Abiotic Hydrolysis of Some Poly-D-glucaramides and Subsequent Microbial Utilization/Degradation

Carbohydrate acid amides, diamides and polyamides have been proposed to be utilized as nitrogen plant fertilizers or fertilizer components, and experiments with Brassica rapa demonstrated a positive biological response when these compounds were used as the only source of fixed nitrogen for plant growth. The present study was carried out with the aim of elucidating the mechanism of degradation of these polymers in both soil/compost and in liquid media and the role of microorganisms in this process. The results obtained suggest that a major route of degradation of polyglucaramides in the environment is their abiotic hydrolysis/release of the diacid and diamine building block units of these polymers, which are then utilized for growth by microorganisms. In cell-free crude extracts from enrichment cultures obtained with different poly-D-glucaramides, no enzyme activities catalyzing the release of diamines from these compounds were detected.     

Enhancement of Tensile Strength and Flexibility of Polycaprolactone/Tapioca Starch Blends by Octadecylamine Modified Clay

Polycaprolactone/tapioca starch/octadecylamine modified clay (OMMT) nanocomposites were successfully prepared by melt blending. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of the products showed that they are nanocomposites of a mixture intercalated and exfoliated types. In addition, the TEM also revealed that the OMMT layers are homogeneously distributed in the polymer matrix. The presence of 1 php of OMMT improved the compatibility of the polymers in the blends which consequently increased the tensile strength of the blend of more than 60% and elongation at break of more than 1,000%.     

Preliminary Testing of the Influence of Modified Polycaprolactones on Anabaena Variabilis Growth in Seawater

Several new biodegradable polymer materials have recently come onto the global market. Mostly the results on degradation kinetic studies are presented. This paper suggests using one of the tests to estimate the impact of polymer packaging material on sea life. The microorganism chosen was Anabaena variabilis (identified in many waters, including those of the Baltic Sea, especially in the Gulf of Gdańsk and Puck Bay; this cyanobacterium has a tendency to move with deep-sea waters causing algal blooms that upset the ecological balance of the marine environment [1]). The chosen polymer materials were polycaprolactone modified with thermoplastic starch (PCL/TPS > 85%) or with calcium carbonate (60% PCL/40% CaCO₃). They were incubated in seawater in the presence of A. variabilis. The chlorophyll a content was determined as the criterion of cyanobacterial growth in the presence of the tested polymers. The polymer surface and colour changes in the cyanobacterium culture were recorded photographically. The experimental results indicate that the addition of polymer samples to the cyanobacterium culture affects its biological balance. During the experiment in seawater, cyanobacteria adhered to the polymer surfaces and their growth was stimulated to different degree by the polymers. Thus, the suggested test differentiate the behaviour of both materials studied. Cyanobacterial growth was lower in the presence of PCL modified with calcium carbonate than in the presence PCL/TPS blend.     

Fouling and Degradation of Polycarbonate in Seawater: Field and Lab Studies

Biofouling and ensuing microbial mediated degradation of Bisphenol A polycarbonate was studied by immersing the samples in sea water of Bay of Bengal (Chennai, India) for 3 months and also under controlled laboratory conditions with marine mixed microbial consortia for 12 months. A 9% weight loss in the sample was observed after 1 year of incubation under in vitro laboratory conditions. A 5% reduction in number average molecular weight and an additional oligomer with a molecular weight of 930 was observed in the same sample. Contact angle decreased by 11% indicating an increase in the surface hydrophilicity. The specific heat decreased by 44% and glass transition temperature decreased by 3 °C with respect to the control indicating chain scission. Formation of new hydroxyl groups and cleavage of carbonate bonds in polycarbonate suggested biodegradation. About 9 μg mL⁻¹ of Bisphenol A, a monomer of polycarbonate, as well as its oxidized products were detected in the supernatant. The nature of degradation in field and in vitro was different. It was predominantly oxidation in the former and hydrolysis in the later environment. A strain exhibiting hydrolase activity was isolated at the end of the 12 months from the in vitro mixed consortia and was identified, based on biochemical and 16S rDNA tests, as Pseudomonas sp. BP2 (GenBank accession no. EU920674).     

