亚硝酸钠增强SMMC-7721细胞拮抗镉细胞毒性的研究

为了研究亚硝酸钠对肝源性细胞的毒物兴奋效应和拮抗镉诱导的细胞凋亡作用,以人体肝癌细胞SMMC-7721为模型,用3.13～3200mg·L-1亚硝酸钠作用24h,并采用四甲基偶氮唑蓝(MTT)法检测细胞的增殖活性.结果表明,细胞增殖活性表现出毒物兴奋效应.在毒物兴奋效应浓度范围内,选取最小效应浓度的亚硝酸钠(17mg·L-1)预适应细胞24h,然后再用25μmol·L-1氯化镉处理12h,细胞增殖活性结果表明,预适应的细胞能够耐受镉损害,这种细胞保护作用可以被一氧化氮清除剂抑制.流式细胞术及Hoechst33258/PI荧光双染结果表明,亚硝酸钠预适应的细胞能够耐受镉诱导的细胞凋亡.亚硝酸钠预适应的细胞再用氯化镉处理,与单纯氯化镉处理组相比,细胞内丙二醛(MDA)含量下降,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性升高.同时,免疫细胞化学结果也显示,金属硫蛋白(MT)表达升高.总体而言,亚硝酸钠在3.13～800mg·L-1浓度范围内可促进细胞增殖活性并能够耐受镉诱导的细胞凋亡.     

锌对镉在河南华溪蟹鳃组织亚细胞中富集的影响

为了研究锌对镉在河南华溪蟹(Sinopotamon henanense)鳃中富集的影响,本文选择不同浓度镉锌联合处理14 d和28 d后,采用亚细胞分离法将鳃组织分为热稳定蛋白(HSP)、富含金属颗粒(MRG)、生物活性部分(BAM)和细胞碎片部分(CD),其中,热稳定蛋白(HSP)和富含金属颗粒(MRG)组成生物解毒部分(BDM),利用火焰原子吸收分光光度法(AAS)测定各个亚细胞组分中镉的含量.结果显示,BDM是镉富集的重要场所,镉在其中所占比例达到50%.其中,BDM包括热稳定蛋白(HSP)和富含金属颗粒组分(MRG).随着镉处理浓度的增加,锌对镉在HSP和MRG中的蓄积表现为先促后抑的作用.在BAM中,加锌促进镉的蓄积,且相较于高浓度锌(1000μg·L-1),低浓度锌(100μg·L-1)的促进作用更为显著.研究表明,锌对镉在河南华溪蟹鳃中的富集及分布有一定影响.     

镉对长江华溪蟹金属硫蛋白mRNA表达的诱导及低分子量壳聚糖的联合作用

采用实时荧光定量PCR法,研究了不同浓度镉（Cd2＋）对长江华溪蟹（Sinopotamon yangtsekiense）金属硫蛋白（metallothionein,简称MT）在肝胰腺、鳃、肌肉和心脏中mRNA表达的诱导作用及低分子量壳聚糖（lowmolecular weight chitosan,简称LMWC）的联合作...     

褐菖鮋（Sebastiscusmarmoratus）金属硫蛋白的分离提纯及免疫测定

通过ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＧ－７５凝胶过滤和ＤＥＡＥ－ＳｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅＣＬ－６Ｂ离子交换柱层析，从褐菖的肝脏分离金属硫蛋白，经氨基区组成分析表明：褐菖的金属硫蛋白不含环状氨基酸，半胱氨酸含量达３５％，估算分子量为６７００道尔顿。等电聚焦显示两条区带，ＰＩ分别为４．０和４．２。金属硫蛋白经与牛血清蛋白交联对兔进行免疫，兔抗血清用ＰｒｏｔｅｉｎＡ亲和纯化并标记上辣根过氧化物酶，利用酶联免疫吸附测定法（ＥＬＩＳＡ）对褐菖金属硫蛋白进行分析，测定范围为５—１００ｎｇ／ｍＬ，经诱导和没诱导的肝提取液金属硫蛋白含量分别为４５０μｇ／ｍＬ和２０μｇ／ｍＬ，两者之间差别为２０多倍。     

镉诱导华溪蟹不同组织金属硫蛋白表达及镉蓄积的研究

为了系统研究镉诱导华溪蟹不同组织(肝胰腺,腮)金属硫蛋白(MT)表达及镉蓄积状况,并探讨二者之间的关系,采用体外镉暴露法处理华溪蟹,用镉-血红蛋白饱和法和火焰原子吸收分光光度法(AAS)分别测定华溪蟹肝胰腺及腮中镉蓄积及MT表达含量.结果显示,暴露期间动物死亡率低于9.2%.体重未见显著变化.不同浓度镉暴露下.华溪蟹体内镉蓄积及金属硫蛋白表达具有明显组织差异,且呈现一定的时间-效应与剂量-效应关系.鳃中镉蓄积量高于肝胰腺且最高达到(15.41 ±3.21)μg·g-1;而肝胰腺中MT表达量高于鳃,最高达到(97.18±11.83)μg·g-1.通过鳃及肝胰腺中MT的镉结合率计算,显示肝胰腺中的镉可完全被MT结合,而鳃中镉蓄积量远远大于MT结合能力.     

