Bi掺杂In2TiO5纳米带的制备及其光催化性能

以Bi(NO_3)_3、Ti(OC_4H_9)_4、In(NO_3)_3和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP-K30)为原料,采用静电纺丝法和沉淀法相结合,成功制备了Bi掺杂In_2TiO_5(Bi-In_2TiO_5)纳米带.利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线能量色散谱(EDS)、紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-vis DRS)和氮气吸附-脱附等温线(BET)等技术对样品进行表征.结果表明,Bi的掺杂未引入新的杂相,样品均为正交晶系结构,掺杂前后样品的形貌未发生明显变化.适量的Bi掺杂,在In2Ti O5晶格中形成杂质能级,降低了In_2TiO_5的带隙能.当掺杂量为2%时,制备的Bi-In_2TiO_5纳米带的光催化活性最高.在氙灯(150 W)辐照下,150 min,对罗丹明B的降解率达95.8%,且该催化剂对氟喹诺酮类抗生素左氧氟沙星(LEV)也表现出优良的光催化降解性能.     

In_2TiO_5纳米带的静电纺丝法制备及光催化性能

以酞酸丁酯(Ti(OC_4H_9)_4)、硝酸铟(In(NO3)3)和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP-K30)为原料,采用静电纺丝技术制备了In_2TiO_5纳米带.利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-vis DRS)和氮气吸附-脱附等温线(BET)等技术对样品进行了表征.考察了In_2TiO_5纳米带在光催化降解罗丹明B(RhB)、甲基橙(MO)、亚甲基蓝(MB)和左氧氟沙星(LEV)过程中的应用性能,研究了不同离子型物质、溶液的pH和MB起始浓度对In_2TiO_5纳米带光催化活性的影响.结果表明:In_2TiO_5纳米带具有正交晶系结构,禁带宽度为3.47 eV,比表面积为20.71 m~2·g~(-1),可应用于4种不同离子型物质的光催化降解,发现光催化效果与被降解物质的表面带电性质有关.在紫外光照射下,90 min,对MB的降解率达98.1%,其降解过程服从一级动力学模型.     

硼掺杂CeO2/TiO2光催化剂的制备及其活性研究

在三氯化钛和钛酸丁酯水解过程中引入硼酸、硝酸铈,制备了具有可见光活性的硼(B)掺杂CeO₂/TiO₂复合氧化物光催化剂,采用XRD、DRS、XPS等手段进行表征,以偶氮染料酸性红B为模型污染物评估了催化活性.结果表明,硝酸铈加入量影响催化剂的吸收带边,随用量增加,吸收带边红移至481nm(Ce/Ti=1.0,摩尔比),继续增加用量,吸收带边轻微蓝移.催化剂晶相组成与焙烧温度有关,500℃时焙烧样品主要由立方晶型CeO₂和锐钛矿TiO₂组成,焙烧温度高于700℃时,TiO₂转化为金红石型,CeO₂则无显著变化.随焙烧温度升高,催化剂吸收带边明显蓝移,综合考虑催化剂稳定性和太阳能利用,认为500℃焙烧较为合适.B1s XPS显示仅有少量B原子进入复合氧化物晶格取代了氧原子,主要以B₂O₃形式存在.酸性红B降解试验显示B掺杂CeO₂/TiO₂可以提高TiO₂的催化活性,紫外光辐射10min最高可使96.0%的酸性红B分解,且反应彻底,表现出较强的氧化能力,但Ce/Ti>0.5(摩尔比)时催化活性显著下降.     

SiO2纳米颗粒内嵌强化介孔TiO2单晶光催化降解盐酸四环素

吸附性能和光生载流子的分离效率是决定光催化降解抗生素的主要因素.为提高介孔TiO_2单晶(MSCs)的吸附性能和光生载流子的分离效率,在MSCs内部构建SiO_2纳米颗粒吸附结构.同时,利用表面光电压谱、氮气等温吸附-脱附、X射线衍射等研究其结构特性.最后,以盐酸四环素为抗生素代表,通过控制SiO_2纳米颗粒比表面积,考察SiO_2对复合材料吸附及光催化性能的影响.结果表明,SiO_2纳米颗粒与TiO_2单晶复合显著提高了材料的吸附性能,表面保护蚀刻进一步提升了材料的比表面积.实验条件下,高比表面积SiO_2-TiO_2单晶复合材料(KSiO_2@TiO_2)对盐酸四环素的平衡吸附量、降解效率、降解速率常数和矿化率分别达到了0.96 mg·g-1、90.2%、0.0079 min-1、54.4%,分别是MSCs的4.4、1.5、2.6和3.1倍.副产物分析表明,SiO_2复合介孔单晶材料更易将盐酸四环素降解为小分子物质.     

