再生聚丙烯增韧改性研究

对回收聚丙烯（RPP）进行增韧改性,制备回收聚丙烯,回收胶粉（RPP/WRP）和回收聚丙烯／热塑性弹性体POE（RPP／POE）共混材料,研究两种共混材料的韧性、力学、热、流变性能和形态。结果表明,RPP／WRP改性体系有较好的韧性和耐热性,较高的硬度,属于假塑性流体,回收胶粉可以部分替代POE作为某些制品的增韧剂。     

废电路板再生材料制备聚丙烯复合材料性能研究

分别用废电路板(WPCB)非金属材料、回收的玻璃纤维作为增强材料,采用熔融共混方法制备聚丙烯(PP)复合材料,分析对比2种增强材料的力学性能、熔体流动速率及缺口冲击断面。结果表明:使用添加剂增强的PP复合材料的各项力学性能均有所提升,其中非金属材料作添加剂使拉伸强度最大增幅达到15.5%,回收的玻璃纤维作添加剂使弯曲强度和熔体流动速率最大增幅分别达到58.4%和62.0%,但韧性也有所下降。因此,合理分配使用WPCB非金属材料、回收的玻璃纤维作为PP增强填料,不但可以减轻危险废物对环境的压力,实现资源再利用;而且降低了复合材料成本。     

花蛤壳粉和SEBS协同改性PP的研究

利用废弃花蛤壳粉和SEBS,通过熔融共混的方法协同改性PP,发现花蛤壳粉和SEBS可以起到协同增韧、增强PP的效果。当填充质量分数为20%的SEBS和5%的花蛤壳粉时,PP的拉伸强度提高了9%,冲击强度提高了101%,同时PP的结晶速度和结晶度也有了明显提高。利用扫描电镜观察发现SEBS的质量分数超过10%时,PP的断裂行为开始由脆性断裂转变为韧性断裂。     

聚氯乙烯与聚醚砜共混平板膜的研究

采用剪切黏度法、稀溶液黏度法对聚氯乙烯(PVC)/聚醚砜(PES)共混体系的相容性进行了研究。然后采用液-固相转化法制备了PVC/PES共混膜,并对共混膜的性能进行表征。PVC/PES共混体系为部分相容体系;稀溶液黏度测试结果和共混膜断面的电镜扫描(SEM)图表明,共混比为9/1,8/2,7/3,2/8及1/9时,共混体系是相容的。膜性能测试结果表明,PES的加入可以明显提高PVC膜的水通量、拉伸强度和韧性。通过对水通量和机械性能的比较,共混比为7/3时,膜的水通量和机械性能比较好。     

报废汽车内饰件塑料浮选技术研究

报废汽车内饰件塑料品种复杂、难以分选,为此,以分离汽车内饰件中4种主体塑料——PP(聚丙烯)、ABS(丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯)、PC(聚碳酸酯)、PVC(聚氯乙烯)为目标,利用实验室自制浮选设备,考察了浮选液流量、溶气罐压力、润湿液浓度等因素对浮选效果的影响. 结果表明:当溶气罐压力为0.22 MPa、浮选液流量为10 L/min、润湿液中ρ(单宁酸)为15 mg/L时,一级浮选PP、ABS、PC、PVC效果达到最佳,其中PP和ABS为上浮料,二者上浮率分别为100%和98.63%;PC和PVC为下沉料,二者下沉率分别为98.95%和100%. 当溶气罐压力为0 MPa、浮选液流量为6 L/min、润湿液中ρ(单宁酸)为10 mg/L时,二级浮选完全分离PP/ABS;当溶气罐压力为0.24 MPa、浮选液流量为10 L/min、润湿液采用10 mg/L单宁酸和10 mmol/L癸二酸二丁酯时,二级浮选分离PC/PVC效果达到最佳,PC上浮率为92.87%,PVC下沉率为91.41%. 通过二级浮选分离,PP、ABS、PC、PVC的最终分离率分别达到100%、98.63%、92.87%和91.41%,显示出该二级浮选工艺在报废汽车内饰件塑料分选方面具有较为广阔的应用前景.      

