润肤霜类化妆品中金属元素的测定及砷形态初探

采用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)测定化妆品中的金属元素铝、铬、镍、铜、锌、砷、硒、镉、锡、锑、钡、镧、铈、镨、钕、钐、汞、铅的总量,并结合液相色谱(HPLC)-ICPMS联用技术考察了化妆品中的砷形态.研究表明,金属指标不合格的化妆品多为汞含量超标;此外,化妆品中的砷多以无机砷形式存在.     

污染土壤中Sn、Hg、Sb、Bi解吸动力学特性的研究

土壤中重金属的解吸直接影响重金属在环境中的形态转化和植物有效性.文章以我国东北地区草甸棕壤作为研究对象,通过对Sn、Hg、Sb、Bi单一及复合污染土壤中Sn、Hg、Sb、Bi的解吸动力学行为的研究,探索污染土壤中重金属Sn、Hg、Sb、Bi的解吸特性与规律.结果表明,不同污染类型的污染土壤中Sn、Hg、Sb、Bi这几种重金属的解吸量随着振荡时间的延长而不断增加.重金属Sn、Hg、Sb、Bi的解吸过程可分为快速反应阶段和慢速反应阶段.描述土壤Sn、Hg、Sb、Bi解吸动力学过程的最优模型为Elovich方程,其次为双常数方程,而一级动力学方程拟合效果不佳.此外,污染土壤中重金属Sn、Hg、Sb、Bi的解吸过程受共存重金属元素的影响.     

南京城市土壤重金属含量及空间分布特征

研究了南京城市土壤重金属含量、来源及空间分布特征。结果表明,南京城市土壤中V、Mn、Co、Ni、Cr污染不明显,但受到了不同程度的Cu、Pb、Zn、Sb、Hg、Cd污染,其中Hg污染比较严重。V、Mn、Co、Ni、Cr含量之间均呈极显著正相父;Cu、Pb、Zn、Sb、Hg、Cd含量之间也均呈极显著正相关。南京城市土壤V、Mn、Co、Ni、Cr主要继承了原土物质;Hg、Cd、Pb主要来源于城市燃煤、机动车尾气及工厂排放粉尘;Sb主要来源于机动车尾气和工厂排放粉尘。南京城市土壤Hg、Cd、Pb、Sb含量空间分布规律非常相似,均表现为外围向市中心有逐渐增加的趋势,并且在新街口—鼓楼、梅山硫铁矿形成异常高值的岛状、环状区域。     

鼻咽癌与土壤环境中化学元素的相关性研究

利用土壤元素数据２０６９４４８个,鼻咽癌死亡调查资料２２５６０例,研究了鼻咽癌死亡率与土壤环境中６１个元素质量分数的相关性。结果表明,汞、铅、硒、针、锡、钛、钽、溴、碘元素质量分数与鼻咽癌死亡率呈非常显著的正相关;铪元素质量分数与鼻咽癌死亡率呈显著的正相关;铟、镱、镥、铀、锆、铋、碲元素质量分数与鼻咽癌死亡率呈较显著的正相关。锰、钠、镁、钙、锶元素质量分数与鼻咽癌死亡率呈非常显著的负相关;钾、钡元素质量分数与鼻咽癌死亡率呈较显著的负相关。钒、铷、铯、银、铝、镓、铊、钪、钇、镧、铈、钕、钆、镝、钬、铒、铥、钼、钨、铁、砷、镉、钴、铬、铜、氟、镍、锌、锂、铍、硼、镨、钐、铕、铽、锗、锑元素质量分数与鼻咽癌死亡率无明显的相关性。     

