丁噻隆在土壤中的吸附和淋溶特性

分别利用振荡平衡法和土柱淋溶法研究了丁噻隆在不同土壤中的吸附和淋溶特性及其影响因素。结果表明,丁噻隆在5种供试土壤中的吸附特性能较好地用线性模型拟合,吸附能力顺序为:东北黑土>太湖水稻土>江西红壤>南京黄棕壤>陕西潮土,吸附常数Kd为0.19~2.87 mL.g-1,吸附性能较差。丁噻隆在3种典型土壤中的淋溶试验表明其具有较强的淋溶性,淋溶速率为:江西红壤>太湖水稻土>东北黑土。影响丁噻隆吸附和淋溶的主要因素是土壤有机质含量。     

壬基酚在土壤中的吸附和淋溶特性

为探究壬基酚在土壤中的吸附迁移规律,分别采用振荡平衡法和柱淋溶法研究了壬基酚在南京黄棕壤、江西红壤、常熟乌栅土、太湖水稻土、东北黑土5种不同土壤中的吸附特性、移动特性,并通过比较其在不同土壤中的吸附和淋溶来分析壬基酚在土壤中吸附和淋溶性的影响因素。吸附试验表明,壬基酚在南京黄棕壤、江西红壤、常熟乌栅土、太湖水稻土、东北黑土中的吸附性均较符合Freundlich方程,Kd值分别为18.89、26.64、44.15、47.49、69.92;吸附性大小次序为:南京黄棕壤江西红壤常熟乌栅土太湖水稻土东北黑土;以有机碳含量表示的土壤吸附常数KOC在2 534.50~4 860.65之间;影响壬基酚土壤吸附性的主要因素为土壤有机质含量,土壤有机质含量增加,吸附增强;壬基酚在5种土壤中的吸附自由能为-21.02~-19.77 k J·mol~(-1),表明吸附机理主要是物理吸附。土柱试验表明,壬基酚在土壤中具有难淋溶性质,壬基酚在5种供试土壤的1~3 cm深度的淋溶滞留量最大;影响其在土壤中淋溶性的主要因素为土壤有机质含量,与吸附试验相一致。壬基酚在土壤中易吸附难淋溶,移动性弱的特点对地表土壤层具有潜在的污染风险,应该引起足够重视。     

除草剂毒草胺在土壤中的吸附和淋溶特性

为研究毒草胺在土壤中的迁移特性,分别利用振荡平衡法和土柱淋溶法测定了毒草胺在不同土壤中的吸附和淋溶特性,并讨论了其影响因素.结果表明,毒草胺在3种供试土壤上的吸附特性能较好地用Freundlich吸附等温线拟合,吸附常数Kd为0.34—2.96 mg1-.nL.nkg-1,很难被土壤吸附,吸附与土壤有机质含量呈显著正相关.毒草胺在土壤中具有较强的淋溶性,淋溶速率：江西红壤〉太湖水稻土〉东北黑土,淋溶性强弱与毒草胺在土壤中的吸附性以及土壤粒径分布有关.     

噻虫胺在土壤中的吸附和淋溶特性

采用室内模拟试验方法,研究了噻虫胺在3种不同类型土壤中的吸附特性、移动特性及其影响因素.结果表明,噻虫胺在江西红壤、太湖水稻土与东北黑土中的吸附较好地符合Freundlich方程,Kd值分别为0.49、1.99和4.42,Kd值大小次序依次为:江西红壤<太湖水稻土<东北黑土.影响噻虫胺土壤吸附性的主要因素为土壤有机质.薄层层析试验显示,当溶剂展开至12.0 cm处,噻虫胺在江西红壤、太湖水稻土和东北黑土中最远移至10—12 cm、8—10 cm、4—6 cm处.土柱试验表明噻虫胺在红壤淋出液中质量分数为56.04%,太湖水稻土和东北黑土中的噻虫胺最远已移至20.0—25.0 cm和15.0—20.0 cm处.影响噻虫胺在土壤中吸附性和移动性的主要因素为土壤有机质含量.噻虫胺存在对地下水污染的潜在风险性,特别是在红壤环境下使用噻虫胺应该引起足够重视.     