BiFeO3可见光催化降解甲基紫

采用柠檬酸-硝酸盐燃烧法制备了光催化剂BiFeO₃。采用SEM,XRD,FTIR等技术对光催化剂BiFeO₃进行表征。表征结果显示,光催化剂BiFeO₃晶相纯、粒径小、比表面积大,存在Fe#x02014;O的弯曲振动和伸缩振动。实验结果表明：通过鼓气及加入H₂O₂可有效提高BiFeO₃对甲基紫可见光催化降解的效率;在300mL质量分数为1.5#x000d7;10^-5的甲基紫溶液中加入0.9g光催化剂BiFeO₃和0.1mL质量分数为30%的H₂O₂溶液,当反应时间为240min时,甲基紫去除率可达99%。     

石灰石/石灰-石膏湿法脱硫几种反应塔的比较

石灰石／石灰－石膏湿法烟气脱硫是控制二氧化硫排放的最常用方法。通过对该方法几种主要工艺及反应塔的比较,研究了喷淋塔,格栅塔,鼓泡塔和液柱塔在结构与工艺上的差异,以及它们在中国的实际应用,分析了各种脱硫反应塔的优缺点,并由此归纳出脱硫反应塔发展的趋势,研究结果将为脱硫工艺以及脱硫塔的选择提供依据和参考。     

PW_(12)/g-C_3N_4光催化降解甲基橙

采用浸渍法制备了磷钨酸(PW12)/g-C3N4复合光催化剂,并将其用于溶液中甲基橙的光催化降解,运用IR技术对使用前后的光催化剂进行了表征。表征结果显示,PW12和g-C3N4的结构未在浸渍负载中发生改变,且PW12和g-C3N4结合牢固。实验结果表明:最佳的PW12负载量(光催化剂中PW12的质量分数)为50%;光催化降解甲基橙的优化反应条件为初始甲基橙质量浓度5 mg/L、光催化剂加入量0.6 g/L、初始溶液p H=7;在优化条件下,分别采用紫外光、模拟太阳光、可见光照射120 min后,甲基橙的降解率分别为96.59%,82.23%,42.78%;该光催化剂固载良好,使用中不易发生溶脱,稳定性好,可重复使用。     

改性Y沸石催化降解聚苯乙烯的研究

用热重分析方法研究了HY沸石与改性Y沸石(UHY)作为催化降解聚苯乙烯的催化剂对聚苯乙烯催化降解的作用及影响,对聚苯乙烯的催化降解与热降解反应产物进行了比较。结果表明,催化剂的存在能显著地降低聚苯乙烯的降解温度,催化剂的酸量和孔结构对聚苯乙烯的降解温度、活化能、积炭的生成量及裂解产物有很大的影响。     

Abiotic/biotic degradation and mineralization of N‐nitrosodimethylamine in aquifer sediments

The N‐nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) degradation rate and mineralization rate were measured in two aquifer sediments that received treatments to create oxic, reducing, and sequential reducing/oxic environments. Chemically reduced sediments rapidly abiotically degraded NDMA to nontoxic dimethylamine to parts per trillion levels, then degraded to further products. NDMA was partially mineralized in reduced sediments (6 to 28 percent) at a slow rate (half‐life 3,460 h) by an unknown abiotic/biotic pathway. In contrast, NDMA was mineralized more rapidly (half‐life 342 h) and to a greater extent (30 to 81 percent) in oxic sediments with propane addition, likely by a propane monooxygenase pathway. NDMA mineralization in sequential reduced sediment followed by oxic sediment treatment did result in slightly more rapid mineralization and a greater mineralization extent relative to reduced systems. These increases were minor, so aerobic NDMA mineralization with oxygen and propane addition was the most viable in situ NDMA mineralization strategy. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

