镉对鲫鱼组织转氨酶和过氧化氢酶活性的影响

当水中镉离子浓度为３２ｍｇ／Ｌ，６４ｍｇ／Ｌ时，肝胰脏，肾脏和鳃的谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶活性显著降低，而过氧化氢酶活性则显著升高，对鲫鱼心脏３种酶活性的影响不明显，体外试验表明，镉能直接抑制ＧＰＴ、ＧＯＴ的活性，而对Ｃａｔａｌａｓｅ活性不产生直接影响。     

莠去津对土壤过氧化氢酶活性的影响研究

研究了除草剂莠去津对土壤过氧化氢酶活性的影响。试验结果表明,莠去津浓度不同对土壤过氧化氢酶活性影响会不同,随着浓度的升高,对过氧化氢酶活性激活作用有所增强,莠去津对离体过氧化氢酶有一定的激活;336nm处的相对荧光强度不断减弱,酶分子的构象发生了变化．过氧化氢酶分子渐趋紧密。莠去津对过氧化氢酶荧光的猝灭作用主要是由于静态猝灭引起的。     

水体浊度对马来眼子菜和菹草生长的影响

研究了不同浊度(30、60和90 NTU)水体中,马来眼子菜及菹草的生长发育状况,并用水下饱和脉冲叶绿素荧光仪(Diving-PAM)测定其叶片荧光参数指标。结果表明,不同的浊度对马来眼子菜的叶片数及株高无显著影响,而对菹草的叶片数及株高生长速率有一定的影响。30 d胁迫下,浊度组马来眼子菜的最大光化学量子产量(maximum quantum yield,Fv/Fm)、光化学淬灭系数(photochemical quenching,qP)、非光化学淬灭系数(non-photochemical quenching,qN)、相对光合电子传递速率(electron transport rate,ETR)与对照组差异不显著(p>0.05),表明马来眼子菜对浑浊水体有较强的耐受能力;实验结束时,高浊度组(90 NTU)中,菹草Fv/Fm、qP、qN、ETR与对照组达到极显著差异(p<0.01),其余浊度组也相应受到影响,说明菹草的光系统II(PSII)受到破坏。该研究的成果可为沉水植物恢复研究与实践提供技术支撑。     

基质施入污泥对马尼拉草和波斯菊生长的影响

通过盆栽实验,研究污泥和土壤的混合对马尼拉草和波斯菊生长和生理指标的影响。结果表明,当污泥施用比在10%~15%之间,对马尼拉草的生长有促进作用,其株高、生物量、叶绿素含量和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均优于对照组,丙二醛(MDA)含量与对照组相近;污泥施用比大于30%时,则明显地抑制马尼拉草的生长。当污泥施用比在3%~5%之间时,可促进波斯菊的生长,其株高、花数、叶绿素含量均大于对照组,MDA随时间的增长有减小的趋势,CAT活性较高;而污泥施用比大于10%时,则显著地抑制波斯菊的生长。     

1,2,4-三氯苯对成年斑马鱼和幼鱼几种酶活性的影响

实验室条件下,通过1,2,4-三氯苯(1,2,4-TCB)染毒对成年斑马鱼及幼鱼体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性进行测定和比较,从而确定1,2,4-TCB暴露对斑马鱼的毒性机制。结果发现,低质量浓度(2、4、8mg/L)1,2,4-TCB处理对SOD活性有一定的应激作用,且在第8天明显高于对照组;16mg/L 1,2,4-TCB对SOD活性明显抑制。4～10d时4mg/L处理组CAT活性与对照组呈显著差异,2、4、8mg/L处理组CAT活性随时间延长先升高后降低。各处理组AKP活性在前4d基本无显著变化,2、4mg/L处理组AKP活性在第8天与对照组呈极显著差异;16mg/L处理组AKP活性低于对照组。斑马鱼胚胎暴露1,2,4-TCB孵化第6天后,3.46mg/L处理组幼鱼蛋白质与对照组呈显著差异,其他处理组与对照组无显著差异。各处理组幼鱼体内SOD、CAT和AKP活性与对照组基本无显著变化。幼鱼比成年斑马鱼对1,2,4-TCB影响更加敏感。     

冬季不同生境下菹草的水质净化效果研究

在室外通过人工构建静态模拟生态系统,研究冬季不同底质、水深、水质条件下,菹草对水体营养盐的吸收净化效果。结果表明,在不同水深或水质污染程度的相应组实验中,添加土壤改良剂的各组实验的TN、TP、NO3--N、高锰酸盐指数去除率均高于相应的未添加组,而NH4+-N去除情况相反;添加土壤改良剂有助于菹草对水体营养盐的综合去除,菹草在水深较深且营养盐负荷较高的水体中对营养盐的去除效果更好;水深35cm比水深25cm更适宜菹草的生长;菹草在实验设计的水质条件下能正常生长和对水质进行高效净化,适合在冬季运用于一般河道的水体修复。     

Subcellular distribution and toxicity of cadmium in Potamogeton crispus L

The submerged macrophyte Potamogeton crispus L. was subjected to varying doses of cadmium (0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 μM) for 7 d, and the plants were analyzed for subcellular distribution of Cd, accumulation of mineral nutrients, photosynthesis, oxidative stress, protein content, and ultrastructural distribution of calcium (Ca). Leaf fractionation by differential centrifugation indicated that 48-69% of Cd was accumulated in the cell wall. At all doses of Cd, the levels of Ca and B rose and the level of Mn fell; the levels of Fe, Mg, Zn, Cu, Mo, and P rose initially only to decline later. Exposure to Cd caused oxidative stress as evident by increased content of malondialdehyde and decreased contents of chlorophyll and protein. Photosynthetic efficiency, as indicated by the quenching of chlorophyll a fluorescence (Fv/Fm, Fo and Fm), decreased significantly, the extent of decrease being directly proportional to the concentration of Cd. Increased amounts of precipitates of calcium were noticed in the treated plants, located either outside the cell membrane or in chloroplasts, mitochondria, the nucleus, and the cytoplasm whereas control plants showed small deposits of the precipitates around surface of the vacuole membrane and in the intercellular space but rarely in the cytoplasm. Photosynthetic efficiency and oxidative stress could be used as indicators of physiological end-points in determining the extent of Cd phytotoxicity.     