噻呋酰胺在土壤中的降解、吸附-解吸及移动特性研究

研究噻呋酰胺在土壤中的降解、吸附-解吸及移动特性,有利于评价噻呋酰胺在土壤环境中的持效性,可为其安全使用及对水资源的风险性评价提供理论依据。采用室内模拟方法研究了不同土壤类型、土壤含水量、土壤微生物和有机质含量对噻呋酰胺在土壤中降解的影响以及噻呋酰胺在土壤中的吸附、解吸及移动特性。结果表明,噻呋酰胺在3种土壤中均属于易降解,噻呋酰胺在南京黄棕壤、东北黑土、江西红壤中的降解半衰期分别为9.4、17.8、20.1 d。随着土壤湿度增加,噻呋酰胺的降解速率加快,当土壤湿度为饱和含水量80%时,微生物生长将受到抑制,降解速率减慢。土壤中微生物和有机质能加快噻呋酰胺降解,在微生物和有机质存在的条件下噻呋酰胺降解速率分别提高2.7倍和17.2倍。噻呋酰胺在3种土壤中的吸附能力为东北黑土南京黄棕壤江西红壤,吸附能力越强,解吸附能力越弱;土壤有机质含量、阳离子代换量和粘粒含量与吸附系数具有良好的相关性。噻呋酰胺在土壤中的吸附自由能在-22.70~-21.30 k J·mol-1之间,属于物理吸附。薄层层析研究表明,噻呋酰胺在江西红壤、南京黄棕壤、东北黑土中的Rf值分别为0.234、0.233、0.224,均属于不易移动。土柱淋溶试验结果表明,噻呋酰胺在3种土壤中均属于难淋溶,不易通过淋溶作用对地下水造成污染。     

除草定在土壤中的降解和移动特性研究

除草定是一种新型嘧啶类除草剂,其在环境中的归趋备受关注。采用室内模拟试验方法,研究了除草定在不同土壤中的降解性、吸附性和移动特性。结果表明,除草定在江西红壤、太湖水稻土和东北黑土中的降解半衰期分别为693.1、173.3、138.6 d,该药在土壤中降解较慢,影响其在土壤中降解速率的主要因素为土壤有机质。除草定在江西红壤、太湖水稻土与东北黑土中的吸附较好地符合Freundlich方程,Kd值分别为0.34、1.86和2.94;3种土壤对除草定的吸附过程为自发的物理吸附。薄层层析试验显示,当溶剂展开至11.5 cm处,除草定在江西红壤、太湖水稻土和东北黑土中最远移至8~10 cm处。影响除草定在土壤中吸附性和移动性的主要因素为土壤有机质含量。除草定存在对地下水污染的潜在风险性,使用除草定应该引起足够重视。     

2种甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂在土壤中的降解吸附特性及对地下水的影响

采用室内模拟试验,以江西红壤、东北黑土和太湖水稻土为代表性土壤,研究了啶氧菌酯和肟菌酯在土壤中的降解、吸附特性,并利用地下水污染指数(GUS)分析了其对地下水污染的影响。结果表明,杀菌剂的降解速率因含有的官能团不同而差异较大,常温、好氧条件下,啶氧菌酯在江西红壤和东北黑土中为较难降解性,在太湖水稻土中为难降解性,肟菌酯在上述3种土壤中均为易降解性;常温、积水厌气条件下,啶氧菌酯在江西红壤、太湖水稻土和东北黑土中均为中等降解性,肟菌酯在3种土壤中均为易降解性。积水厌气条件有利于啶氧菌酯和肟菌酯的降解,厌氧微生物是影响甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂降解的重要因素。啶氧菌酯在江西红壤、东北黑土和太湖水稻土中的吸附均较好地符合Freundlich吸附等温方程,土壤有机碳分配系数(Koc)分别为811、613和926,属较难吸附等级,土壤有机质含量是影响啶氧菌酯在土壤中吸附性能的主要因素。采用高效液相色谱法估算可知,肟菌酯Koc20 000,属易吸附等级。啶氧菌酯在3种土壤中的GUS值介于1.8~2.8,具有一定的淋溶性,对地下水具有一定的潜在污染风险;肟菌酯在3种土壤中的GUS值均1.8,不淋溶,对地下水的潜在污染风险较小。     

呋喃丹和阿特拉津在土柱中的淋溶及其影响因素

通过室内柱淋溶试验研究呋喃丹与阿特拉津在河南潮土及2种太湖水稻土中的淋溶作用及其影响因素。结果表明:2种农药在河南潮土中的淋溶作用比在太湖水稻土中弱。在表土中添加2 mg农药、模拟1次降水200mm条件下,呋喃丹最大淋溶量峰值可达25—30 cm深处,阿特拉津最大淋溶量峰值可达15—20 cm。表明呋喃丹、阿特拉津2种农药在供试土柱中均表现出较强淋溶特性。土壤和农药性质对淋溶作用均有很大影响。土壤有机质和粘粒含量越高,对农药的吸附性越强,土壤中农药越不容易随水下移;土壤大孔隙越多,农药在土壤中淋溶作用也越强,且相邻大孔隙对农药淋溶存在协同作用。土柱中插入4根直形多孔玻璃管后,土壤淋出液中农药量比插入2根的高2.7倍,比不插玻璃管对照高10倍。土柱中插入扭曲(60°)形玻璃管与插入直形玻璃管相比,农药在土壤中持留性增强,淋溶作用减弱。同一土柱中农药水溶性越大,淋溶作用也越强。     