CeO_2/三维石墨烯催化臭氧氧化降解刚果红

采用原位氧化还原法制备了三维石墨烯负载型CeO_2催化剂(CeO_2/3D GN),采用XRD、FTIR、SEM、比表面积和零电荷点测定等方法对其进行了表征,并考察了CeO_2/3D GN非均相催化臭氧氧化降解水中刚果红染料的影响因素。表征结果显示:CeO_2/3D GN具有相互连通的三维网络结构;CeO_2纳米颗粒均匀地分散在石墨烯片层中;比表面积为190.89 m~2/g;零电荷点pH_(zpc)为7.36。实验结果表明:CeO_2/3D GN非均相催化臭氧氧化体系比单独臭氧氧化体系对刚果红溶液的脱色率提高了60.56百分点;连续5次重复利用CeO_2/3D GN,刚果红溶液脱色率为96.50%~98.00%;在臭氧流量为20 mg/min、催化剂投加量为1.5 g/L、初始溶液pH为7.00的最佳工艺条件下反应15 min,刚果红溶液脱色率可高达94.65%。     

紫外光协同CuO-TiO_2/Al_2O_3三维粒子电极电催化降解罗丹明B

自制了CuO-TiO_2/Al_2O_3粒子电极,对其进行了表征。在此基础上构建了紫外光协同三维粒子电极电催化体系降解水中的罗丹明B,考察了降解过程的影响因素、动力学及机理。表征结果显示,粒子电极具有良好的表面结构及有效催化成分。实验结果表明:在罗丹明B质量浓度20 mg/L、槽电压15 V、电流0.3 A、溶液pH 3.0、曝气量1.5 L/min、Fe~(2+)投加量0.5 mmol/L的条件下反应60 min,脱色率达96.29%;反应过程符合一级动力学方程,反应速率常数为0.060 mg/(L·min);紫外光的加入使溶液中H_2O_2的浓度降低约30%,促进了H_2O_2的分解。     

改性SiO2气凝胶对废水中Fe3+的吸附性能

制备了改性SiO₂气凝胶,考察了经不同类型、不同配比的改性剂改性的SiO₂气凝胶对模拟含Fe³⁺废水的吸附处理效果。实验结果表明：改性SiO₂气凝胶的最佳制备条件为三甲基氯硅烷（TMCS）作改性剂,V（TMCS）#x02236;V（正己烷）=1#x02236;5;当改性SiO₂气凝胶加入量为75g/L、吸附时间为4h、Fe³⁺质量浓度为10mg/L时,模拟含Fe³⁺废水的Fe³⁺去除率为98.32%,剩余Fe³⁺质量浓度为0.168mg/L;采用改性SiO₂气凝胶动态吸附处理流量为420mL/h、Fe³⁺质量浓度为100mg/L的模拟含Fe³⁺废水,吸附后废水中剩余Fe³⁺质量浓度仅为0.196mg/L。     

高Ca~(2+)浓度CO_2沉淀法由电石渣制备纳米CaCO_3

以NH4Cl溶液为浸取剂、CO2为碳化剂、多聚磷酸钠(STP)为添加剂,由电石渣制备纳米Ca CO3。实验结果表明:电石渣浸取液Ca2+浓度为1.0 mol/L、STP加入量为3.00%时,可制备出粒径为30~60 nm的纳米Ca CO3;STP可有效控制纳米Ca CO3的粒度和形貌;在最佳工艺条件下,由电石渣制备纳米Ca CO3的产率为80%,处理1 t电石渣产生的经济效益约为2 670元。     

微波紫外协同降解染料活性艳红X-3B研究

将微波激发的无极紫外灯应用于染料废水的处理研究,考察了反应过程中染料废水脱色率、TOC去除率、溶液pH以及反应前后染料废水高效液相色谱图的变化情况。染料活性艳红X-3B经无极紫外光处理110min后,脱色率达96％,TOC去除率达66％,降解效果明显好于单独使用微波或普通紫外灯的降解效果总和,溶液pH先降低后缓慢升高。     

Biodegradation of LDPE/Modified Starch Blends Sterilized with Gamma Radiation

Blends of LDPE/modified starch were prepared, sterilized by gamma radiation and investigated with respect to their microbial degradation by a mixture of fungal strains in liquid medium after 90 days, was analyzed by carbon dioxide (CO₂) production (Sturm test). Biodegradation of blends was evaluated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction; mechanical testing, scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The biodegradation of LDPE/modified starch blends was attributed to microbiological attack, with alterations in the chemical structure of the blend with an increase in the carbonyl and vinyl indices and the appearance of new crystalline symmetry generating a crystalline domain not existing before in the blend and decrease in the mechanical properties.     

