区域一体化地区的土地利用与生态服务价值研究——以双莱先行区为例

区域一体化先行区是统筹区域发展的重要保障,在整合区域资源、实现合作共赢、推进经济协调发展的同时,增加了生态用地风险与压力,影响了生态用地规模与生态服务功能。探讨区域一体化背景下的土地利用与生态服务价值关系,对管理区域环境、制定发展决策、平衡地区经济与生态保护均具有重要意义。“双莱先行区”作为山东省首个区域一体化发展先行区,研究其土地利用变化与生态服务价值（ESV）对实现生态文明建设与经济的协同发展具有重要意义。基于此,以双莱先行区为研究区域,选取2000-2020年土地利用数据和经济数据,采用土地利用动态度、ESV当量因子评估、敏感性指数、空间自相关等方法,评估了不同土地类型、不同生态功能、不同区域的ESV变化,分析了土地利用与ESV的空间相关性。与以往研究不同,研究修正当量因子价值时,不采用省份平均粮食单产量,而是莱西、莱阳各自的单产量,尽可能保障计算结果的准确性与真实性。研究表明：除耕地、林地面积减少外,草地、湿地、水体、建设用地面积均增加,建设用地增量最大;各用地类型单一动态度有所差异,例如草地增加10.1%,而耕地降低了0.29%,呈现相反变化趋势;近20年双莱先行区整体生态服...     

兰州市土地利用变化及生态服务价值

以典型河谷型大城市兰州市为例,在RS和GIS技术支持下,剖析了1997-2009年该市各县区土地利用及其变化情况。在此基础上,参考Costanza等生态系统服务价值计算方法和中国陆地生态系统单位面积服务价值表,分析r近12年来研究区土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响及其变化情况。结果表明：1997-2009年兰州市林地增长面积最大,主要来源于耕地的转出及两山绿化,其次为建设用地,主要是对耕地、草地和未利用地的占用;土地利用类型面积减少最大的是耕地,主要转变为林地、草地和建设用地。土地利用变化引起生态系统服务价值及GDP变化,其分别从1997年的59．99亿元,210．27亿元上升到2009年的61．52亿元,920亿元。总体呈增长趋势,表明该区域生态环境整体向良性方向发展。     

基于CA-Markov多情景模拟的海南岛土地利用变化及其生态环境效应

以海南岛为研究区域,基于2010年和2020年两期土地利用数据,利用CA-Markov模型预测了3种模拟情景下2030年和2040年土地利用空间分布格局,定量分析了海南岛2010—2040年土地利用变化及其生态环境效应。结果表明,(1)2010—2020年间,海南岛土地利用类型以林地为主,面积占比达62%以上,其次耕地。该时期土地利用类型转移的主要特征是林地、耕地、水域转为建设用地,建设用地面积增加483.55 km2,增长率高达53.27%。(2)利用CA-Markov模型模拟3种情景下海南岛2030年和2040年的建设用地均呈现较大幅度的增长,其中耕地保护情景模拟下的耕地面积最多,生态保护情景模拟下的林地和水域面积有所增加。(3)海南岛生态环境质量呈现出中部高、四周低的阶梯式空间分布格局,2010—2040年间海南岛生态环境质量逐期降低,由2010年的0.606 4下降至2040年的0.587 8。在3种模拟情景中,生态保护情景下的海南岛生态环境质量最高,其次是耕地保护情景,基准情景最差。(4)2010—2040年间,林地转为建设用地是导致海南岛生态环境质量恶化的主要类型和主导因素,耕地转为林地则是致使未来生态环境质量改善的主要土地利用变化类型,生态贡献率超过70%。总体而言,海南岛生态环境质量恶化的趋势大于生态环境质量改善的趋势。     

鄱阳湖生态经济区土地利用转型热点区域识别及其动力机制研究

识别土地利用转型的热点区域并探究其动力机制可为保护土地生态环境安全提供科技支撑,促进区域经济社会的可持续发展。利用空间热点分析模型探测鄱阳湖生态经济区2000—2014年期间土地利用转型的热点区域,通过典型相关分析定量识别土地利用转型的主导驱动因子,并从供给与需求的经济学视角阐释了土地利用转型的驱动机制。研究表明,(1)滨湖地区2000—2014年发生了剧烈的土地利用转型,耕地、林地、草地、滩地大量向城乡建设用地转化,土地生态面临严重威胁。在距鄱阳湖水面10 km之内,耕地、林地和草地面积分别减少15 740、15 152 hm~2,建设用地面积增加了47 138 hm~2。(2)城市建成区周围及主要道路对土地利用转型具有显著的辐射作用,区内土地利用变化高频区呈现"井"字形空间格局。在距离道路10 km之内,2000—2014年期间土地利用综合动态度由2.765‰衰减至1.059‰。(3)土地利用转型的热点区域数量呈增加趋势,并具有明显的轮换与跃迁特征,基本形成以南昌、九江、景德镇、鹰潭为中心的4个快速转型区。(4)经济、社会发展导致的土地供需矛盾是引发土地利用形态变化的主要动因。亟待建立滨湖生态环境缓冲区,严格控制滨湖地区的土地资源开发利用活动;对土地利用转型的热点区域进行科学规划,通过土地供需调控促进土地资源的集约、高效利用,增加土地经济供给。     

基于遥感与GIS的黄河三角洲绿色空间生态服务价值评估

基于黄河三角洲1987、1997和2007年的TM遥感影像解译数据和野外调查结果,得到研究区三个年度的土地利用空间分布图。然后从土地利用的角度重新审视绿色空间的概念和内涵,建立基于土地利用类型的绿色空间生态评估体系,分析黄河三角洲地区的绿色空间生态服务价值及其变化情况。研究结果表明,1987—2007年间黄河三角洲地区绿色空间土地利用变化显著,其中,水体面积增加明显,农田、林地面积略有增加,湿地和草地面积显著减少,未利用地面积略有减少。土地利用面积的变化直接影响到其生态服务价值的变化,研究期间湿地生态服务价值减少了77.72亿元,草地减少9.00亿元,未利用地减少0.16亿元;水体的生态服务价值增加54.54亿元,农田和林地共增加3.41亿元。研究区绿色空间生态服务价值呈逐年减少的趋势,20年间研究区生态服务价值减少了28.94亿元。通过对绿色空间单项生态服务价值功能重要性进行评价,研究表明黄河三角洲地区单项生态服务价值以湿地、农田和水体占主要地位,这与各单项生态系统的面积及其单位生态服务价值量有关。     

吴江市土地利用变化及其生态效应

利用1993、2000和2004年吴江市的遥感影像,在GIS和RS支持下,通过构建土地利用转移矩阵对土地利用变化进行分析,并对其产生的生态效应进行研究。结果表明,吴江市的耕地基底向建设用地基底转化,生态系统结构的多样性和均匀度降低,景观整体形状趋于规则;生态系统功能退化,耕地的减少以及建设用地面积的增加是导致总价值减少的主导力量,而水域生态服务价值的增加是阻止其显著减少的原因;水源涵养和废物处理功能贡献度最大,超过总价值的50%;汾湖镇所占生态服务价值比重最高,分别为24.2%、25.21%2、5.13%,桃源镇所占比重最低。     

城市空间扩展对生态系统服务价值的影响——以南宁市区为例

以南宁市区1994～2004年土地利用统计数据为基础,参照中国陆地生态系统服务价值系数,分析了南宁市区土地利用变化特征及其对生态系统服务价值的影响。结果表明,10年来,南宁市区土地利用变化比较剧烈,建设用地增加明显,且占用耕地和林地现象较为突出,林地、草地和水田面积减少较多,园地、旱地面积增加明显;区域生态系统服务价值由1994年的8751．9×106元／a下降到2004年的8 636．5×106元／a,区域生态系统服务功能出现明显衰退。     