苯氧羧酸类除草剂土壤降解特性研究

在室内模拟条件下研究了2,4-D异辛酯和2甲4氯异辛酯在土壤中的降解动态,并探索了影响其在土壤中降解的主要影响因素.结果表明,2,4-D异辛酯和2甲4氯异辛酯在土壤中的降解形式主要为化学水解;在陕西潮土、太湖水稻土、东北黑土、南京黄棕壤、湖南红壤和江西红壤中的降解半衰期均小于1周,降解产物为2,4-D和2甲4氯.2,4-D异辛酯和2甲4氯异辛酯在土壤中降解的主要影响因素为土壤pH值,同时与其在土壤中的吸附-脱附能力密切相关:土壤pH值越高,农药降解速率越快;土壤粘粒含量和有机质含量越高,对农药的吸附性越强,从而导致降解减慢。     

甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐的降解性研究

采用室内模拟试验方法,测定了甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐在水体中光解、水解及其在东北黑土、江西红壤和太湖水稻土3种不同类型土壤中的降解特性,结果发现:在光[照]度为2 370 lx、紫外辐[射]照度为13.5μW·cm-2的人工光源氙灯条件下,甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐较易光解,半衰期为1.73 h;25℃时甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐在pH 5.0、7.0条件下较难水解,推测其半衰期大于1a,而在pH 9.0条件下较易水解,半衰期为45.3 d,温度升高能加快其水解速率;甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐在江西红壤、太湖水稻土和东北黑土中的降解半衰期分别为16.3、91.2和41.5 d,其在土壤中的降解主要为微生物降解,降解速率与土壤有机质含量有关.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Human Influence and Classical Biogeographic Predictors of Rare Species Occurrence

Biogeographic theory predicts that rare species occur more often in larger, less‐isolated habitat patches and suggests that patch size and connectivity are positive predictors of patch quality for conservation. However, in areas substantially modified by humans, rare species may be relegated to the most isolated patches. We used data from plant surveys of 81 meadow patches in the Georgia Basin of Canada and the United States to show that presence of threatened and endangered plants was positively predicted for patches that were isolated on small islands surrounded by ocean and for patches that were isolated by surrounding forest. Neither patch size nor connectivity were positive predictors of rare species occurrence. Thus, in our study area, human influence, presumably due to disturbance or introduction of competitive non‐native species, appears to have overwhelmed classical predictors of rare species distribution, such that greater patch isolation appeared to favor presence of rare species. We suggest conservation planners consider the potential advantages of protecting geographically isolated patches in human‐modified landscapes because such patches may represent the only habitats in which rare species are likely to persist. Influencia Humana y Predictores Biogeográficos Clásicos de la Ocurrencia de Especies Raras     

Seasonal dynamics of macro-algae in the South Lake of Tunis

The macro-algae communities observed in the south lake of Tunis are characterized by the predominance of nitrophilous algae which are in the order of biomass importance:Ulva, Cladophora andEnteromorpha. We have noted seasonal changes of alga distribution. The wind appears to be one of the most important factors influencing this distribution. The total biomass reaches a maximum in the spring. Rapid decomposition of the biomass leads to a severe ecological imbalance, resulting in crises of anoxia and fish death. A restoration project has already started. It aims at removal of contaminated muds and the introduction of a new circulation system. The main objectives of this work were to collect information on the distribution and biomass of the phytobenthic communities as a first step in the constitution of a database for further comparison.     

Patterns and biases of climate change threats in the IUCN Red List

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments rely on published data and expert inputs, and biases can be introduced where underlying definitions and concepts are ambiguous. Consideration of climate change threat is no exception, and recently numerous approaches to assessing the threat of climate change to species have been developed. We explored IUCN Red List assessments of amphibians and birds to determine whether species listed as threatened by climate change display distinct patterns in terms of habitat occupied and additional nonclimatic threats faced. We compared IUCN Red List data with a published data set of species’ biological and ecological traits believed to infer high vulnerability to climate change and determined whether distributions of climate change‐threatened species on the IUCN Red List concur with those of climate change‐threatened species identified with the trait‐based approach and whether species possessing these traits are more likely to have climate change listed as a threat on the IUCN Red List. Species in some ecosystems (e.g., grassland, shrubland) and subject to particular threats (e.g., invasive species) were more likely to have climate change as a listed threat. Geographical patterns of climate change‐threatened amphibians and birds on the IUCN Red List were incongruent with patterns of global species richness and patterns identified using trait‐based approaches. Certain traits were linked to increases or decreases in the likelihood of a species being threatened by climate change. Broad temperature tolerance of a species was consistently related to an increased likelihood of climate change threat, indicating counterintuitive relationships in IUCN assessments. To improve the robustness of species assessments of the vulnerability or extinction risk associated with climate change, we suggest IUCN adopt a more cohesive approach whereby specific traits highlighted by our results are considered in Red List assessments. To achieve this and to strengthen the climate change‐vulnerability assessments approach, it is necessary to identify and implement logical avenues for further research into traits that make species vulnerable to climate change (including population‐level threats).     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture