典型富硒农业基地土壤硒的生物有效性与剖面分布分析

以山东省淄博市博山区富硒农业用地作为研究区域,从典型农业用地中采取土壤剖面样品,测定土壤总硒、有效硒、土壤理化性质、土壤中重金属等指标,对土壤中总硒和有效硒的土壤剖面分布并结合空间差异和水系进行分析.结果表明,博山区表层土壤(0—10 cm)总硒范围为0.080—1.290 mg·kg~(-1),均值为0.360 mg·kg~(-1),略高于全国土壤硒元素的平均值(0.290 mg·kg~(-1)).土壤有效硒均值为0.033 mg·kg~(-1),占总硒比例为10.16%.土壤中全硒含量在剖面上的分布呈现出上高下低的规律,土壤中有效硒在土壤剖面表现出上高下低、上低下高、上下相近等3种趋势.土壤母质中硒含量的高低是影响区域富硒水平的一个重要因素.研究区内硒元素和重金属镉呈极显著相关,土壤硒可能与土壤中重金属存在伴生作用.目前关于有效硒含量分级标准仍需要探讨,发展富硒农业需要构建有效硒评价体系,全面综合考虑土壤中全硒和有效硒.     

富硒农业生产基地土壤硒资源空间分布特征及评价

以山东省淄博市博山区作为富硒产业基地的代表,在该区域网格化均匀布点采集表土样品,测定总硒含量,利用GIS技术分析土壤硒的空间分布特征并对其含量水平进行评价,提出富硒产业发展建议,以期为富硒农业发展提供支持.结果表明,博山区土壤全硒含量的范围为0.105—1.460 mg·kg~(-1),几何均值为0.305 mg·kg~(-1),与全国土壤硒元素平均水平(0.29 mg·kg~(-1))相当.土壤硒元素与地质构造密切相关,与土壤总有机碳、总氮呈极显著相关关系,且表土全硒浓度基本呈现出随海拔升高而降低的趋势.缺硒土壤(含缺硒7%和少硒13%)所占比例为20%,足硒土壤约占55%,富硒土壤所占比例为25%,博山南部农业规划区土壤主要是缺硒和足硒土壤,需添加外源硒肥才能实现发展富硒产业的目标.     

川西高原天然剖面土壤硒的含量及分布特征

中国低硒带分布范围广,低硒程度高,造成了广泛的相关地方病的发生。对未经人为破坏的天然土壤中硒的分布规律及其影响因素进行分析研究,可为城镇布局和农业生产提供参考,避免低硒现象对人群健康的影响。选取中国著名低硒带上的川西阿坝地区的马尔康、壤塘、阿坝和若尔盖为研究区域,在人为活动较少的区域进行布点。采集6个天然土壤剖面样品,分析其硒含量,并对土壤样品中与硒含量相关的影响因素进行统计分析,研究影响硒分布和富集的因子。结果表明:研究区天然土壤剖面样品中硒的质量分数范围为0.06~0.16μg·g-1,明显低于世界和中国土壤硒含量平均水平。此结果明显对应于该区域岩石中较低的硒含量,表明地质背景和土壤母质是影响土壤硒含量的主要因素。统计分析表明,土壤有机质质量分数以及S、P、Ca、Si、Al、Mn等元素及其化合物的质量分数都是影响和控制硒在土壤剖面中的含量和分布规律的重要因素;硒在土壤中的固定和流失均与这些物质有着密切的关系。     

陕南土壤中水溶态硒、氟的含量及其在生态环境的表征

以陕南早古生代地层上发育的土壤为材料,研究土壤中水溶态硒、氟的含量及其与总量、土壤pH值之间的关系,探讨土壤水溶态硒、氟含量在生态环境中的表征作用.结果表明,陕南土壤中水溶态硒、氟的平均含量分别为0.012μg·g-1和0.87μg·g-1,土壤中水溶态硒、氟的含量同其总量之间都存在着显著的正相关关系;在供试土壤pH范围内(5.10—7.52),水溶态硒的含量随pH值的增加先降后升,水溶态氟随pH值的增减而同步增减,其相互间的关系均可用函数方程式定量表达.水溶态硒含量能较好地表征陕南的高硒生态环境,水溶态氟可作为生态系氟质量状况的一个指标,但其指示作用又囿于地域空间的限制.     