上海市郊春节期间大气颗粒物及其组分的粒径分布

利用电称低压冲击仪(ELPI)在线监测上海市嘉定区2009年春节前后不同粒径(50%切割粒径分别为:0.03、0.06、0.11、0.17、0.26、0.40、0.65、1.00、1.60、2.50、4.40、6.80μm)大气颗粒物的粒子数浓度变化.对比春节与非节日期间该地区大气颗粒物(<0.49、0.49—0.95、0.95—1.50、1.50—3.00、3.00—7.20、>7.20μm)中Na、Mg、Al、K、Ca、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Se、Pb 17种元素,F-、Cl-、NO 2-、SO24-、NO 3-、Na+、NH 4+、K+、Mg2+、Ca2+10种离子与有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)质量浓度的粒径分布.结果表明,春节对于大气颗粒物粒子数浓度的影响主要集中在0.11—1.60μm.如果以3.00μm为界将大气颗粒物划分成细(≤3.00μm)和粗(>3.00μm)颗粒物时,春节影响体现在细颗粒的元素为:Na、As、Pb,且主要集中于<0.49μm颗粒中;春节影响集中于大颗粒(>7.20μm)的元素为:Ni、Co;没有受到显著影响的为:Ca、V、Mn、Fe、Z...     

海南芒果园土壤环境及其对芒果品质的影响

针对海南芒果(Mangifera indica)生产的环境条件进行了研究,分别在芒果园采集了植株和土壤样品,采用国家标准测定方法对比分析了各种元素的含量和分布特征,并阐明了芒果对环境条件的生态适应性.研究结果表明:海南芒果园土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷含量较低(为四级以下水平),有效钾含量相对较高.Ca、Mg、B、Ni含量较低,Cu、Mn含量较高.海南芒果种植地环境质量较好,Cr、Pb、Cd等低于国家土壤环境质量一级标准.Hg、Cu、As、Pb含量为一至二级标准.六六六、滴滴涕含量低于一级标准.海南芒果矿质元素含量丰富,农药残留量和Cr、As、Cd含量符合无公害芒果的要求.芒果对大中量元素、微量元素和有害元素(Hg、As、Cd)的生物吸收系数较大.锰主要在叶片中积累,铜则主要积累在果实中.     

《应用与环境生物学报》征稿简则

一、本刊简介由中国科学院主管,中国科学院成都生物研究所主办,科学出版社出版。中国科学院成都生物研究所所长吴宁担任主编,来自中国、美国、英国、加拿大、新西兰等国家的69位知名科学家和专家组成编委会、上千位相关领域的知名科学家和专家组成审稿队伍。是中国精品科技期刊、中国科技核心期刊、中国核心学术期刊、中国期刊方阵双效期刊及四川省一级学术期刊,为国外CA、BA、CSA、ZR、EP、PЖ等和国内CSTPCD、CSCD、中文核心期刊要目总览、CAJCED、CJFD等多个重要、核心、知名数据库收录。     

三峡库区主要粮食作物和土壤中重金属的相关性及富积特征分析

采用野外采样和室内分析,试验结果表明三峡库区土壤中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Fe、Cr的变异系数小于50%,重金属的含量比较稳定。稻谷（Oryza sativa）中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Fe、Mn、Cr,玉米（Zea mays）中Pb、Cd、Fe、Mn、Cr和小麦（Triticum aestivum）中Cu、Pb、Cd、Fe、Mn、Cr的变异系数大于50%。土壤、稻谷、玉米、小麦中大部分重金属呈偏态分布。土壤中重金属间均为正相关,且极显著正相关性明显。稻谷、玉米、小麦中重金属间有正相关,也有负相关,但正相关明显多于负相关;稻谷、玉米、小麦中Mn同其它重金属间均有显著正相关性,协同作用明显。稻谷、玉米、小麦中Pb、Cd、Cr的样本超标率较大,污染明显,并且稻谷中Cd与土壤中Cd有直线关系。     

空心菜浮床栽培对集约化养殖鱼塘水质的影响

以叶绿素a(Chla)、TN、NH4+-N、NO2-N、NO3-N、TP、PO43-P、CODMn等为主要水质指标研究浮床栽培空心菜对集约化养殖鱼塘的净化作用。结果表明,通过4次收获,空心菜产量可达69618.0～73161.6kg.hm-2;空心菜覆盖率为10%和20%处理组通过收获空心菜直接从1hm2养殖池塘中移出的TN分别为27.51、52.35kg,TP分别为2.83、5.39kg。在相同监测时间下,Chla、TN、NH4+-N、NO2-N、NO3-N、TP、PO43-P、CODMn等各项水质指标按对照组、10%处理组、20%处理组的顺序均呈逐渐降低趋势;其中20%处理组对Chla、TN、NH4+-N、NO2-N、NO3-N、TP、PO43-P、CODMn的去除率分别为15.16%～49.02%、9.04%～36.56%、19.23%～46.34%、22.76%～47.74%、13.33%～56.52%、33.33%～45.10%、27.27%～48.15%、3.13%～19.05%。与对照塘相比,处理塘鱼类成活率明显提高,说明在主养鱼为鲫鱼的苗种养殖池塘中采用浮床栽培空心菜能够促进水体物质循环,加强...     

