四溴联苯醚对剑尾鱼毒性及其抗氧化系统的影响

研究了四溴联苯醚(tetrabromodiphenyl ether,BDE-47)对剑尾鱼的急性毒性及其肝脏还原型谷光甘肽(GSH)、谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)、丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)及7-乙氧基异吩恶唑酮-脱乙基酶(EROD)活性的影响.结果表明,BDE-47对剑尾鱼毒性作用属于高毒.GST和EROD...     

苯并[a]芘对脊尾白虾(Exopalaemon carinicauda)肝脏生物标志物指标的影响

研究了脊尾白虾(Exopalaemon carinicauda)在对苯并[a]芘(benzo[a]pyrene,BaP)的富集(15 d)、释放(15 d)过程中肝脏的生物标志物(EROD、GST、SOD、CAT、GPx、MDA)的响应,结果显示:在富集阶段,第1 d低浓度实验组(0.05 g/L)和高浓度实验组(0.45 g/L)六种生物标志物即均显著受到诱导(P0.05),诱导程度与暴露浓度成正相关,而后不同种类生物标志物呈现差异性的变化趋势,EROD继续上升并在第10 d后达到稳定状态,GST继续上升并在第10 d后受到抑制下降,SOD、CAT、GPx均受到抑制逐渐下降,且均在15 d时低于对照组水平,MDA呈现持续上升的趋势,直接反映了肝脏的氧化损伤程度。在释放阶段,低浓度实验组各生物标志物的恢复速度较高浓度实验组要快,且均能恢复到接近对照组水平(P0.05),高浓度实验组各生物标志物则均未能恢复到对照组水平(P0.05)。实验结果表明,脊尾白虾肝脏具有一定恢复能力,各生物标志物对BaP暴露的敏感性具有一定差异,BaP暴露的浓度及时间是影响各生物标志物响应变化的主要因素。     

Assessment of oxidative stress indices in a marine macro brown alga Padina tetrastromatica (Hauck) from comparable polluted coastal regions of the Arabian Sea, west coast of India

Oxidative stress and antioxidant defence systems were assessed in a marine brown alga Padina tetrastromatica, commonly occurring from the tropics. Lipid peroxidation (LPX) and H2O2 were measured as oxidative stress markers, and antioxidant defences were measured as catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and ascorbic acid (AsA), in order to understand their dissimilarity with respect to pollution levels from selective locations along the central west coast of India. A significant increased levels of LPX, H2O2, CAT and GST were observed in samples from relatively polluted localities (Colaba and Karwar) when compared to less polluted locality (Anjuna), while AsA concentration was higher in algal samples from worst polluted region of Colaba. Heavy metals such as Cd and Pb were also higher in the vicinity of polluted areas compared to reference area. Variation of oxidative stress indices in response to accumulation of heavy metals within P. tetrastromatica could be used as molecular biomarkers in assessment and monitoring environmental quality of ecologically sensitive marine habitats.     

三氯异氰尿酸与盐酸环丙沙星对蛋白核小球藻的毒性效应

测试了典型渔药三氯异氰尿酸(Trichloroisocyanuric acid,TCCA)、盐酸环丙沙星(Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride,CPFX)对蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)的急性毒性及其Ⅰ相、Ⅱ相代谢酶活性的影响.结果表明,TCCA和CPFX作用小球藻96h后EC50分别为0.31 mg·L-1和20.61mg·L-1.TCCA在低浓度下对小球藻Ⅰ、Ⅱ相代谢酶GSH、GST、CAT和EROD都存在诱导作用,当TCCA浓度大于0.13 mg·L-1时,对GSH、GST和EROD的诱导减弱.GSH、GST、EROD三种酶对CPFX作用的响应较弱,当CPFX大于70.20mg·L-1时,GST受到显著抑制,而EROD则明显升高,与对照组差异显著,GSH没有明显变化.CAT对CPFX作用的响应较敏感,表现为典型适应性诱导现象"钟形曲线",适合作为CPFX暴露的生物标记物.     

