扩散管差分法测定大气中氨和颗粒物铵盐

本文用扩散管差分法和多种叠层滤膜法大气中颗的铵盐和气态氨,扩散管关分法可以有铲分离测量颗粒物铵盐和气态氨,避免了采样时惰性上颗粒物硝酸铵分解的人为影响。     

大气颗粒物中环境持久性自由基的电子顺磁共振检测方法

大气颗粒物中的环境持久性自由基具有强氧化性,参与大气中诸多化学反应,影响空气质量,进而影响人体健康,因此对其定性、定量检测具有重要意义,然而现阶段并没有成熟有效的分析检测方法.本文利用电子顺磁共振波谱仪,对比大气颗粒物的3种进样方式,建立了便捷、有效的大气颗粒物中环境持久性自由基检测方法.首先,配制不同标准物质(或溶液),确定仪器的最佳检测参数和大气颗粒物的最低响应浓度(或质量).然后,分别使用水洗脱法和有机溶剂提取法对大气颗粒物进行前处理,优化大气颗粒物的水洗脱和有机提取条件,对比大气颗粒物直接进样、水洗脱样和有机提取样的测定结果.最后,确定了上述3种进样方法的适用条件,即直接检测法适用于石英膜和Teflon膜样品,且操作简便,易于定量测定大气颗粒物中自由基的浓度;水洗脱法仅适用于Teflon膜样品,但需要已知颗粒物洗脱效率才能定量计算;有机溶剂提取法不能有效的提取的颗粒物上的自由基.     

不同氮肥对油菜B与Mo吸收的影响

利用盆栽试验研究了潮土中不同氮肥对油菜硼钼吸收的影响，结果表明，前期(5周)施氮并没有促进油菜的生长，而且大部分氮肥对油菜生长表现抑制作用，氯化铵处理的作用最大，硫酸铵和尿素处理次之，硝酸铵处理再次之；不同氮肥均有抑制油菜生长前期(5周)硼吸收和累积的作用，其中以氯化铵、硝酸铵和尿素的作用为甚；不同氮肥同样抑制油菜生长前期(5周)对钼的吸收和累积，以硫酸铵处理作用最突出，氯化铵处理次之。但随着时间的推移，10、15周不同氮肥大多促进油菜的生长，增加油菜对硼钼的吸收和累积，且各氮肥处理间的差异逐步减小。     

反相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法快速测定大气颗粒物中的无机砷

建立了反相高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱联用技术(HPLC-ICPMS)测定大气颗粒物中可溶性总砷和砷形态(砷酸盐、亚砷酸盐、一甲基砷酸、二甲基砷酸和砷甜菜碱)的分析方法.本方法结合了安捷伦Zorbax SB-Aq反相色谱柱快速分离和ICP-MS的高灵敏度的特点,在4 min内完成5种砷形态化合物的分离和检测.通过比较盐酸羟氨和磷酸以及不同提取时间的提取效果,最终选定1%磷酸超声萃取15 min的最佳实验方案.使用该方法,砷形态的加标回收率介于85.5%—119.2%之间.通过测定真实样品发现,大气颗粒物中的可溶性砷基本为无机砷,占可溶性总砷比例的80%—96%.     

大气颗粒物中典型有机物的分析方法和污染特征研究进展

有机污染物是大气颗粒物的重要组成部分,约占颗粒物质量的20％-50％.颗粒物中的有机污染物具有高毒性,长期暴露能够给人群带来潜在的健康风险;有机污染物参与气溶胶成核,影响空气质量和能见度,进而改变区域气候,其引起的健康与环境效应已成为民众关注的焦点.大气颗粒物中有机污染物的分析技术是准确判断其来源和污染特征的重要一环.本文对颗粒物中常见有机污染物的分析技术、污染特征及主要来源进行了综述.系统介绍了有机污染物的样品采样、提取净化和分离分析技术,对比了不同分析方法的优势,总结了我国大气颗粒物中有机污染物的时空分布和气粒分配特征,并探讨了引起相关差异的原因,为后续深入认识大气颗粒物中有机污染物的分布特征提供参考.最后,对大气颗粒物中有机物的分析技术和发展方向进行了总结与展望.     