镉致仔猪睾丸支持细胞抗氧化酶活性降低及DNA损伤研究

为了研究镉对仔猪睾丸支持细胞毒性影响,以仔猪睾丸支持细胞为实验模型,采用二步酶消化法分离支持细胞进行培养,并通过油红O和免疫细胞化学方法进行鉴定,探讨了0、10、20、40、80μmo.lL-1氯化镉对支持细胞的毒性作用.结果表明,二步酶消化法能分离出纯度较高的支持细胞,10μmol·L-1以上的氯化镉对支持细胞的生长具有抑制作用,并能使支持细胞的丙二醛含量升高,超氧化物岐化酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性下降,造成支持细胞DNA损伤,并随着氯化镉浓度的增大存在明显的剂量-效应关系.     

硒镉联合作用对大、小鼠精子畸形率的影响

通过对小鼠腹腔注射硒、镉化合物和大鼠经口摄入低硒加镉粮,来观察高剂量镉,高、低剂量硒单独和联合作用的遗传学效应。结果表明,不仅氯化镉和亚硒酸钠能引起精子畸形率的明显升高,长期摄入低硒粮也能引起精子畸形率的明显升高。当高硒高镉联合作用时,亚硒酸钠可明显对抗氯化镉的遗传毒性,而低硒高镉联合作用时,则加重了氯化镉和亚硒酸钠的遗传毒性。     

纳米氧化锌颗粒物通过氧化应激和离子通道失调诱导大鼠气管上皮细胞凋亡的机理

纳米氧化锌具有广泛的工业用途,其生态安全性受到广泛关注,针对纳米氧化锌诱导的呼吸道细胞毒性及其作用机理研究尚不广泛.本研究分别采用不同浓度和粒径(30 nm和90 nm)的氧化锌颗粒物处理大鼠气管上皮细胞(rat tracheal epithelial cells,RTE cells),暴露时间为12 h,通过检测细胞内锌元素含量,细胞增殖抑制率,细胞凋亡率,凋亡相关caspsae 3基因与蛋白相对表达量,细胞内金属硫蛋白活性,ROS和MDA含量、细胞内Ca~(2+)-ATP酶和Na~+/K~+-ATP酶活性来分析纳米氧化锌诱导细胞毒效应机理.在90 nm纳米氧化锌高浓度暴露时,其细胞内锌元素浓度为0.845μg·L~(-1),约为低浓度暴露组的4.7倍,是30 nm低浓度暴露组的9倍;纳米颗粒物诱导的细胞增殖和凋亡毒效应具有剂量和尺寸依赖效应;30 nm处理组的pro-caspase 3和cleaved-caspase 3蛋白表达量均高于90 nm暴露组;暴露浓度为10 mg·L~(-1)的90 nm处理组的金属硫蛋白增加量为0.533μg·L~(-1),增幅达到46%;不同粒径氧化锌颗粒物处理后,细胞内ROS和MDA含量显著上升,且30 nm处理组结果均高于90 nm处理组;纳米氧化锌颗粒物暴露诱导细胞Ca~(2+)-ATP酶和Na~+/K~+-ATP酶活性显著下降,30 nm氧化锌颗粒物暴露组,其Na~+/K~+-ATP酶活性分别是对照组的1.8倍和3.5倍.纳米氧化锌颗粒物进入RTE细胞,通过干扰锌在细胞内代谢,诱导细胞内ROS和MDA水平升高,产生氧化应激,进而诱导细胞凋亡是导致纳米氧化锌产生细胞毒性的主要原因之一.纳米氧化锌会导致细胞内Ca~(2+)-ATPase和Na~+/K~+-ATPase活性下降,离子通道失调,破坏细胞内离子平衡,进一步造成细胞凋亡.     

重金属对活性污泥中原生动物群的毒性

一定浓度的重金属对绝大多数微生物都有毒性，因此会影响到以生物学原理为基础的废水处理设施的运行。PaoloMadoni研究了铬（VI）、铅、锌、铜、福等5种重金属对活性污泥中原生动物的影响，使用的微生物种有纤毛虫类14种，其中浮游性一种，附着性8种，爬行类5种，有壳阿米巴类一种。所使用的重金属为氯化铅、重铬酸钾、氯化镉、水合氯化铜、氯化锌。在烧瓶中放入250ml的活性污泥样品，加入一定浓度的金属盐溶液加热至20C，边搅拌边通入空气，持续24／J’时，以不加重金属盐的活性污泥同法处理作对照，在显微镜下观察生物存活率，实验结果…     

镉锌在河南华溪蟹鳃中的吸收途径及亚细胞分布研究

采用火焰原子分光光度法检测了河南华溪蟹(Sinopotamon henanense)鳃中重金属镉、锌的含量,进而探讨了镉、锌两种金属在河南华溪蟹鳃组织中的吸收途径及亚细胞分布情况.实验首先运用Ca2+通道抑制剂三氯化镧(La Cl3)和巯基抑制剂N-乙烷基顺丁烯二酰亚胺(NEM)对河南华溪蟹预处理4 h,然后再用不同浓度镉(50、100、500μg·L-1)、锌(100、1000μg·L-1)分别处理7 d.实验结果显示,La Cl3仅抑制了鳃组织中镉的吸收,而NEM抑制了鳃组织中镉、锌的吸收.在亚细胞组分中,La Cl3降低了镉在细胞碎片和细胞器中的分布,NEM减少了镉在热稳定蛋白及锌在热变性蛋白部分的分布;两种抑制剂均增加了锌在金属富含颗粒部分的分布.实验结果表明,在河南华溪蟹鳃组织的不同亚细胞组分中,镉、锌两种重金属的分布具有差异,推测La Cl3和NEM均可调控镉的吸收,而NEM只调控锌的吸收.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.