藻类学

内容简介本书系统介绍了藻类植物的分类、形态、构造、生态、生理、生化、遗传等方面,对近30年来海藻生理、生态、生化、分子生物学、进化和系统发育等进展均有概括,内容全面、系统、新颖。作者简介Robert Edward Lee教授拥有丰富的职业生涯,在多个国家包括南非、伊朗以及哈佛医学院从事教学工     

Higher soybean production using honeybee and wild pollinators, a sustainable alternative to pesticides and autopollination

This is the first report showing that using honeybee (Apis mellifera) and wild pollinators complementary pollination can enhance soybean productivity (Glycine max). Current industrial production of soybean involves autopollination and high loads of pesticides. Therefore, growers have neglected possible biotic pollination despite suggestions that soybean benefit from insect pollinators. Reports advocating possible biotic pollination are based on experiments where bees are caged with flowering plants and the absence of pesticides, thus not in field conditions. Therefore, here we compared in field conditions soybean yield produced (1) independently of biotic pollinators, (2) with wild pollinators and (3) with honeybee colonies. Results showed an increase of +6.34 % of soybean yield in areas where wild pollinators had free access to flowers. The introduction of honeybee colonies further raised the yield of +18.09 %. Our findings therefore show that, though soybean is autogamous, allowing pollination by wild pollinators leads to higher yields. Moreover, adding honeybee mitigates pollination deficits and improves yield compared to current practices.     

Caveats to quantifying ecosystem services: fruit abortion blurs benefits from crop pollination.

The recent trend to place monetary values on ecosystem services has led to studies on the economic importance of pollinators for agricultural crops. Several recent studies indicate regional, long-term pollinator declines, and economic consequences have been derived from declining pollination efficiencies. However, use of pollinator services as economic incentives for conservation must consider environmental factors such as drought, pests, and diseases, which can also limit yields. Moreover, "flower excess" is a well-known reproductive strategy of plants as insurance against unpredictable, external factors that limit reproduction. With three case studies on the importance of pollination levels for amounts of harvested fruits of three tropical crops (passion fruit in Brazil, coffee in Ecuador, and cacao in Indonesia) we illustrate how reproductive strategies and environmental stress can obscure initial benefits from improved pollination. By interpreting these results with findings from evolutionary sciences, agronomy, and studies on wild-plant populations, we argue that studies on economic benefits from pollinators should include the total of ecosystem processes that (1) lead to successful pollination and (2) mobilize nutrients and improve plant quality to the extent that crop yields indeed benefit from enhanced pollinator services. Conservation incentives that use quantifications of nature's services to human welfare will benefit from approaches at the ecosystem level that take into account the broad spectrum of biological processes that limit or deliver the service.     

Rapid assessment of insect pollination services to inform decision-making

Pollinator declines have prompted efforts to assess how land-use change affects insect pollinators and pollination services in agricultural landscapes. Yet many tools to measure insect pollination services require substantial landscape-scale data and technical expertise. In expert workshops, 3 straightforward methods (desk-based method, field survey, and empirical manipulation with exclusion experiments) for rapid insect pollination assessment at site scale were developed to provide an adaptable framework that is accessible to nonspecialist with limited resources. These methods were designed for TESSA (Toolkit for Ecosystem Service Site-Based Assessment) and allow comparative assessment of pollination services at a site of conservation interest and in its most plausible alternative state (e.g., converted to agricultural land). We applied the methods at a nature reserve in the United Kingdom to estimate the value of insect pollination services provided by the reserve. The economic value of pollination services provided by the reserve ranged from US$6163 to US$11,546/year. The conversion of the reserve to arable land would provide no insect pollination services and a net annual benefit from insect-pollinated crop production of approximately $1542/year (US$24∙ha^–1∙year^–1). The methods had wide applicability and were readily adapted to different insect-pollinated crops: rape (Brassica napus) and beans (Vicia faba) crops. All methods were rapidly employed under a low budget. The relatively less robust methods that required fewer resources yielded higher estimates of annual insect pollination benefit.     

