Structural Changes in the Carabid Fauna of Forest Ecosystems under a Toxic Impact

Changes in the abundance, species composition, and biomorphological structure of the carabid fauna were studied in birch and fir–spruce forests growing in a zone exposed to emissions from a copper-smelting plant in the Middle Urals. The dynamic density of carabids decreased and their species composition and the ratio of life forms changed along the pollution gradient, but the principle of organization of carabidocenoses and the structure of dominance in them remained undisturbed.     

The State of Components of the Biota as an Indicator of Disturbances in Natural Ecosystems Exposed to Petrochemical Pollution

Russian Journal of Ecology -     

Heavy Metals in the Environment of the Middle Urals and Their Effects on the Organism

The kinetics of accumulation of essential and toxic trace elements (TE) in vitally important organs were studied in small mammals typical of the Middle and Southern Ural fauna. The results revealed a discrepancy between the increased uptake of Cd, Zn, Pb, and Cu by animals and the virtually constant concentrations of heavy metals (HMs) in their organs, which could be explained by the existence of special elimination systems activated upon excessive HM uptake. It is shown that HM accumulation in animal tissues is energy-dependent and species-specific, and the effects of highly toxic TE correlate with physiological processes.     

The Lack of Snow in a Boreal Forest May Reduce Summer Feeding Activity of Soil Invertebrates

Russian Journal of Ecology - In order to assess the effect of snow cover on the feeding activity of soil detritivores in the middle taiga, a short-term field experiment has been carried out. On the...     

Structure of the communities of small mammals (micromammalia) in forests on western slopes of the Northern Urals

Long-term data on the species composition and ratio of insectivores and rodents in forest ecosystems of the western macroslope of the Northern Urals are considered. It is shown that the micromammalian communities of mountain forests are characterized by higher total abundance and polydominance and comprise greater numbers of common species than the communities of taiga forests in neighboring regions of the Russian Plain. Hence, the mountain-forest communities of small mammals have high indices of species diversity and uniformity.Translated from Ekologiya, No. 2, 2005, pp. 138–145.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Bobretsov, Lukyanova, Poroshin.     

人口老龄化背景下的经济对策与产业选择

面对人口老龄化对经济发展的影响．应以养老和健康保障为先导．逐步加大对社会保障基金的投入．充实基本养老保险和医疗保险基金．建立和完善与生产力发展水平相适应的社会保障制度．继续推进社会保障社会化和产业结构调整的力度．建议政府应大力发展老龄产业。政府必须从实际出发．坚持科学发展观．逐步建立和完善老年社会养老制度和福利制度．根据老年消费市场状况．规范、引导投资．调整、优化产业结构用产业化、市场化、社会化的新运行机制．推进安老、养老产业的发展．根据老年人的不同需求，有计划的发展老龄产业、开发老年用品．增设老年服务项目．满足老年人在物质和文化方面的发展需要．以促使人口老龄化与经济的协调发展。     

Impact of a small city on the structure of small mammal fauna in forests of the northeastern Moscow region

Forests in and around the reserve located near the city of Chernogolovka (50 km northeast of Moscow), forests adjoining the city, and urban forests were examined during the period from 1992 to 2004. Differences between forests of the reserve proved to be less significant than those resulting from the impact of urban factors. The influence of a small city was found to change the structure of communities of small mammals in surrounding forests by reducing their diversity and enhancing the dominance of ecologically restrained synanthropic species.     

产业结构调整对北京市碳减排目标的影响

中国向世界承诺将能源消耗强度和CO2排放强度作为约束性指标,实现2020年单位国内生产总值碳排放强度较2005年下降40%-45%。北京作为中国的首都,对其他城市更具有示范作用。本文以北京市产业结构为基础,根据能源消耗种类、政府间气候变化委员会公布的折算系数和北京实际生产总值,计算1995-2012年北京市碳排放水平。文中首先运用基于环境影响评估的可拓展随机模型,检验出第一、二、三产业结构与CO2排放量之间存在显著关系,并计算出总体产业结构变动的相对贡献水平。而后重点把三大产业进行细分为7个产业,即第一产业、工业、建筑业、电力热力、交通运输仓储邮政业、批发零售住宿餐饮业和生活部门,验证了细分产业与CO2排放量之间存在显著关系,并计算出各个产业的相对贡献水平。随后利用对数权重平衡分析法先对三大产业的CO2排放水平进行绝对量分解,同时按7个产业进行绝对量分解,并结合随机拓展模型进行分析。最后研究北京市产业结构调整对碳减排的效应,提出要同时加快内部产业升级与产业间协调发展,加快提升第三产业能源利用效率的政策建议。     