改性氢氧化铝对聚丙烯物理化学性能的影响研究

采用熔融共混的方法将硅烷偶联剂改性后的氢氧化铝(Al(OH)3)填充到聚丙烯(PP)中,得到了Al(OH)3/PP复合材料。通过对Al(OH)3/PP复合材料的物理化学性能进行测试,发现当Al(OH)3的填充质量分数为8%时,聚丙烯的熔融指数由3.69 g/10 min提高至7.71 g/10 min,弯曲强度由28.87 MPa提高到了33.23 MPa,起始分解温度由428.5℃提高到了449.6℃,物理化学等性能与纯聚丙烯相比均有一定的提高。此外,加入Al(OH)3后聚丙烯的起始结晶温度和结晶度都有了一定的提高。     

石墨形态对聚丙烯性能的影响研究

利用不同形态的石墨通过熔融共混的方法来对PP进行改性,实验发现石墨形态对PP的力学性能、结晶行为等有着不同的影响。粉状石墨有利于提高PP的熔融指数和断裂伸长率,最佳填充质量分数为1%;片状石墨有利于提高PP的拉伸强度、结晶速度和结晶度,最佳填充质量分数为3%;在增韧PP方面,粉状石墨和片状石墨具有相同的效果,PP的冲击强度随石墨填充比例的增加而逐渐提高。     

废线路板非金属物料再生利用新型工艺研究

以加热改性处理前后的废线路板非金属物料为对象,对其再生利用工艺进行了研究.通过添加硅烷偶联剂、润滑剂、抗氧化剂和改性剂等助剂改性共混,基于挤出注塑成型工艺过程,可制备废线路板非金属物料填充增强聚丙烯复合板材,该工艺同时可适合一定温度条件下加热改性处理后的非金属物料,其主要力学性能符合相关制品产品质量标准.确定的优化参数为:非金属物料添加质量分数30%,添加助剂包括硅烷偶联剂(1%)、润滑剂(1%)、抗氧化剂(1%)和改性剂(5%).     

废印刷线路板非金属粉-木塑复合材料性能

利用废印刷线路板非金属粉、木粉和聚氯乙烯制备复合材料,研究了复合材料的物理力学性能.结果表明:添加40目(0.35 mm)粒径非金属粉的非金属粉-木塑复合材料的各项性能整体优于添加20目(0.83 mm)粒径的复合材料;随着复合材料中40目粒径非金属粉替代量的增加,复合材料冲击强度、静曲强度整体呈下降趋势,内结合强度总体呈上升趋势, m(非金属粉)∶m(木粉)为30∶20时,静曲强度和内结合强度分别为31.74 和2.10 MPa,满足相应的国家标准和行业标准;40目粒径非金属粉-木塑复合材料的静曲模量随着非金属粉和木粉比率的增加先上升后下降,在m(非金属粉)∶m(木粉)为15∶35时达到最大值(2 853 MPa);24 h吸水厚度膨胀率和24 h吸水率分别优于硬质纤维板国家标准和地板基材用纤维板行业标准要求值.      

共混塑料在海水中的光降解及海洋环境风险

共混塑料因其用途广泛且价格低廉,生产和使用量逐渐增加,然而共混塑料在海水中光降解及其海洋环境风险尚不明确.选取聚丙烯/热塑性淀粉共混塑料（PP/TPS）和聚乳酸/对苯二甲酸-己二酸丁二醇酯/热塑性淀粉共混塑料（PLA/PBAT/TPS）为研究对象,单一聚合物塑料聚丙烯（PP）和聚乳酸（PLA）作为对照,探究共混塑料在海水中光降解后微塑料（MPs）的形成和物理化学性质的变化.MPs的粒径分布显示,与PP和PLA相比,PP/TPS和PLA/PBAT/TPS光降解后容易产生尺寸更小的颗粒,主要原因是共混塑料机械性能和抗紫外线能力较差.共混塑料光降解后表面出现更多裂纹和褶皱,表面形貌发生明显变化,而PP和PLA变化不明显.ATR-FTIR光谱显示PP/TPS和PLA/PBAT/TPS光降解后热塑性淀粉（TPS）的特征峰减小,表明共混塑料的淀粉组分降解.C 1s光谱表明,老化共混塑料含有更少的—OH,进一步证实了TPS的光降解.以上结果表明PP/TPS和PLA/PBAT/TPS比PP和PLA光降解程度更高,从而产生更多小粒径MPs.综上所述,共混塑料可能比单一聚合物塑料对海洋环境风险更高,对共混塑料的生产和使用应谨慎.     

利用陶瓷工业废料制备再生陶瓷墙地砖

以废弃陶瓷抛光砖粉、陶瓷墙地砖烧成废料为原材料,硼砂作辅助熔剂制备再生陶瓷墙地砖,研究陶瓷抛光砖粉的高温烧结性能及其对再生墙地砖强度的影响,采用SEM测试分析陶瓷抛光砖粉对再生陶瓷制品微观结构的影响。结果表明:抛光砖粉含玻璃相、颗粒细小,有利坯体烧结密实;复掺少量抛光砖粉和硼砂,可提高制品强度。在硼砂掺量为0.5%,陶瓷抛光砖粉为2%、烧成废料为25%的实验条件下,所得再生陶瓷制品强度最高。该方法具有陶瓷工业废料的综合利用率高,制得的再生陶瓷制品强度高等特点。     

华南典型废塑料循环技术综合绩效评价

我国华南地区废塑料循环利用技术种类众多,尚未形成多元循环技术综合绩效对比分析的方法体系.以华南地区废聚丙烯(PP)为例,构建了废PP循环技术的环境-经济综合绩效评价计算方法.综合绩效结果表明,改性再生技术具有最高的综合绩效.华南地区各循环技术的综合绩效对比结果表明,应对降级利用技术进行升级,减少化学裂解与焚烧发电技术的...     