沉积物中无机硒对霍甫水丝蚓的生物效应研究

硒是动物体必需微量元素之一,水体沉积物中无机硒主要以Se(Ⅳ)和Se(Ⅵ)形态存在,而目前有关无机硒对底栖动物的生物效应研究较为匮乏.本实验以典型底栖动物霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri)为研究对象,通过测定抗氧化、神经和消化系统中生化指标的变化,分析了暴露浓度(2～40μg·g-1)、暴露时间(2周和2个月)和硒价态(Se(Ⅳ)和Se(Ⅵ))对其生物效应的影响.结果显示,脂质过氧化水平(以TBARS含量表示)在暴露2周和2个月后,均未受到硒价态的影响,但是暴露2周后,在5μg·g-1组有一升高峰值,而暴露2个月后,在5μg·g-1组有一降低峰值.抗氧化酶活性在暴露2周后,受到硒价态显著影响,Se(Ⅳ)导致3种抗氧化酶活性逐渐升高并在20μg·g-1达到平衡,而Se(Ⅵ)在5μg·g-1即造成抗氧化酶活性升高,并随浓度的升高恢复到对照组水平;暴露2个月后,抗氧化酶未受到硒价态影响,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性在5μg·g-1浓度附近有一降低峰值,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性在5μg·g-1浓度附近有一升高峰值,而谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)活性没有变化.乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)活性受到硒价态影响较小,暴露2周后只有5μg·g-1 Se(Ⅳ)导致AChE酶活性升高,而暴露2个月后,随着浓度升高Se(Ⅳ)和Se(Ⅵ)均导致AChE酶活性降低.α-葡糖苷酶(α-Glu)活性仅在5μg·g-1暴露组升高,且受到暴露时间和价态差异的影响.研究表明,硒的暴露浓度、时间和硒价态显著影响硒的生物效应,这为阐明沉积物中无机硒对底栖无脊椎动物生物效应及机制提供了基础数据.     

诺氟沙星对土壤微生物碳代谢功能多样性的影响

为了解诺氟沙星在环境中的残留对土壤微生物的影响,借助BIOLOG法对诺氟沙星作用下土壤微生物的碳源利用及代谢功能多样性进行了研究.研究发现,用药后d 7、d 21、d 35,用药组(诺氟沙星含量1μg g-1、10μg g-1、100μgg-1)BIOLOG微平板上平均每孔颜色变化率(Average well color development,AWCD)均低于对照组;用药d 7,1μg g-1、10μg g-1、100μg g-1组土壤微生物丰富度指数与多样性指数显著低于(P<0.05)对照组,d 21,10μg g-1、100μg g-1组与对照组差异显著,d 35仅100μg g-1组与对照组差异显著.结果表明,诺氟沙星影响了土壤微生物群落的碳代谢功能,包括代谢强度和代谢多样性,但不同浓度的诺氟沙星对土壤微生物群落代谢功能的影响也不相同.100μg g-1的诺氟沙星在用药的前期和后期均显著影响土壤微生物群落的碳代谢功能,土壤中诺氟沙星积累到该浓度可能对土壤微生物群落碳代谢功能产生难以逆转的长期影响.     

安徽六安市表层土壤有机碳的空间分布及尺度变异分析

利用第2次全国土壤普查所获得的8 236个实测样本资料,分析了安徽六安市不同空间尺度水平表土有机碳含量及其变异.结果表明,供试市域表土有机碳含量在不同空间尺度水平存在明显差异,总体范围4.58～60.38 g·kg-1,其变化基本符合正态分布.空间变异性表现为县级尺度最大,而乡镇尺度、市域尺度相对较小,说明空间尺度对表层土壤有机碳含量及其估算有重要影响.在不同土地利用类型中,表土有机碳含量均为非耕地土壤[(13.99±2.19)g·kg-1]＞水田土壤[(10.39±1.58)g·kg-1]＞旱地土壤[(8.44±0.92)g·kg-1],其中非耕地土壤的空间变异性最大,变异系数达45.15%,水田土壤变异系数最小,为17.19%.在不同的地貌类型上表土有机碳平均含量表现为山地＞丘陵＞岗地＞平原,变异系数表现为丘陵＞山地＞平原＞岗地,显示出人类扰动对表土有机碳含量的明显影响.     

