit models are applied to further explore factors associated with accident likelihood and severity respectively.ResultsRegarding accident likelihood, the Bayesian logistic regression showed that variations in traffic significantly influence accident occurrence. On the other hand, accident severity analysis revealed a generally mixed influence of traffic variations on accident severity, although international literature states that traffic variations increase severity. Lastly, weather parameters did not find to have a direct influence on accident likelihood or severity.ConclusionsThe study added to the current knowledge by incorporating real-time traffic and weather data from urban arterials to investigate accident occurrence and accident severity mechanisms.Practical applicationThe identification of risk factors can lead to the development of effective traffic management strategies to reduce accident occurrence and severity of injuries in urban arterials.     

Analyzing the safety impact of longer and heavier vehicles circulating in the European market

Introduction: The European Union (EU) has developed different strategies to internalize the costs of excessive motor traffic in the road freight transport sector. One of these is a relaxation of restrictions on the size and load capacity of trucks that circulate between member States and a proposal has been made for Longer and Heavier Vehicles (LHVs) to be allowed to circulate across borders. LHVs are the so-called “megatrucks” (i.e., trucks with a length of 25 meters and a weight of 60 tonnes). Megatrucks have allowed to circulate for decades in some European countries such as Norway, Finland, and Sweden, world leaders in traffic accident prevention, although the impact that cross-border traffic would have on road safety is still unknown. Methods: This article provides an econometric analysis of the potential impact on road safety of allowing the circulation of “megatrucks” throughout the EU. Results: The findings show that countries that currently allow megatrucks to circulate present lower traffic accident and fatality levels, on average. Conclusions: The circulation of this type of vehicle is only advisable in countries where there is a certain degree of maturity and demonstrated achievements in the field of road safety. Practical applications: European countries that have allowed megatruck circulation obtaining better road safety outcomes in terms of accidents, although the accident lethality rate seems to be higher. Consequently, introducing megatruck circulation requires a prior proper preparation and examination.     

基于TCT的平面交叉口灰色聚类评价方法

交通冲突技术是一种非事故统计评价方法,是以大样本、快速、定量研究评价交通安全现状与改善效果的特点而异于传统的事故统计评价方法.应用交通冲突技术,引入交通冲突与混合当量交通量的比值(TC/MPCU)作为评价指标,提出对以时均交通冲突和交通量数据为依据的交叉口进行安全评价的交通冲突灰色聚类评价法.以某市5个相似交叉口的实测值加以验证.     

我国道路交通事故特征分析与对策研究

针对我国道路交通安全形势日益严峻的现状,在分析我国城市道路交通安全特点的基础上,从交通事故的发生机理出发,分析研究了道路交通事故的宏观规律。从安全系统工程的角度,提出通过制定科学合理的城市道路交通安全管理规划和建立健全城市交通事故紧急救援系统、加强交通参与者的交通安全意识、综合协调道路—交通流—管理者之间的关系,以消除道路交通系统中人的不安全行为和物的不安全状态。明确指出当前乃至今后交通安全的发展方向和趋势,规划长远、决策当前,彻底改变目前交通安全工作的事后处理状态,做到防患于未然。对提高交通安全宏观管理整体水平具有一定的借鉴作用和应用价值。     

基于交通冲突技术的交织区交通安全评价

为了分析城市快速路多个交织区之间的相对交通安全状况,及比选同一个交织区的多个设计方案,建立基于交通冲突技术的交织区交通安全评价方法。首先,使用微观交通仿真软件模拟一定道路交通条件下车流运行状态及其随时空变化的过程,并生成车辆轨迹文件;然后,运用交通安全替代评价模型(SSAM)分析车辆轨迹文件,识别和统计交通仿真过程中"发生"的交通冲突;最后,以交织区交通冲突数与交织区交通量、交织区长度的比值作为评价指标,评价交织区的交通安全状况。案例分析表明,交织区交通冲突率越高,其服务水平往往越低;交织区的交通冲突率有随交织区交通量增加而增加,随交织区长度、交织区车道数的增加而降低的趋势。