三丁基锡对文蛤鳃的抗氧化酶活性及脂质过氧化的影响

在实验室条件下,观察质量浓度分别为高、中、低(0·1,1,10ng·L-1(以Sn计))3组的三丁基锡(TBT)暴露2、8、20d以及恢复7d和20d后对文蛤鳃的谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性以及丙二醛(MDA)含量、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量的影响.结果显示,除了高浓度TBT(10ng·L-1)暴露在早期(2d)对GSH含量、GST和CAT活性产生抑制之外,TBT暴露对GSH含量、GST和CAT活性的作用主要为诱导效应.在暴露8d后,MDA的含量表现出显著的诱导.恢复7d后除了高浓度组对MDA还有影响外,其它各指标均恢复到与对照组相当的水平.结果表明,环境水平的TBT暴露对文蛤产生明显的氧化胁迫,抗氧化防御系统可以作为海洋环境有机锡污染监测的潜在的生物标志物.     

Effects of phenanthrene on hepatic enzymatic activities in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus♂×O. aureus♀)

The effects of phenanthrene (Phe) on hepatosomatic index (HSI) and hepatic enzymatic activities in hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus ♀× O.aureus ♂) were investigated via the static freshwater exposure at dosage of 50,100 or 400 μg/L for 4-14 d.Compared with the control group,HSI was significantly decreased (P<0.05) at 400 μg/L at day 14.Increased enzymatic activities (P<0.05) were observed for catalase (CAT),glutathione peroxidase μgPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) at either 100 or 400 μg/L at day 8 and 14,as well as for CAT at 50 μg/L at day 14,except for GPx at 400 μg/L at day 8.Ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity was significantly increased (P<0.05) at all dosage at day 4 as well as at 50 μg/L at day 8,but significantly decreased at either 100 or 400 μg/L at day 14 (P<0.05).Glutathione-S-transferase μgST) activity was not affected.The results suggest that CAT,GPx,SOD and EROD,as well as HSI in tilapia may be used as the biomarkers or indexes for evaluating or monitoring the pollution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) such as Phe.     

饲料添加剂叔丁基对羟基茴香醚和抗生素诺氟沙星对剑尾鱼的毒性效应

研究了叔丁基对羟基茴香醚(butylated hydroxyanisole,BHA)和诺氟沙星(norfloxacin,NFLX)对剑尾鱼的急性毒性及其肝脏谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)、丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)及7-乙氧基异吩恶唑酮-脱乙基酶(EROD)活性的影响.结果表明,BHA和NFLX对剑尾鱼毒性大小分别属于高毒和低毒.BHA的暴露浓度为0.20mg.L-1和0.04mg.L-1时,GST和CAT活性诱导分别达到最大值;NFLX的暴露浓度为5mg.L-1时,GST和CAT均受到最大程度的诱导.随着BHA和NFLX暴露浓度的增加,GST和CAT呈现出先诱导后抑制的典型"钟型曲线"变化规律,而MDA含量和EROD活性则逐渐增加.其中,MDA和EROD响应较为敏感,适合作为BHA和NFLX暴露的生物标记物.雌雄个体酶响应的敏感程度存在一定的差异,雄性个体比雌性个体敏感.     

水体二价铜离子致蟾蜍蝌蚪DNA损伤和氧化损伤

为研究水体二价铜离子(Cu2 )暴露对蝌蚪造成的损伤,以常见的中华大蟾蜍蝌蚪为研究对象,采用标准水生生物毒性实验法,将蝌蚪暴露于0.029、0.037、0.049、0.075 mg·L-1的铜溶液中7d,检测蝌蚪血细胞DNA损伤及机体过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)的含量,以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷肮甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性.结果表明,随铜暴露浓度的增加,蝌蚪血细胞DNA损伤、MDA和GSH含量与对照组比均有明显升高,且呈浓度-效应关系.蝌蚪SOD、CAT、GSH-Px酶活性也有显著改变;MDA、GSH、DNA损伤均呈线性关系(R2分别为0.9968、0.8997).上述结果表明,水体二价铜离子可导致蝌蚪的氧化损伤和DNA损伤.     