泡沫镍负载La3+-TiO2催化剂对苯的可见光降解

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了掺杂La³⁺的TiO₂（La³⁺-TiO₂）,并负载于泡沫镍上,制得泡沫镍负载La³⁺-TiO₂催化剂。采用XRD、DSC、荧光发射光谱以及SEM方法进行了表征分析。研究了泡沫镍负载La³⁺-TiO₂催化剂在可见光下对苯的降解效果,并对苯的光催化降解动力学特性进行了分析。实验结果表明：在最佳焙烧温度和焙烧时间分别为400 ℃和1 h的条件下,La³⁺-TiO₂的晶相主要为锐钛矿型;负载后,La³⁺-TiO₂颗粒填充于泡沫镍的空洞中,比表面积增加,光催化活性得以提高;在不同初始苯质量浓度和催化剂使用次数条件下,苯的降解率不同,最高可达92.9 %;光催化降解过程遵循拟一级动力学规律。     

Degradation of Al/SiCp composites produced with rice-hull ash and aluminum cans

The use of recycling aluminum from beverage containers and rice-hull ash (RHA) offers to be an attractive alternative for the economic production of Al/SiCp composites. However, corrosion phenomena in the composites represent technological barriers yet to be resolved before they can be exploited to their full potential. A simple methodology involving characterization by XRD, SEM, EDX, FTIR and ICP was designed in order to investigate the causes of the rapid degradation in a humid environment of Al/SiCp composites produced with RHA and aluminum cans. Results reveal that the use of RHA was beneficial to avoid degradation through the formation and subsequent hydration of the Al4C3 phase. However with condensed moisture acting as an electrolyte, localized corrosion took place with aggressive damage manifested by the disintegration of the composite into a powdery mixture. The relevant corrosion mechanism was mainly attributed to microgalvanic coupling between the Mg2Si intermetallic compound and the matrix (although other phases such as SiC, Si, MgAl2O4 could also work as microcathodes).     

Microbial Degradation of Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-co-4-Hydroxybutyrate) in Soil

The microbial degradation of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) (P3/4HB) copolymers with different 4HB molar fraction were investigated in soil for 60?days. In the degradation process, changes in weight loss and molecular weight were periodically measured to determine the biodegradability; the surface morphology also was observed using scanning electron microscopy and polarizing optical microscopy. The results showed that the rate of degradation of P3/4HB depends strongly on its crystallinity and surface morphology. Enzymatic degradation, which proceeded via surface erosion mechanisms, was observed mainly during the degradation period in soil. The amorphous interspherulitic regions and crystal center were prone to degrade.     

超声-Fe2+-K2S2O8/NaHSO3体系降解罗丹明B

采用超声促进、Fe²⁺活化的K₂S₂O₈/NaHSO₃联合体系（US-Fe²⁺-K₂S₂O₈/NaHSO₃体系）降解罗丹明B（RhB）。考察了RhB模拟废水脱色效果的影响因素,并研究了不同处理方法的协同效应,推测了反应机理。实验结果表明：在反应温度25 ℃、初始pH 5.18、超声功率250 W、K₂S₂O₈溶液（4.91 mmol/L）加入量1.2 mL、NaHSO₃溶液（4.91 mmol/L）加入量1.2 mL、n（K₂S₂O₈）∶n（Fe²⁺）=10、反应时间7 min的条件下,RhB模拟废水（50 mL）的脱色率达到89.45%;超声与Fe²⁺-K₂S₂O₈/NaHSO₃体系对RhB的降解产生了协同效应,降解反应符合表观一级反应动力学,速率常数增强因子可达13.6。自由基猝灭实验结果表明,硫酸根自由基和羟基自由基是攻击RhB 分子的活性自由基,硫酸根自由基起主要作用。