Linking deforestation scenarios to pollination services and economic returns in coffee agroforestry systems.

The ecological and economic consequences of rain forest conversion and fragmentation for biodiversity, ecosystem functioning, and ecosystem services like protection of soils, water retention, pollination, or biocontrol are poorly understood. In human-dominated tropical landscapes, forest remnants may provide ecosystem services and act as a source for beneficial organisms immigrating into adjacent annual and perennial agro-ecosystems. In this study, we use empirical data on the negative effects of increasing forest distance on both pollinator diversity and fruit set of coffee to estimate future changes in pollination services for different land use scenarios in Sulawesi, Indonesia. Spatially explicit land use simulations demonstrate that depending on the magnitude and location of ongoing forest conversion, pollination services are expected to decline continuously and thus directly reduce coffee yields by up to 18%, and net revenues per hectare up to 14% within the next two decades (compared to average yields of the year 2001). Currently, forests in the study area annually provide pollination services worth 46 Euros per hectare. However, our simulations also revealed a potential win-win constellation, in which ecological and economic values can be preserved, if patches of forests (or other natural vegetation) are maintained in the agricultural landscape, which could be a viable near future option for local farmers and regional land use planners.     

银缕梅花芽生长和开花习性的观察

为了探索银缕梅稀有频危原因，于1990～1995年连续对其花芽生长和开花习性进行观察．结果表明：银缕梅花芽分化到苞片展开，需经1a时间；苞片展开，雌、雄蕊裸露20d后．雄蕊趋于成熟，雌蕊比雄蕊迟熟5～9d，故为雌雄异熟型．银缕梅坐果率为0～1（2），经人工辅助授粉可明显提高坐果率1倍以上，并能增强种子活力，使种子发芽率上升到85％～90％．     

Density-dependent effects of ants on selection for bumble bee pollination in Polemonium viscosum

Mutualisms are commonly exploited by cheater species that usurp rewards without providing reciprocal benefits. Yet most studies of selection between mutualist partners ignore interactions with third species and consequently overlook the impact of cheaters on evolution in the mutualism. Here, we explicitly investigate how the abundance of nectar-thieving ants (cheaters) influences selection in a pollination mutualism between bumble bees and the alpine skypilot, Polemonium viscosum. As suggested in past work with this species, bumble bees accounted for most of the seed production (78% +/- 6% [mean +/- SE]) in our high tundra study population and, in the absence of ants, exerted strong selection for large flowers. We tested for indirect effects of ant abundance on seed set through bumble bee pollination services (pollen delivery and pollen export) and a direct effect through flower damage. Ants reduced seed set per flower by 20% via flower damage. As ant density increased within experimental patches, the rate of flower damage rose, but pollen delivery and export did not vary significantly, showing that indirect effects of increased cheater abundance on pollinator service are negligible in this system. To address how ants affect selection for plant participation in the pollination mutualism we tested the impact of ant abundance on selection for bumble bee-mediated pollination. Results show that the impact of ants on fitness (seed set) accruing under bumble bee pollination is density dependent in P. viscosum. Selection for bumble bee pollination declined with increasing ant abundance in experimental patches, as predicted if cheaters constrain fitness returns of mutualist partner services. We also examined how ant abundance influences selection on flower size, a key component of plant investment in bumble bee pollination. We predicted that direct effects of ants would constrain bumble bee selection for large flowers. However, selection on flower size was significantly positive over a wide range of ant abundance (20-80% of plants visited by ants daily). Although high cheater abundance reduces the fitness returns of bumble bee pollination, it does not completely eliminate selection for bumble bee attraction in P. viscosum.     