Polypropylene/poly (butylene terephthalate) melt spun alloy fibers dyeable with carrier-free exhaust dyeing as an environmentally friendlier process

Carrier agent as one of the synthetic persistent molecules present in textile effluents considered as one of the most highly toxic, carcinogenic and serious inhibitor of the microbial respirometric activity. This chemical is used as accelerants in the dyeing or printing the hydrophobic fibers by dispersed dyes. Hydrophobic polypropylene (PP) fibers cannot be dyed by conventional dyeing process due to the absence of dye sites in the molecular chain and their high crystallinity. This study presents a carrier-free exhaust dyeing as an environmentally friendlier and cleaner process. In order to produce dyeable PP fibers, the PP was blended and melt spun with poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) at various ratios. First PP and PBT granules at blend ratios of 5, 10, 20, 30, 40 percent of PBT dispersed phase were physically mixed then the melt spinning of blended samples was carried out by a Maddock mixing zone extruder. The results showed that suitable exhaust dyeing process without using any carrier agents was possible for all PP/PBT alloy fiber samples. The dye uptake of samples significantly increased by increasing the PBT dispersed phase content. By increasing the PBT dispersed phase content decrease in the crystallinity percent resulting in significant enhancement in dye uptake of the alloy fiber samples was observed. A degree of four polynomial equation for dye uptake against blend ratio was obtained by which the optimum blend ratio was 72/28 percent of PP/PBT alloy fiber composition. In all alloy fiber dyed samples uniform coloration was observed. No considerable changes in the mechanical properties for dyed samples against undyed samples were observed. Interestingly, the best mechanical property among alloy fiber samples was observed in the sample containing 30 percent PBT dispersed phase which approximately corresponds to optimum blend ratio gained from mathematical calculations. In all PP/PBT alloy fiber samples strong fastness to soaping and very good to excellent fastness to light were achieved.     

中国乘用车塑料的动态物质流分析

结合行业信息并基于动态物质流模型,本文对1950~2050年间中国乘用车塑料流量与存量进行了历史测算与情景分析.历史测算表明：1950~2018年国内乘用车行业累计消耗了以聚丙烯（PP）、聚氨酯（PU）等为主的塑料3278万t,产生了337万t塑料废弃物;报废汽车拆解后的车用废塑料仅28%得到回收利用.针对未来情况,本文设计了乘用车保有量、单车塑料使用量两大关键因素下的不同情景组合.结果显示车用塑料存量及废塑料产生量将大幅增长,到2050年存量将达到0.7~2.7亿t,废塑料产生量将达到500~1600万t,汽车拆解和塑料再生等相关行业对此应充分关注.到2050年车用废塑料回收率若能提升至80%,将减少376万t/a的车用废塑料填埋或焚烧,显著减少环境风险.     

激光表面处理对工业级锆基块体非晶合金弯曲变形和缺口韧性的影响

目的 改善块体非晶合金的弯曲力学性能,同时考虑航空结构材料选材的经济性,研究激光表面处理工艺对工业级Zr_49.7Ti₂Cu_37.8Al₁₀Er_0.5块体非晶合金弯曲变形和缺口韧性的影响规律。方法 采用低纯原料和低真空制备条件获得工业级Zr_49.7Ti₂Cu_37.8Al₁₀Er_0.5块体非晶合金试样,考虑到弯曲条件下试样受到拉伸和压缩2种正应力状态,研究不同处理工艺和激光处理表面对试样弯曲变形和缺口韧性的影响。结果 当激光处理表面位于弯曲试样的2个侧表面时,其对试样的塑性变形能力和断裂强度没有明显的影响,但会显著降低试样的缺口韧性,从(56.4±3.4)MPa·m^1/2降低到(26.2±4.8)MPa·m^1/2;激光处理表面位于弯曲试样的受拉侧时,试样的弯曲断裂强度从2 150 MPa降低到1 800 MPa;当激光处理表面位于...     