N/S/SnO2-TiO2的制备及对染料的光降解活性研究

以尿素、硫脲分别作为N、S源,氯化锡作为Sn源,利用水热法合成了N/S/Sn O_2-Ti O_2产品.同时,采用XRD、SEM、XPS等技术对不同煅烧温度处理后的产品进行了表征.最后,以质量浓度为0.02 g·L~(-1)的甲基橙水溶液为模拟污染物,采用UV-vis光谱及BET分析研究了产品的光催化活性效果.实验结果表明,当煅烧温度为550℃时,水热合成出的产品结晶度较高,粒径较小,约20 nm左右.S以+6价形式进入Ti O_2晶格形成Ti—O—S键,N通过取代晶格中的O形成O—Ti—N键,Sn以Sn O_2的形式分散在Ti O_2产品中.Sn Cl4的加入不仅与C16H36O4Ti竞争水源,缓解C16H36O4Ti的水解,而且对产品有一定的分散效果.光催化活性实验结果表明,当紫外灯照射时间达到1 h时,N/S/Sn O_2-Ti O_2降解甲基橙溶液基本完成,脱色率达到95%以上.     

g-C3N4修饰的TiO2纳米阵列光电催化氧化去除氰化物

通过水热法制备了TiO_2纳米棒(TiO_2NRs)电极,然后通过液相生长法将石墨相氮化碳(g-C_3N_4)负载到TiO_2NRs电极上制备出TiO_2NRs/g-C_3N_4电极.电极的XRD和SEM表征结果表明,g-C_3N_4成功负载到了TiO_2NRs上.将TiO_2NRs/g-C_3N_4电极作为光阳极用于光电催化体系中,并于反应体系中不断曝入O_2,结果发现,与钛片相比,碳气凝胶(CA)电极作为阴极时,反应150 min后CN~-的去除率由13.4%提高到53.1%.与PC过程和EC过程相比,PEC过程对CN~-的去除效果最好.不同光阳极的对比表明,g-C_3N_4与TiO_2的复合可以大大提高阴极H_2O_2产量从而促进CN~-的去除.实验表明,外加偏压的增大可以提高体系中H_2O_2的产量从而增强CN~-的去除效果,CN~-的去除率随CN~-初始浓度的增大而减小.体系的稳定性实验表明,制备的TiO_2NRs/g-C_3N_4电极具有较好的稳定性.最后提出了通过碳气凝胶阴极利用光生电子原位产H_2O_2,强化了TiO_2NRs/g-C_3N_4复合电极作为光阳极对水中CN~-的去除效果的反应机理.     

MoS2/BiOI复合光催化剂制备及其光催化氧化还原性能

通过两步法合成花状MoS_2/BiOI复合光催化剂,采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、紫外可见漫反射(UVVis)、光电子能谱(XPS)等方法对合成的样品进行了表征,对其可能的形成机制进行探究,通过电化学表征计算出BiOI与MoS_2的价带与导带位置,显示复合材料形成了1型异质结.同时以罗丹明B(RhB)与含Cr6+溶液作为目标污染物测试光催化剂的氧化还原性能,相比于BiOI和MoS_2单体,MoS_2/BiOI复合光催化剂表现出更强的光催化氧化与还原能力,其中以质量分数为2%的MoS_2与BiOI复合光催化剂效果最佳,可见光照20 min后RhB降解率达到98.92%,80 min后Cr6+溶液光催化还原率可达到97.87%,较纯BiOI分别提高了1.79倍与3.85倍,且经过4次重复利用后仍具有较高的光催化活性.光催化降解Rh B过程中空穴(h+)与超氧自由基(·O-2)作为主要活性物种,其中空穴影响更为显著.     

溴代甲烷在SO42-/TiO2上的光催化降解

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了SO₄^2-/TiO₂催化剂,运用XRD、BET比表面测定,FTIR等技术对催化剂进行了表征,并在微型常压连续反应装置上进行CH₃Br光催化反应性能考察.结果表明,SO₄^2-引入TiO₂体系使得催化剂的结构和光催化性能得到显著改善.SO₄^2-负载量为9%,烧结温度为450℃时,SO₄^2-/TiO₂催化剂的光催化活性最高;SO₄^2-/TiO₂催化剂对反应物料中的水汽有很好的耐受性;当反应温度低于85℃时,提高反应温度,有利于改善对CH₃Br的光催化反应活性,表观活化能约为19.6kJ·mol^-1,反应温度在85℃～105℃区间时,CH3Br的光催化降解表观活化能为0.     