湖南省龙山县耕地土壤硒含量特征及其影响因素

硒是人体及动物必需的微量营养元素之一.在龙山县耕地区系统地采集了326件表层土壤样品进行分析测试,研究了区域内土壤硒含量空间分布特征、空间变异特性、垂向分布特点及其影响因素,分析了土壤有效态硒的影响因素.结果表明,研究区土壤硒平均含量为0.33 mg·kg^-1,土壤有机质平均含量为20.7 g·kg^-1,土壤呈酸性.土壤硒含量呈中等空间变异,垂向分布呈表层富集的规律.研究区内硒含量主要受成土母质与土地利用的双重影响,有机质含量与硒含量呈显著正相关关系(P<0.01).土壤硒形态以腐殖酸结合态与强有机结合态为主,有效硒组分占比较低,土壤硒的生物有效性受硒全量和酸碱度影响较大,可以通过人为方式适当调整土壤酸碱度,提高硒生物有效性,有效提升土地利用价值.     

气相色谱-质谱联用测定土壤及底泥样品中的多环芳烃和硝基多环芳烃

采用气相色谱-质谱联用法测定了某化工厂火灾后周边土壤和底泥中的多环芳烃(PAHs)和硝基多环芳烃(Nitro-PAHs).结果表明,距离爆炸地点最近的几个采样点PAHs的含量均在16.61μg·g-1以上,其中厂东北采样点的PAHs总含量甚至高达417.4μg·g-1,污染最为严重;部分样品中检测到三环以下的硝基多环芳烃,三环以上的几乎均未检出.说明在燃烧爆炸过程中产生了多环芳烃,但没有显著产生高致癌性、致突变性的硝基多环芳烃.     

施氮对植物生长、硝态氮累积及土壤硝态氮残留的影响

施用N肥可提高叶类蔬菜的产量,但施用过量也会造成土壤N污染。为了研究当年施肥量对作物硝态氮累积及土壤无机氮残留量的影响,采用土壤盆栽试验,研究了5个施氮水平下3种叶类蔬菜(油菜、小白菜、菠菜)的生长、硝态氮累积和土壤硝态氮残留的变化。结果表明,施氮过高抑制了植物的生长,其中对菠菜的抑制作用最强。3种蔬菜硝态氮累积对施N的反应不同,油菜在施N0.40g时硝态氮含量达到最高,为N1742.2μg·g-1FW;小白菜在0.60g最高,为N1635.6μg·g-1FW;而菠菜则在0.80g最高,为N865.2μg·g-1FW。施N量与土壤硝态氮残留量之间呈显著正相关关系,说明施氮量越高土壤中硝态氮的残余就越大,对土壤的污染就越严重。     

中国水稻土碳循环研究进展

文章首先分析了水稻土在碳循环研究中的地位和重要性，进而对我目水稻土碳循环的研究现状作了较为详尽的阐述，对其主要研究结论进行了深入的剖析。中国大而积的水稻土自1980年以来显示出有机碳库增加现象，说明水稻田对大气CO2可能产生汇效应。水耕熟化过程足有机碳的积累过程，水稻土的碳密度是早作土碳密度的2-3倍。水稻土的同碳能力与土壤的微团聚体的粒径有关。但对于水稻土中有机碳的分布和结合状态与农业管理措施、水稻土质量变化、农业生态环境变化的关系仍不清楚。因而建议就这一问题从土壤物理学、化学和生物学的相互作朋与土壤微团聚体中矿物质、有机质和微生物的相互结合关系的层面上进行多学科研究。同时提出了今后我困水稻土碳循环的重点研究方向和领域，即从整体和系统的角度来研究碳循环和平衡，从不同的时空区域来研究碳循环的过程和强度。     

森林土壤固碳机理研究进展

全球碳平衡中,土壤有机碳储量为2000 Pg,植被碳储量500 Pg,大气碳储量785 Pg,土壤中有机碳变化是影响大气温室气体含量的重要因素。中国人工林总量世界第一,可以通过造林树种的选择,增加森林土壤的碳汇功能,它主要通过4种机理来实现,包括稳定性有机-矿物复合体的形成、持久性封存的深层碳的增加、耐分解有机物成份的积累、以及土壤团聚体结构中碳的物理性保护。中国近年来对木材的需求上升,导致大量短轮伐期人工林的种植,采伐、火烧炼山、施肥与整地等营林措施对土壤碳汇功能形成重大影响。因而,通过加强对中国人工林土壤固碳机理的研究,通过人为措施实现具有较强固碳能力的森林类型,从而提高人工森林生态系统的固碳能力,它对中国减排增汇战略具有重要意义,而加强对不同营林措施对碳汇功能影响的研究是中国当前面临的重大课题。     