Integration of chemical and biological methods: A case study of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pollution monitoring in Shandong Peninsula, China

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs), as persistent toxic substances(PTS), have been widely monitored in coastal environment, including seawater and sediment. However, scientific monitoring methods, like ecological risk assessment and integrated biomarker response, still need massive researches to verify their availabilities. This study was performed in March, May, August and October of 2018 at eight sites, Yellow River estuary(S1), Guangli Port(S2), Xiaying(S3), Laizhou(S4), Inner Bay(S5), Ou...     

苯并[a]芘对鲫鱼生物标志物的影响研究

研究了苯并[a]芘暴露对鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)的几种生物标志物的影响.在鲫鱼接受3个不同质量分数苯并[a]芘(BaP)的腹腔注射14 d后,分析了其肝脏7-乙氧基-3-异吩噁唑酮-脱乙基酶(EROD)活性,以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)等抗氧化酶活性和红细胞核异常(NA)率变化.结果显示:w(BaP)为1 mg/kg处理组的EROD活性显著升高(P＜0.001).w(BaP)为0.1和1 mg/kg处理组SOD活性显著低于对照组(P＜0.001),在暴露结束时,w(BaP)为1 mg/h处理组CAT活性显著低于对照组(P＜0.01),而w(BaP)为0.1和1 mg/kg处理组GPx活性被显著抑制(P＜0.001).表明BaP对EROD活性有诱导作用,而对SOD,CAT和GPx等抗氧化酶活性的抑制作用明显.所有处理组NA率与对照组均无显著差异.因此,鲫鱼EROD,SOD,CAT和GPx等酶活性的改变适于作为生物标志物,可以用来显示暴露于多环芳烃有机污染物鱼类的生活状态.      

Effects of phenanthrene on hepatic enzymatic activities in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus♂×O. aureus♀)

The effects of phenanthrene (Phe) on hepatosomatic index (HSI) and hepatic enzymatic activities in hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus O. aureus ) were investigated via the static freshwater exposure at dosage of 50, 100, and 400 g/L for 4–14 d. Compared with the control group, HSI was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) at 400 g/L at day 14. Increased enzymatic activities (P < 0.05) were observed for catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) at either 100 or 400 g/L at day 8 and 14, as well as for CAT at 50 g/L at day 14, except for GPx at 400 g/L at day 8. Ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity was significantly increased (P < 0.05) at all dosage at day 4 as well as at 50 g/L at day 8, but significantly decreased at either 100 or 400 g/L at day 14 (P < 0.05). Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity was not a ected. The results suggest that CAT, GPx, SOD and EROD, as well as HSI in tilapia may be used as the biomarkers or indexes for evaluating or monitoring the pollution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) such as Phe.     

类二 多氯联苯对赤子爱胜蚓生理活性的影响

通过人工土壤法,研究0.1, 1, 10, 100, 1000μg/kg类二 多氯联苯暴露浓度对赤子爱胜蚓 (Eisenia fetida)抗氧化酶(SOD酶、CAT酶和GST酶)、抗氧化分子(GSH)、氧化损伤物(MDA)等生理活性指标在第2, 7, 14, 28d时的影响.结果显示,类二 多氯联苯刺激赤子爱胜蚓生理活性显著增加(P<0.05),可诱导蚯蚓抗氧化系统应答启动;不同暴露时间下,受试物浓度与蚯蚓生理活性的相关性分析显示,蚯蚓不同生理活性指标对受试物的最佳响应时间不同, Cu-Zn SOD响应最早(7d), SOD, CAT, GSH, MDA次之(14d), GST响应最迟(28d);在最佳响应时间下,受试物暴露浓度对数与生理活性值对数均存在显著的剂量-效应关系(P <0.001)     

How does the brown mussel Perna perna respond to environmental pollution? A review on pollution biomarkers