钒和钨负载量对V2O5-WO3/TiO2表面形态及催化性能的影响

采用浸渍法制备了一系列不同钒和钨负载量的V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂催化剂样品,对样品NH₃选择性催化还原NO性能进行了评价,并用BET、XRD、XPS等手段对催化剂样品的表面形态进行了表征.研究发现,钒的负载量对催化剂的比表面积和催化活性有显著影响,当钒负载量从1％升高到8％时,催化剂比表面积下降了16 m²/g,最高活性温度降低了约100℃.钨起到稳定剂和助剂的双重作用,当钒负载量为1％时,钨负载量从0升高到6％,催化剂比表面积仅下降了3 m²/g,而活性温度窗口向高温和低温各拓宽了约50℃.研究表明钒和钨负载量都能影响催化剂表面的VO_x物种,但对催化剂的表面晶型没有明显影响.     

纳米TiO2催化燃烧固硫的实验研究

通过纳米TiO₂催化CaO燃烧后粉煤灰的成分分析和燃烧烟气中SO₂含量的测定确定固硫效果,探讨了纳米TiO₂添加量、Ca/S摩尔比、不同条件制备的纳米TiO₂及燃烧温度对分析纯CaO固硫的影响,比较了纳米TiO₂对不同煤种以及不同钙基固硫剂的固硫效果,并对反应产物进行了X射线衍射和扫描电镜分析.结果表明,纳米TiO₂与CaO共同作用时,纳米TiO₂最佳的添加量为8%;在Ca/S摩尔比为2、燃烧温度为850℃时纳米TiO₂催化分析纯和工业纯CaO固硫效率达87.8%和60.3%,比不添加纳米TiO₂时增加13.4%和29.6%.纳米TiO₂对不同煤种燃烧时CaO固硫有较好地催化作用,能够促进SO₂转化成SO₃的本征反应,同时增加煤灰的孔尺寸,促进二氧化硫的扩散从而提高CaO的固硫效果.     

静电纺丝法制备CaIn2O4-In2O3纳米带及其光催化性能

利用静电纺丝技术原位制备了准一维结构CaIn_2O_4-In_2O_3纳米带.采用XRD、SEM、TEM、EDS、UV-vis DRS、N_2吸附-脱附曲线等对合成的光催化剂进行表征,并以对苯二甲酸(TA)为分子探针物质,结合荧光技术探讨了光催化反应过程中·OH自由基的变化.以亚甲基蓝(MB)为降解目标物,考察了CaIn_2O_4-In_2O_3纳米带的光催化活性,并研究了溶液pH及MB初始浓度对其光催化活性的影响.研究结果表明,宽度约为(663±75) nm的CaIn_2O_4-In_2O_3纳米带由直径约为80 nm的纳米颗粒组成,且纳米颗粒之间有一定的孔隙.模拟太阳光辐照120 min,MB的降解率为76%,且降解过程服从一级动力学模型.CaIn_2O_4-In_2O_3纳米带在酸性环境中显正电性,且光催化反应体系中·OH自由基的生成量随反应时间线性增加.CaIn_2O_4与In_2O_3的耦合使得合成的光催化剂在模拟太阳光下具有良好的光催化活性.     

Synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles in different thermal conditions and modeling its photocatalytic activity with artificial neural network

Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles were prepared by sol gel route. The preparation parameters were optimized in the removal of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP). All catalysts were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). An artificial neural network model (ANN) was developed to predict the photocatalytic removal of 4-NP in the presence of TiO₂ nanoparticles prepared under desired conditions. The comparison between the predicted results by designed ANN model and the experimental data proved that modeling of the removal process of 4-NP using artificial neural network was a precise method to predict the extent of 4-NP removal under different conditions.     

Zr\TiO2纳米管的制备及其光催化活性的初步研究

采用水热合成法以锐钛型Zr/TiO2纳米粒子为原料制备了掺杂锆二氧化钛纳米管,用TEM、EDS、BET对其进行了表征.结果表明,采用水热合成法制备的纳米管,其形貌均一,多层管壁.比表面积达到了291 m2·g-1,远远大于Zr/TiO2纳米颗粒的比表面积(76 m2·g-1).以罗丹明B为目标降解物的光催化实验表明,与Zr/TiO2纳米颗粒相比,Zr/TiO2纳米管的光催化活性有了显著的提高.     