Evaluating losses in ecosystem services in nature reserves in Sichuan,China

Nature reserves have developed rapidly over the decades in China and play a significant role in the function of ecosystem services. The function of ecosystem services in nature reserves, however, has tended to decline in recent years due to natural hazards and human activities. Based on land use, the variation of ecosystem services value (ESV) during 2000–2010 in national nature reserves in Sichuan was evaluated. We analyzed the comprehensive effects of natural disasters and human activities on the decline of ESVs. Total ESV in the national nature reserves in Sichuan was approximately 2741.35 million US$ in 2000, 2616.81 million US$ in 2005, and 2499.06 million US$ in 2010, representing a decrease of 242.29 million US$, or 8.84%, in the decade. Forestland, grassland, wetland, and water bodies played vital roles in the function of ecosystem services, with an aggregated ESV of 99% of the total. The largest proportion of the total ESV was the protection of biodiversity at 48.6%. ESV of all land use types and single ecosystem services continued to decline during 2000–2010. A mechanism of adaptable risk prevention should be established, and unreasonable human activities should be avoided to protect ecosystems and to improve the functions of ecosystem services.     

Is the antipredatory response in behaviour reflected in stress measured in faecal corticosteroids in a small rodent?

Predation risk has been shown to alter various behaviours in prey. Risk alters activity, habitat use and foraging, and weight decrease might be a consequence of that. In mammals, studies on physiological measures affected by risk of predation, other than weight, are rare. We studied in two separate laboratory experiments foraging, hoarding behaviour and expression of stress measured non-invasively from the faeces in the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus), a common boreal rodent. Voles were exposed to predation risk using odours of the least weasels (Mustela nivalis nivalis). Distilled water served as control. In the first experiment, we found that foraging effort, measured as sunflower seeds taken from seed trays filled with sand, was significantly lower in trays scented with weasel odour. Both immediate consumption of seeds and hoarding were affected negatively by the weasel odour. Females hoarded significantly more than males in autumn. In the second experiment, the negative effect of weasel odour on foraging was consistent over a 3-day experiment, but the strongest effect was observed in the first night. Foraging increased over the time of the experiment, which might reflect either energetic compensation during a longer period of risk, predicted in the predation risk allocation hypothesis, or habituation to the odour-simulated risk. Despite decreased foraging under predation risk, stress measured as corticosteroid metabolite concentration in vole faeces was not affected by the weasel odour treatment. In conclusion, we were able to verify predation-risk-mediated changes in the foraging effort of bank voles but no physiological stress response was measured non-invasively, probably due to great individual variation in secretion of stress hormones.     

生物扰动在水层-底栖界面耦合中的作用

综合评述了生物扰动在水层-底栖界面耦合中的作用研究进展和热点问题,并进行了展望。国际上十分重视水层-底栖界面耦合过程的研究并已有一定基础,生物扰动作为海洋生态学的重要内容之一早在20世纪50—60年代就已开展了工作,但直到10余年前才真正开始定量研究,进入了实验模拟、现场观测与建立模型相结合的新阶段。国内的生物扰动研究尚处于起步阶段,加上技术方法落后,一直未能取得突破性进展。目前国内外关于水层-底栖界面生物扰动效应研究基本上都在海洋中开展,尤其在河口、近岸和浅海水域进行,湖泊和河流研究明显薄弱。作为水生态动力学的重要分支和前沿领域,生物扰动研究具有广阔前景。急需针对我国水域特点,引进先进的现场观测和室内测试手段,进一步揭示水层-底栖界面耦合过程中的生物扰动机制,更精准和更详细地掌握水域中各种物质的生物地球化学循环的全过程,为控制水体内源污染释放、富营养化治理和生态建模等提供科学依据。     

中国公众参与环境管理的研究

回顾了中国公众参与环境管理的发展历程,分析了公众参与环境管理存在的问题。针对公众参与环境保护管理的有效性的影响因子,例如主观因素、传统背景、时效因素及执行技巧等进行一系列的探讨,并根据公众参与计划的设计构思、公众参与计划的关键两方面的讨论,提出增加公众参与环境保护管理有效性的一些建议。     

Lead in a residential environment in Jamaica

The background levels of lead in Jamaica in soils and sediments, estimated at 37 mg kg^–1, are relatively high compared with world averages. Several areas have values in excess of this due to mineralisation and pollution. One such is the residential Hope Flats/Kintyre area in which levels of lead up to 2.5% are found in the soils and up to 8 g kg^–1 in the water of the nearby Hope River. The blood lead levels of a sample of children were in the range 5.7–57 g dl^–1. The high lead levels suggest a potential health risk, particularly for the children. This can be minimised by programmes which include community education, case management and abatement to reduce the lead exposure.     