基于SSPs多情景目标的2030年成渝经济圈土地利用碳排放预测及其空间优化

快速城市化及人类活动增强,使得土地利用剧变并带来了一系列生态环境及气候问题。中国碳达峰、碳中和战略的提出,对未来土地利用的数量结构及空间分布提出了新的更高要求。碳中和战略下,通过多目标情景模拟土地利用结构和空间优化,预测未来土地利用变化及其碳排放特征,对土地维度碳中和具有重要意义。结合SSPs未来气候情景、历史情景和政策情景,基于PLUS模型模拟了2010-2030年成渝经济圈土地利用变化,包括数量和空间结构特征。并进一步基于经济效益、碳排放量、碳储量、生态系统服务价值四目标函数约束,对2030年不同情景下成渝经济圈土地利用结构进行了空间优化。深入分析了2030年的土地利用变化碳排放特征。结果表明,（1）2010-2020年,成渝经济圈主要表现为耕地、草地面积减少,建设用地、林地、水域和未利用地面积增加。（2）基于5种未来情景预测的成渝经济圈2030年土地利用变化各不相同。SSP126情景、SSP245与历史情景下,整体变化模式类似,但SSP126情景下林地扩张更快;SSP585情景下,建设用地、林地迅速向耕地扩张;政策情景兼顾建设用地与生态用地的发展,耕地减少最多,但耕地面积仍然高于...     

基于InVEST模型的太行山沿线地区生态系统碳储量时空分异驱动力分析

提升区域的碳汇能力是中国生态文明建设的重点战略方向,是促进经济社会发展绿色转型的重要举措。太行山区是中国华北地区重要的生态屏障,其生态系统拥有良好的碳汇能力。研究太行山区生态系统碳储量时空分异特征及其影响驱动机制,对华北地区落实国家“双碳”工程建设,提升区域释氧固碳能力,乃至全面提升区域生态环境质量具有重要的意义。以太行山区为例,基于2005、2010、2015、2020年太行山区四期土地覆盖及碳密度数据,使用InVEST模型估算研究区碳储量,使用地理探测器探索驱动碳储量空间分异的主要因子,分析驱动机制。研究结果表明,(1)在2005—2020年期间,太行山区的土地利用类型发生明显变化。林地、建设用地土地利用面积增加,耕地、草地土地利用面积减少。耕地和草地主要转化为建设用地,同时也有一部分耕地转化为林地。(2)太行山区碳储总量在1.48×10⁹—1.50×10⁹t之间,整体逐渐增加。从土地类型来看,碳储量占比由大到小依次为：林地、耕地、草地、建设用地、水域、未利用地。林地增加是太行山区碳储量增加的主要原因;(3)太行山区碳储量空间分异主要受地...     

精河流域绿洲土地利用及生态系统服务价值时空变化研究

土地利用变化直接影响着生态系统服务功能及生态安全,在县域尺度上定量分析区域土地利用类型及生态环境效应变化,可为地处干旱生态脆弱区的精河流域绿洲水、土资源合理开发利用提供科学依据。利用1990、2000和2018年3期影像,采用梯次环方法对研究区各土地利用类型生态系统服务价值进行时空分析,并基于生态环境质量指数和生态贡献率对土地利用类型转变后的生态环境效应进行辨识。结果表明:(1)1990—2018年研究区土地利用变化明显,建设用地、耕地、水域和草地面积增加,林地和未利用地面积减少;(2)近28 a来,研究区生态系统服务价值整体变化较大,呈先降后增趋势,2018年生态系统服务价值优于1990和2000年。以城市为中心的梯次环方法分析结果显示,1990和2000年研究区南部地区生态系统服务价值整体高于北部地区,生态系统服务价值高值区出现在S5～S7梯次环;2018年北部地区生态系统服务价值高于南部地区,生态系统服务价值高值区出现在N6～N8梯次环;(3)1990、2000和2018研究区生态环境质量指数分别为0.147、0.120和0.194。研究区土地荒漠化以及林地、草地转为未利用地是在土地利用层面导致生态环境退化的主要原因,未利用地转为林地、草地以及艾比湖水面的恢复是促使研究区生态环境质量改善的主要原因。     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.