Separating selection by diurnal and nocturnal pollinators on floral display and spur length in Gymnadenia conopsea

Most plants attract multiple flower visitors that may vary widely in their effectiveness as pollinators. Floral evolution is expected to reflect interactions with the most important pollinators, but few studies have quantified the contribution of different pollinators to current selection on floral traits. To compare selection mediated by diurnal and nocturnal pollinators on floral display and spur length in the rewarding orchid Gymnadenia conopsea, we manipulated the environment by conducting supplemental hand-pollinations and selective pollinator exclusions in two populations in central Norway. In both populations, the exclusion of diurnal pollinators significantly reduced seed production compared to open pollination, whereas the exclusion of nocturnal pollinators did not. There was significant selection on traits expected to influence pollinator attraction and pollination efficiency in both the diurnal and nocturnal pollination treatment. The relative strength of selection among plants exposed to diurnal and nocturnal visitors varied among traits and populations, but the direction of selection was consistent. The results suggest that diurnal pollinators are more important than nocturnal pollinators for seed production in the study populations, but that both categories contribute to selection on floral morphology. The study illustrates how experimental manipulations can link specific categories of pollinators to observed selection on floral traits, and thus improve our understanding of how species interactions shape patterns of selection.     

Advertising to the enemy: enhanced floral fragrance increases beetle attraction and reduces plant reproduction

Many organisms face challenges in avoiding predation while searching for mates. For plants, emitting floral fragrances to advertise reproductive structures could increase the attraction of detrimental insects along with pollinators. Very few studies have experimentally evaluated the costs and benefits of fragrance emission with explicit consideration of how plant fitness is affected by both pollinators and florivores. To determine the reproductive consequences of increasing the apparency of reproductive parts, we manipulated fragrance, pollination, and florivores in the wild Texas gourd, Cucurbita pepo var. texana. With enhanced fragrance we found an increase in the attraction of florivores, rather than pollinators, and a decrease in seed production. This study is the first to demonstrate that enhanced floral fragrance can increase the attraction of detrimental florivores and decrease plant reproduction, suggesting that florivory as well as pollination has shaped the evolution of floral scent.     

Nurse Plant and Floral Biology of a Rare Night-Blooming Cereus, Peniocereus striatus (Brandegee) F. Buxbaum

The Sonoran night-blooming cereus ( Peniocereus striatus ) is a rare cactus found in the Sonoran Desert. Its survival is dependent on maintenance of its habitat and its ability to recruit. This study evaluates the role of nurse plants in P. striatus survival and the floral and pollination ecology controlling recruitment. A strong association was detected between P. striatus and its nurse plants, which include Olneya tesota and Larrea tridentata . Because of the harvesting of Olneya tesota and Prosopis velutina for charcoal over a 20,000 square km area of its range, this night-blooming cereus is vulnerable to rapid habitat degradation in both Sonora (Mexico) and adjacent Arizona (U.S.A.). The temporal and local scarcity of sphingid moths available for pollination caused by pesticides and small flower numbers, appear to produce low recruitment rates. These two important threats to the biotic associates of this cactus have increased its natural rarity. This can only be alleviated through international cooperation.     

Tracing impacts of partner abundance in facultative pollination mutualisms: from individuals to populations

Partner abundance affects costs and benefits in obligate mutualisms, but its role in facultative partnerships is less clear. We address this gap in a pollination web consisting of two clovers (Trifolium) that differ in specialization on a bumble bee pollinator Bombus balteatus. We examine how pollination niche breadth affects plant responses to pollinator abundance, comparing early-flowering (specialized) and late-flowering (generalized) cohorts of T. parryi and early T. parryi to T. dasyphyllum, a pollination generalist. Co-pollinators disrupt the link between B. halteatus visitation and pollination rate for both clovers. Only for early-flowering T. parryi do visitation, pollination, and seed set increase with density of B. balteatus. Bumble bee density also alters timing of seed germination in T. parryi, with seeds from plants receiving augmented B. balteatus germinating sooner than seeds of open-pollinated counterparts. Benefits saturate at intermediate bumble bee densities. Despite strong effects of B. balteatus density on individual plant fitness components, population models suggest little impact of B. balteatus density on lamda in T. parryi or T. dasyphyllum. Findings show that functional redundancy in a pollinator guild mediates host-plant responses to partner density. Unexpected effects of pollinator density on life history schedule have implications for recruitment under pollinator decline.