The brown mussel Perna perna (Linnaeus, 1758) is a valuable resource for aquaculture in tropical and subtropical coastal regions. It presents desirable characteristics for biomonitoring, including being sessile, widely distributed and abundant, and is a filter-feeder able to accumulate several classes of pollutants (e.g., metals, hydrocarbons, among others). Mussels’ biological responses to pollution exposure can be measured as biomarkers, which include alterations ranging from molecular to physiological levels, to estimate the degree of environmental contamination and its effects on biota. This full review compiles two decades (2000–2020) of literature concerning biological effects on P. perna mussel caused by environmental pollutants (i.e., metals, hydrocarbons, and emerging pollutants), considering environmental and farm-based biomonitoring. Biochemical markers related to mussels’ oxidative status were efficient for the biomonitoring of metals (i.e., antioxidant enzymes associated with oxidative damage in biomolecules). Genotoxicity and cytotoxicity indicators (i.e., comet, micronucleus, and neutral red assays) provided a depiction of hydrocarbon contamination. The neutral red assay gave a time-concentration cytotoxic response to a wide range of pollutants, including emerging pollutants (e.g., pharmaceuticals and biocides) and hydrocarbons. Perna perna hemocyte parameters provided a useful approach for biocide biomonitoring. This paper summarizes useful biomarkers from molecular to physiological levels in this mussel species used to identify and quantify the degree of coastal pollution. An integrated biomarker analysis may provide a way to overcome possible biomarker variations and assess multi-polluted sites. Nevertheless, it is necessary to investigate biomarker variations according to natural factors (e.g., season and gonad maturation stage) to standardize them for trustworthy biomonitoring.     

沉积物中三丁基锡对铜锈环棱螺肝胰脏抗氧化防御系统的影响

以铜锈环棱螺(Bellamya aeruginosa)为试验对象,采用人工添加TBT的自然沉积物对铜锈环棱螺进行静态暴露实验,研究了沉积物中不同浓度TBT长期暴露(30 d)对铜锈环棱螺肝胰脏的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)的影响,以揭示TBT对它们影响的浓度效应关系。结果表明,沉积物中低浓度(100 ng/g)TBT对SOD、CAT和GSH没有影响。当TBT浓度为500～1000 ng/g时,SOD活性呈现浓度依耐性的升高。当TBT浓度为200～1000 ng/g时,CAT活性表现为浓度依耐性的升高。高浓度(2000 ng/g)TBT则导致SOD和CAT活性急剧下降,分别比对照下降了67.33%和54.87%。当TBT浓度为200～1000 ng/g时,GSH含量呈现浓度依耐性的下降,高浓度(2000 ng/g)TBT导致GSH含量急剧下降,比对照下降了76.87%。环境水平的TBT长期暴露对铜锈环棱螺肝胰脏产生了氧化胁迫,高浓度的TBT长期胁迫使肝胰脏受到了严重的氧化损伤。CAT和GSH可以用作环境水平TBT长期暴露的有效生物标志物。     

Cd胁迫下超富集植物圆锥南芥抗氧化机理

采用土培的方法研究了不同Cd2+添加量(0、10、20、40、80、160、240mg.kg-1)对多金属超富集植物圆锥南芥(Arabis paniculata Franch)抗氧化酶(超氧化物歧化酶SOD、过氧化氢酶POD、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶CAT、过氧化物酶APX)活性、非酶物质(巯基SH、谷胱甘肽GSH、植物络合素PCs)含量以及生物量、叶绿素、丙二醛(MDA)、半胱氨酸(Cysteine)、脯氨酸(Proline)含量的影响.结果表明,随着Cd添加量的增加,圆锥南芥的生物量、Cd含量、富集系数、转运系数呈增加趋势,SOD活性、叶绿素含量呈下降趋势.POD、CAT、APX活性以及MDA含量均呈先升高后降低的变化趋势.圆锥南芥叶片中SH、GSH、PCs含量随Cd添加量的增加而增加,当Cd添加量为240mg.kg-1时,SH、GSH、PCs含量分别比对照提高了92.7%、70.2%、143.4%,表明SH、GSH、PCs在解毒Cd毒害中起着重要作用.     