大气颗粒物与气相污染物的化学热力学平衡及与酸化作用的关系

本文以大气中NH_3-HNO_3-NO_3~--SO_4~(2-)气溶胶体系为研究对象,从热力学基本理论出发,建立了计算不同大气条件下颗粒物中NH_4NO_3的离解常数和在平衡时气相NH_3,HNO_3及颗粒物中NH_4NO_3浓度的理论模式和计算程序。此模式用于西南酸雨地区和北京非酸雨地区的大气气溶胶体系,结果表明理论计算与现场监测结果之间有较好的一致性。气相NH_3在西南地区空气颗粒物和降水中的浓度与北方大不相同。在西南地区比在北方颗粒物中更可能形成硝酸铵。     

中国大气颗粒物中重金属监测技术与方法综述

大气颗粒物中的重金属极易富集在细颗粒物中,并对人体带来危害。文章对中国大气颗粒物中重金属的监测技术方法进行梳理和汇总,从点位布设、样品采集、样品前处理、分析测试以及全过程的质量保证和质量控制等方面。探讨和分析颗粒物监测的各个环节应遵循的技术规范和相关方法。大气颗粒物的采样主要包括环境空气样品和无组织排放样品两大类,前处理方法包括全消解和酸浸提,而全消解中又包括酸消解法和碱熔法,消解方式包括电热板、马弗炉、高压密闭消解罐、微波消解等。测试方法主要包括分光光度法、X射线荧光光谱法(XRF)、原子吸收分光光度法(AAS)、原子荧光光谱法(AFS)、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES)、电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)等,根据不同的监测需求和仪器设备水平,选择不同的标准测试方法作为依据。在颗粒物重金属监测的全过程中,从布点、试剂空白、滤膜/滤筒空白的控制,到采样、前处理、实验室分析等各个环节,均需要考虑可能影响分析准确度的因素,建立起与监测方法同步的全程序质量保证和控制措施。完善大气颗粒物中重金属监测技术与方法体系,可为大气环境监测和管理部门的决策提供科学依据和技术支持,为源解析等颗粒物组分分析相关工作提供方法依据。     

红外光谱法定量测定大气颗粒物中总碳氢化合物

对大气颗粒物的四氯化碳萃取溶液以红外光谱仪分析,以测定大气颗粒物上的总碳氢化合物,是一个简单、方便、不破坏样品的方法。该方法的回收率为97—101％,最低检出量为4×10~(-4)毫克/米~3,以经纯制并浓缩的溶剂作参比,消除了萃取剂杂质的干扰,以此方法测定了北京和天津的若干样品,分析结果表明颗粒物上的总碳氢化合物浓度与大气污染源和气象条件有—定的关系。     

加速溶剂萃取-气质联用法测定PM_(2.5)中的有机氯及多氯联苯

建立一种简单、快速分析PM2.5中有机氯及多氯联苯的检测方法,以满足大气颗粒物中超痕量有机污染物的分析检测要求.本方法采用加速溶剂提取为前处理设备,对PM2.5样品进行前处理,经过浓缩定容后采用气质联用法对样品中的有机氯和多氯联苯进行分析检测.整个方法前处理简单、快速,仪器灵敏度高,能够检测出大气颗粒物中超痕量的有机氯及多氯联苯.     

柳州市大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的分布特征及来源

采用气相色谱/质谱联用技术(GC/MS)检测了柳州市大气颗粒物样品中的PAHs,比较了柳州市各区大气颗粒物中多环芳烃含量的差异以及不同季节对多环芳烃含量的影响,讨论了其分布规律及污染源。     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.