Thermal cracking of waste printed wiring boards for mechanical recycling by using residual steam preprocessing

Mechanical waste-processing methods, which combine crushing and separation processes for the recovery of valuable materials, have been widely applied in waste printed wiring board (PWB) treatment. However, both the high impact toughness and the tensile and flexural strengths of whole PWB with a laminated structure result in great energy consumption and severe abrasion of the cutters during multi-level crushing. In addition, the high temperatures occurring in continual crushing probably cause the decomposition of the polymer matrix. A thermal-crack method using residual steam as the heating medium has been developed to pre-treat waste PWBs. This treatment reduces the mechanical strength in order to improve the recovery rate of valuable materials in subsequent mechanical recycling. The changes of the PWBs’ macro-mechanical properties were studied to evaluate thermal expansion impacts associated with changes in temperature, and the dynamic dislocation micro-structures were observed to identify the fracture mechanism. The results showed that thermal cracking with steam at the temperature of 500 K can effectively attenuate the mechanical properties of waste PWBs, by reducing the impact, tensile and flexural strengths respectively, by 59.2%, 49.3% and 51.4%, compared to untreated PWB. Thermal expansion can also facilitate the separation of copper from glass fiber by reducing peel resistance by 95.4% at 500 K. It was revealed that the flexural fracture was a transverse cracking caused by concentrated stress when the heating temperature was less than 500 K, and shifted to a vertical cracking after exceeding 500 K.     

原位生成Ni颗粒增韧纳米ZrB2基陶瓷的制备方法与微观结构研究

目的提高Zr B2基防热陶瓷材料的韧性,以满足其高抗热冲击性能的需求。方法采用沉淀-共沉积法在纳米Zr B2粉体中原位生成Ni颗粒作为增韧相,经放电等离子烧结后获得分布均匀的Ni-Zr B2纳米复合材料,通过三点弯曲实验、断裂韧性实验以及硬度测试,分别评价不同Ni含量对Ni-Zr B2纳米复合材料力学性能的影响,并通过SEM,XRD对材料微观组织进行分析。结果 Ni颗粒的引入,可有效提高Zr B2的相对密度,增加韧性,同时强度和硬度有所提高。通过不同Ni含量的对比发现,Zr B2-15%Ni力学性能最优,断裂韧性达到7.8±0.3 MPa·m1/2,相对于原始Zr B2材料提升1倍。从微观组织的电子扫描照片也可以看出,Ni颗粒在Zr B2表面均匀分布,断口表现为穿晶断裂和延晶断裂的复合断裂模式,不同于原始Zr B2材料的穿晶断裂。这也是断裂韧性显著提升的主要原因。结论原位生成Ni颗粒的引入,可有效提高Zr B2材料相对密度、强度、硬度以及断裂韧性。对比不同Ni含量的力学性能,Zr B2-15%Ni组分的力学性能最优,这一方法可有效提高Zr B2材料的断裂韧性,进一步满足其高抗热冲击性能的需求。     

Development and environmental improvements of plastics for hydrophilic catheters in medical care: an environmental evaluation

Single-use medical devices have been under close scrutiny for several years, especially the choice of plastic materials. Many different requirements such as medical safety, treatment functionality and efficiency, environmental performance, etc. have to be fulfilled. Today, the most commonly used materials for hydrophilic urinary catheters are polyvinylchloride (PVC) and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). In this research study, these two materials' environmental performance was evaluated. In light of the knowledge gained in that study a new plastic material for use in urinary catheters was developed. The aim of the development of this new material was to design a high performance material with superior environmental performance. The newly developed plastic material is a polyolefin-based elastomer. The ecological environmental performance of the new material was evaluated and compared to the existing plastic materials. The study focused exclusively on the choice of plastic materials and their ecological environmental performance.The analysis has been performed using a system perspective and a life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. The functional unit has been set to the treatment of one patient during one year. The results from the LCA models have been presented both in terms of direct inventory data, such as energy use and formed emissions, and in terms of the results from four different impact assessment methods. Analysis of the results based on direct inventory data, i.e. common inventory results such as energy resource uses and emissions of CO₂, NO_x and SO₂ show an overall better environmental performance for the new polyolefin-based elastomer compared to the existing PVC and TPU plastic materials. The normalization and weighting steps in the analyzes have indicated the importance of energy resource uses and global warming as indicator for the environmental performance even if other impact categories also can play a role. In the environmental impact assessment, the polyolefin-based elastomer showed a clearly better environmental performance than the TPU material. Compared to PVC plastic material the new polyolefin-based elastomer showed an almost equivalent environmental performance. This can be mainly explained by the different materials' energy use. The new material has thus also shown to be an environmentally good alternative to PVC if a PVC-free material is requested. Basing the plastic formula, on simple bulk plastics with low energy use in the production of single-use medical devices, has been shown to be a successful method of producing high quality products with superior environmental performance.