污染水体的总抗氧化能力生物标志物研究

以无污染饲养鲫鱼为监测生物,采取主动生物监测法(ABM)对太湖北部梅梁湖与贡湖污染区进行生物监测,并分析各监测点常规水质指标及表层沉积物中多环芳烃(PAHs)、多氯联苯(PCBs)、有机氯农药(OCPs)与重金属含量,同时定期(7,14,2,28d)采集生物样,分析鲫鱼大脑组织及肌肉组织中总抗氧化能力(TAOC)活性.结果表明,鲫鱼脑组织TAOC活性比肌肉组织TAOC活性值高出约4倍,并且对污染物协迫反应敏感.实验第14d开始,脑组织TAOC呈显著诱导效应(P<0.05),最大值出现在PCBs污染严重的梅梁湖4号站点,相比参照点活性增加62.19%.其次是重金属污染严重的梅梁湖3号监测点,而污染最小的贡湖1号监测点TAOC变化较小.肌肉组织中TAOC对污染物反应不敏感,不适合作微污染区生物标志物.     

北运河水系主要污染物通量特征研究

通过对北运河水系的水质进行季节性监测,采用聚类分析和主成分分析法将北运河29个采样监测点分为3种不同污染类别,对各类别分别进行污染源解析,并进一步估算了年径流量和主要污染物的年负荷通量.研究结果表明:北运河水质污染严重,主要污染物为氮、磷和耗氧有机物;按污染轻重,在空间上分可划分为3种类别:轻污染区位于天津地区,主要污染源为农业非点源污染,其次来自生活废水排放和上游工业废水排放;中污染区位于北运河北京段下游区域,污染物主要来自工业废水排放,其次为生活废水排放和农业非点源污染;重污染区为北京段上游区域,污染源主要为生活污水、工业污水排放.TN、NH+4-N、COD的负荷主要来源于重污染区的情况和中污染区的凉水河,两条河流TN、NH+4-N、COD输入量分别占总负荷输入量的30.22%和27.32%,32.02%和26.27%,34.17%和21.22%.TP负荷主要来自于清河、小中河,分别占总输入量的31.00%、26.36%.北运河中超过50%的TN、NH+4-N、COD污染负荷由轻污染区-天津地区农业灌溉输出.加强对北运河支流附近污水处理的管理力度,可作为治理北运河污染问题的首要措施,同时天津地区的污水灌溉所带来的环境风险应该予以重视.     

原油对潮间带大弹涂鱼（Boleophthalmus pectinirostris）抗氧化酶活性影响的初步探究

以大弹涂鱼（Boleophthalmus pectinirostris）鳃和肝脏中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）和谷胱甘肽硫转移酶（GST）为生物标志物,探究潮间带沉积物不同浓度原油污染48 h后对大弹涂鱼的急性毒性效应。结果显示,随着污染浓度的增加,SOD、GSH-Px和GST活性呈先升高后降低的趋势,表明低浓度污染下大弹涂鱼鳃和肝脏酶活性被激活,高浓度下污染酶活性则受抑制;大弹涂鱼鳃中SOD、CAT、GST酶活性最大诱导倍数均高于肝脏,可见大弹涂鱼鳃对原油更敏感;结合不同组织抗氧化酶活性差异显著性分析发现,大弹涂鱼鳃中SOD 和GST 对原油污染敏感度更高,更适合作为监测海洋原油污染的有效生物标志物。     

土壤Pb暴露下赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)的急性毒性和氧化应激反应

根据OECD试验指南,研究了人工土壤铅暴露下赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)的急性毒性和氧化应激反应. 结果表明:铅暴露对赤子爱胜蚓14d的LC₅₀(半致死浓度)为2576.76mg/kg,95%置信区间为2388.42~2792.00mg/kg;铅暴露第1、7、14天赤子爱胜蚓的SOD(超氧化物歧化酶)活性,铅暴露第1、14天的POD(过氧化物酶)活性,铅暴露第14天的MDA(丙二醛)含量均与w(Pb)呈良好的剂量-效应关系,但CAT(过氧化氢酶)活性与w(Pb)未呈剂量-效应关系. 赤子爱胜蚓体内3种抗氧化酶对人工土壤铅污染响应的敏感程度为SOD>POD>CAT,SOD作为抗氧化系统的重要酶类可以更好地预测污染物对于赤子爱胜蚓的亚致死毒性.