Distribution of 137Cs in the Tree Layer of Forest Ecosystems in the Zone of the Accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant

Trends in ¹³⁷Cs distribution over the parts of coniferous (Pinus sylvestrisL.) and deciduous (Betula pendula Rocht.) trees are described. The trees have been selected in the stationary experimental plots located in southwestern Bryansk oblast, Russian Federation. The distribution of ¹³⁷Cs in the wood along the trunk height is shown to be nonuniform. The effects of ¹³⁷Cs content in the xylem sap on the accumulation of this radionuclide in the leaves and needles are assessed. The factors controlling ¹³⁷Cs accumulation in the components of woody plants are revealed, and their significance is estimated.     

Role of small mammals in natural and anthropogenic landscapes of the right-bank region of Saratov oblast

Small mammal communities inhabiting natural and anthropogenically transformed areas of the right-bank region of Saratov oblast are fairly similar in species composition. They are represented by wide-spread, common species that, against the background of a low population density of typical steppe species, make a major contribution to the community. The highest ecological tolerance is characteristic of the striped field mouse Apodemus agrarius, which is widespread in the study region and dominates in the majority of natural biotopes and in agrocenoses; the common vole Microtus arvalis is scarce in agrocenoses.     

Microecosystem Analysis of the Structure and Functions of Forest Biogeocenoses

The microecosystem approach and an adequate system of quantitative methods have been used to study the relationship between the chorologic changes in the structure and functions of edificator tree stand and other components of the pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forest cenoecosystems of the Transural and Northern Turgai regions. Significant correlations of the density of pine undergrowth with the litter thickness; of its growth with root competition, stand closeness, and, to a lower degree, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR); and of the numbers of small mammals and groups of soil mesofauna with herbaceous phytomass have been found. The possibility of the synthesis of population-ecological, synecological, and biogeocenological methods has been demonstrated.     

FDI对中国物流业碳排放影响的实证研究

近年来,全球气候变暖现象严重,为了实现人类的可持续发展,各国普遍重视发展低碳经济。中国是世界上碳排放量最多的国家,作为负责任的大国,我国发展低碳经济势在必行。物流是经济中不可缺少的一环,低碳物流直接影响到我国低碳经济的发展,因而,对于物流业碳排放问题的研究显得十分必要与紧迫。在经济全球化的背景下,我国大力推行外资政策,积极引进FDI,FDI在推动我国经济发展的同时,也对我国的生态环境产生了影响。正是在这一背景下,本文尝试探讨FDI对我国物流业碳排放的影响;因为产业之间具有关联性,这里的FDI既包括物流业的FDI,也包括其他与物流业相关性较强行业的FDI。本文首先采用投入产出分析方法具体分析了物流业与其他产业的关联程度,得出制造业、商业和金融业是物流业的强相关行业的结论;进而通过构建分行业FDI对我国物流业碳排放影响的时间序列回归模型进行实证分析,结果表明,FDI总体上显著减少了我国物流业的CO2排放量和排放强度,其中物流业、制造业的FDI在减少我国物流业碳排放方面是显著的,而商业与金融业FDI对我国物流业二氧化碳排放强度影响均不显著;上述结果说明FDI对我国物流业碳排放的技术效应明显,"污染天堂假说"在我国物流业并不成立。此外,行业规模、能源消费强度、贸易开放程度、城镇化率以及环境治理投资等因素都会对物流业的碳排放产生影响。最后,在总结全文的基础上得出合理引进FDI,调整能源消费结构,发展节能减排技术的政策建议。     

The State of Protected Forest Communities in the European Forest–Steppe Zone of Russia and Prospects for Their Reconstruction: A Case Study of Specially Protected Areas of Penza Oblast

The structure of most forest communities in the European forest–steppe, including protected areas, has been disturbed. The adverse consequences of these disturbances include the incomplete age structure of the populations of cenosis-forming species and the irreversibility of successions. The conservation of biodiversity in the structurally disturbed communities is impossible without human intervention, which must be aimed at restoring their age heterogeneity with regard to their specific ecological features.     

The Effect of Soil Cultivation on the Humus State of Gray Forest Soil in the Middle Urals

The results of studies on the humus state of soils in agrosystems of the Middle Urals (1984–1997) are described. It is shown that the change of agricultural technologies (crop rotation, doses of organic fertilizers, etc.) transforms environmental conditions and the direction of humus formation processes. Parameters such as the concentrations of humus and water-soluble carbon and soil potential for humus accumulation reliably characterize the humus state of arable soil and allow the mobility and migration rate of humic substances to be monitored.     