硝基芳香化合物的植物作用研究进展

硝基芳香化合物是环境中难以降解的污染物之一。因其用途广泛,大量残留于土壤,水体和大气中,造成的环境污染日趋严重。多种植物对该类污染物具有吸收、富集和代谢降解作用,利用植物对其环境污染进行治理是一种有效的方法。文章在总结国内外有关硝基芳香化合物的植物作用研究基础上,重点阐述了植物对硝基芳香化合物的吸收、转运和代谢过程,分析了吸收、代谢机理以及影响吸收的因素;硝基芳香化合物的理化特性、浓度和植物自身特性及其它外界条件都会影响植物对该类化合物的吸收,植物可以通过体内降解、体外联合代谢、根部释放酶催化的机制实现该类化合物的降解。目前,硝基芳香化合物进入植物细胞膜的机理认知不足,模拟模型缺乏有力数据验证;代谢机制中参与反应的酶、化合物等体系和反应产物环境特性仍不明确,植物修复可行性缺乏有力证据。未来将在模型预测构建、降解机理和修复工程的实际应用方面作进一步探究,以形成系统的认知,为硝基芳香化合物污染土壤和农产品的生态风险评价以及植物修复提供理论依据。     

Employment of passive sampling in monitoring indoor air quality in selected residences in a Tri-city area in Poland

Time-weighted average concentrations of selected volatile compounds were measured in chosen residences in a Tri-City area of Poland by means of passive sampling. The results were compared to those obtained by dynamic technique – sorption tubes filled with Tenax TA sorbent. Results obtained by employing the two techniques were similar. Total volatile organic compound (TVOC) parameters were also determined. An attempt was also made to evaluate the influence of outdoor air pollutants on indoor air quality.     

Bioavailability of trace metals in brownfield soils in an urban area in the UK

Thirty-two brownfield sites from the city of Wolverhampton were selected from those with a former industrial use, wasteland or areas adjacent to industrial processes. Samples (<2 mm powdered soil fraction) were analysed, using inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry (ICP–AES) for 20 elements. Loss on ignition and pH were also determined. A five-step chemical sequential extraction technique was carried out. Single leach extraction with 0.12 M hydrochloric acid of Pb, Cu and Zn in soil was determined as a first approximation of the bioavailability in the human stomach. Some of the sites were found to have high concentrations of the potentially toxic elements Pb, Zn, Cu and Ni. The partitioning of metals showed a high variability, however a number of trends were determined. The majority of Zn was partitioned into the least chemically stable phases (steps 1, 2 and 3). The majority of Cu was associated with the organic phase (step 4) and the majority of Ni was fractionated into the residue phase (step 5). The majority of Pb was associated with the residue fraction (step 5) followed by Fe–Mn oxide fraction (step 3). The variability reflects the heterogeneous and complex nature of metal speciation in urban soils with varied historic histories. There was a strong inverse linear relationship between the metals Ni, Zn and Pb in the readily exchangeable phase (step 1) and soil pH, significant at P < 0.01 level. There was a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the partitioning of Cu, Ni and Zn into step 4 (the organic phase) in soils with a higher organic carbon content (estimated by loss on ignition). Copper was highly partitioned into step 4 as it has a strong association with organics in soil but this phase was not important for the partitioning of Ni or Zn. The fractionation of Ni, Cu and Zn increased significantly in step 3 when the total metal concentration increases (P < 0.01). The Fe–Mn oxide fraction becomes more important in soils elevated in these metals, possibly due to the scavenging of metals by oxides. Cu and Pb extracted by HCl was statistically similar to the sum of the metals in steps 1 to 4 (P < 0.01) and HCl available Zn was statistically similar to the sum of Zn in steps 1 to 3 (P < 0.01). Step 4 (the organic phase) was not an important phase for Zn, so it was concluded that any Cu, Zn and Pb present in soil in a nonresidue phase would be potentially available for uptake into the human system once soil has been ingested.