Seasonal changes of metal accumulation and distribution in shining pondweed (Potamogeton lucens)

In this study, submerged aquatic plant Potamogeton lucens, corresponding sediment and water samples were seasonally collected from Lake Sapanca (Turkey) and analysed for their heavy metal contents (Pb, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Zn and Cd). While heavy metals concentrations in the water samples were decreased as Zn > Cr > Ni > Pb > Mn > Cu > Cd, in sediment samples were Mn > Zn > Ni > Cu > Cr > Pb > Cd, respectively. Generally, heavy metals concentrations in the plant tissues were decreased in sequence of Mn > Zn > Cu > Ni > Cr > Pb > Cd. It was determined that Cu, Mn and Zn were actively transported to the root, where they were accumulated especially in autumn. Lower accumulation factor ratios were seen in spring than other seasons. Cd exhibited a relatively clear pattern of increasing accumulation in P. lucens with increasing sediment metal concentrations. Significant positive correlations were observed between Cr, Cu, Ni and Cd contents in sediment and Cd contents in root of P. lucens. The investigations suggested that Ni and Mn have a tendency to be accumulated in leaf especially in autumn and Cr and Cd to be accumulated in shoot especially in summer.     

Dairy Manure Treatment,Digestion and Nutrient Recovery as a Phosphate Fertilizer

A combined approach of biological treatment, solids digestion and nutrient recovery was tested on dairy manure. A sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was operated in three modes, in order to optimize nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) removals. The highest average removal efficiencies of 91% for NH₄-N, 59% for PO₄-P and 80% for total chemical oxygen demand (COD) were achieved. Staining experiments suggested the coexistence of glycogen and phosphorus accumulating organisms. Anaerobic digestion of wasted bio-solids was able to produce a PO₄-P concentration of 70 mgL^?1 in the supernatant. A pilot-scale experiment, designed to recover phosphorus in the supernatant as struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate), was able to remove 82% of soluble PO₄-P.     

Accumulation of mercury and its effect on antioxidant enzymes in brain,liver, and kidneys of mice

Abstract

The effect of mercuric chloride (HgCl₂) on the activities of catalase, Superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR) and its effect on glutathione (GSH) content were evaluated in different organs (liver, kidneys, and brain) of mice after administration at 0, 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg/day for 14 days. The uptake of mercury shows that the kidneys accumulated the highest levels of mercury compare to brain and liver. The enzyme levels varied in mercury treated organs compare to control. A dose dependent increase of antioxidant enzymes occurred in the liver and kidneys. The increase in enzyme activities correlated with highest mercury accumulation in the kidneys and liver. Mercury is known to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vivo and in vitro, therefore, it is likely that enzyme activities increased to scavenge ROS levels produced as a result of mercury accumulation. Glutathione content increased in liver and kidneys of mercury treated mice compare to control. The results showed that the highest oral dose of mercury significantly increased antioxidant enzymes in kidneys and liver. The increased antioxidant enzymes enhance the antioxidant potential of the organs to reduce oxidative stress.     

温室气体二氧化碳的回收与资源化

从温室效应的概念出发，介绍了6种典型温室气体的来源、含量及其对地球环境的影响。由于CO2含量日益增多，国际上作出了相应的对策以减少CO2的排放量。因此对削减二氧化碳的技术和发展方向作了概要评述，以废物资源化的原则，将分离回收的CO2进行综合利用，还对其应用的三个方面进行了归纳总结。     

电子废弃物中的金属回收技术研究进展

总结了目前国内外从电子废弃物中回收金属的4种主要处理技术（即机械处理技术、热处理技术、湿法冶金技术和生物技术）的研究成果，并分析比较了其优、劣势，机械处理技术工艺简单、易规模化，且产生的二次污染相对较小，迎合了商业发展和环保的需求，但无法将各种金属彻底分离；热处理技术一般会污染环境，金属回收率较低，但对富集金属含量低的废物中的金属具有良好的效果；湿法冶金方法工艺较为复杂，化学试剂耗量大、且易腐蚀设备，但金属回收率较高；生物技术具有投资省、回收效率高和环保等优点，但已知菌种少且难以培养，生产周期过长。因此，应当在不断追求经济有效、环境友好的金属回收技术的基础上，对各种技术进行交叉优化组合，扬长避短，组成一个各种技术相互协调的环境友好型回收系统，实现清洁高效地回收高纯度金属。     

上海市废弃电器电子产品回收现状及分析

基于废弃电器电子产品产生量大、价值高、危害性强等特点,阐述了对它们进行回收处理的必然性。文中在调研上海市废弃电器电子产品回收量、预测其产生量的基础上,阐明了在家电以旧换新的政策下上海市废弃电器电子产品具有很高回收率以及废弃电视机的所占比例极高的特点,并分析了产生这种现象的原因。