农户贫困恢复力测度、影响效应及对策研究——基于农户家庭结构的视角

集中连片贫困地区扶贫开发与农户脱贫问题关系社会稳定与和谐,而恢复力概念为贫困领域研究提供了新的视角。研究利用抽样调查的321户家庭问卷数据,基于生计恢复力理论框架,构建农户贫困恢复力指标体系,从农户家庭结构分类出发,采用探索性统计和主成分分析判定不同人口、生计结构农户缓冲力资本、贫困恢复力差异,运用多层次模型探究农户家庭因素(生计、人口)与贫困恢复力内在结构效应。研究主要结论:1研究区不同家庭结构农户经济类资本分布极不均衡,资本积累水平低;2影响贫困地区农户个体恢复力的主要因素包括物质资本、经济收入、文化教育、劳动力、交通条件、社会资源等;3高质量劳动力人口结构以及合理多样化收入方式的生计结构对农户贫困恢复力才具有正向效应。最后,针对研究区农户家庭结构贫困恢复力差异和关键影响因子,提出相关恢复力建设对策。     

中国西部生态脆弱区产业结构调整的污染风险分析——以青海省为例

实现产业结构的调整升级是当今世界各国经济发展的普遍趋势,也是提升经济增长速度和水平的有效途径。青海省作为我国西部重要省份之一,不仅经济发展水平相对落后,而且生态环境也十分脆弱。随着西部大开发进程的不断推进,青海省经济加速发展,由此产生的污染风险也日趋提高。因此,研究青海省产业结构调整对提炼西部生态脆弱区协调经济增长与污染排放的关系并实现污染风险的有效监管具有重大意义。本文依据经济增长-环境质量回归模型研究了青海省产业结构升级与污染物排放的关系,发现青海省经济增长与污染物排放之间存在倒U型曲线关系。研究发现,青海省仍然处于污染物排放随经济增长而增长的阶段,且距离拐点仍有一定的距离。此外,本文分析了青海省不同产业随时间的变化趋势,虽然三大产业均有增长的态势,但是各占GDP比例变化却各不相同。其中,第一产业的比例不断下降,第二产业的比例不断增长,而第三产业在增长到一定比例后,有小幅减少的趋势。在此基础上,本文利用青海省不同产业占全国相同产业的比例,分析了青海省产业结构的变化趋势,并利用环境投入-产出模型计算了产业结构调整和升级过程中造成的污染物排放量,评价了产业结构升级可能带来的污染风险。虽然青海省第一产业占该区域GDP比例呈减少态势,但占全国比例并未发生明显变化,这表明了青海省农林牧渔业的发展趋势和速度基本与全国平均水平持平;第二产业占全国比例大部分呈减少的态势,而第三产业却有一定的增长态势,这在一定程度上反映了青海省产业发展正在向加大第三产业的发展并控制污染较严重的第二产业的发展的方向转变。产业结构的提升对不同产业污染物的排放也产生了不同的影响。其中,机械电子设备制造业、住宿餐饮和零售业和房地及租赁产业的提升导致了污染物排放小幅增长,而其他产业尤其是建筑业、金属制品业等的扩张则对污染物排放均有不同程度的抑制作用。因此,虽然其经济发展会在一定程度上加重环境污染风险,并且污染排放量会随经济的进一步发展而不断加大,但2002-2007年青海省产业结构变化对废水、废气等污染的排放产生了一定的控制作用,从而降低了青海省环境污染的风险。研究结论为青海省调整产业结构以抑制环境污染风险并保障区域经济发展和环境保护的协调提供重要的决策参考信息。     

Communities of Wood-Attacking Fungi in the Region of Oil and Gas Production

The communities of xylotrophic fungi were studied in the northern and middle taiga subzones of western Siberia, in forests growing in the region of oil and gas production and exposed to various anthropogenic factors (emissions of petroleum gas flares, oil pollution, spills of mineralized oil-field water, etc.). Structural and functional rearrangements in these communities were revealed, and the prevalence of rot in the tree stand was assessed.     

The Carbon Cycle in the Ecosystems of Thermal Springs in the Chukchi Peninsula as a Natural Model of Warming

Comparative studies on the ecosystems in the vicinity of thermal springs and in the typical tundra were performed in the southeastern Chukchi Peninsula in July and August 1997. Biogenic carbon fluxes during the greater part of the growing season were determined, the aboveground phytomass structure was studied, and the carbon reserve in the soil was estimated. It was demonstrated that the gross primary production and soil carbon in thermal ecosystems are greater than in similar permafrost ecosystems. The structural and ecophysiological changes leading to an increase in the gross production of plant communities were analyzed.