Immobilization of self-assembled pre-dispersed nano-TiO2 onto montmorillonite and its photocatalytic activity

The immobilization of pre-dispersed TiO₂ colloids onto the external surface of the clay mineral montmorillonite (Mt) was accomplished and regulated via a self-assembly method employing the cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The role of CTAB in the synthesis process was investigated by preparing a series of TiO₂-CTAB-Mt composites (TCM) with various CTAB doses. The results indicated that a uniform and continuous TiO₂ film was deposited on the external surface of montmorillonite in the composite synthesized with 0.1 wt.% of CTAB, and the TCM nano-composites showed much higher values for specific surface area, average pore size and pore volume than the raw montmorillonite clay. Then, the formed TCM materials were applied in photocatalytic degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) in aqueous solution. The degradation efficiency reached as high as 94.7%. Based on the degradation intermediates benezoquinone, fumaric acid and oxalic acid identified by LC–MS analysis, a mechanism for the photocatalytic oxidation of 2,4-DCP on TiO₂/Mt nano-composites is proposed.     

Immobilization of self-assembled pre-dispersed nano-TiO2 onto montmorillonite and its photocatalytic activity

The immobilization of pre-dispersed Ti O_2 colloids onto the external surface of the clay mineral montmorillonite(Mt) was accomplished and regulated via a self-assembly method employing the cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide(CTAB). The role of CTAB in the synthesis process was investigated by preparing a series of Ti O_2-CTAB-Mt composites(TCM) with various CTAB doses. The results indicated that a uniform and continuous Ti O_2 film was deposited on the external surface of montmorillonite in the composite synthesized with 0.1 wt.% of CTAB, and the TCM nano-composites showed much higher values for specific surface area, average pore size and pore volume than the raw montmorillonite clay. Then, the formed TCM materials were applied in photocatalytic degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP) in aqueous solution. The degradation efficiency reached as high as 94.7%. Based on the degradation intermediates benezoquinone, fumaric acid and oxalic acid identified by LC–MS analysis, a mechanism for the photocatalytic oxidation of 2,4-DCP on Ti O_2/Mt nano-composites is proposed.     

镧掺杂TiO2/g-C3N4复合光催化剂的制备及其可见光催化活性研究

以工业二氧化钛(TiO_2)、硝酸镧(LaN_3O_9·5H_2O)、三聚氰胺(C_3H_6N_6)为原料制备了La掺杂TiO_2/g-C_3N_4复合光催化剂.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、傅里叶变换红外(FT-IR)、紫外-可见吸收光谱(UV-Vis)、荧光光谱(PL)等表征方法对光催化剂结构进行分析,表明复合样品中La以La~(3+)形式存在于TiO_2晶体中,并形成TiO_2/g-C_3N_4异质结构,其禁带宽度减小、吸收带边红移,光催化效率有明显提高.以亚甲基蓝为目标污染物评价其光催化活性,镧掺杂量为4%(质量分数)、煅烧温度为520℃、煅烧时间为2 h时,复合样品光催化活性最佳,在12 LED灯下,180 min后对10 mg·L~(-1)亚甲基蓝溶液的去除率达97%.     

Effect of TiO2 calcination temperature on the photocatalytic oxidation of gaseous NH3

Carbon-modified titanium dioxide(TiO2) was prepared by a sol-gel method using tetrabutyl titanate as precursor, with calcination at various temperatures, and tested for the photocatalytic oxidation(PCO) of gaseous NH3 under visible and UV light. The test results showed that no samples had visible light activity, while the TiO2 calcined at 400℃ had the best UV light activity among the series of catalysts, and was even much better than the commercial catalyst P25. The catalysts were then characterized by X-ray diffractometry, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller adsorption analysis, Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetry/differential scanning calorimetry coupled with mass spectrometry, ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectra, photoluminescence spectroscopy and in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy. It was shown that the carbon species residuals on the catalyst surfaces induced the visible light adsorption of the samples calcined in the low temperature range( 300℃). However, the surface acid sites played a determining role in the PCO of NH3 under visible and UV light over the series of catalysts. Although the samples calcined at low temperatures had very high SSA, good crystallinity, strong visible light absorption and also low PL emission intensity, they showed very low PCO activity due to their very low number of acid sites for NH3 adsorption and activation. The TiO2 sample calcined at 400℃ contained the highest number of acid sites among the series of catalysts, therefore showing the highest performance for the PCO of NH3 under UV light.     

V2O5/TiO2催化剂中毒机理的试验研究

选择性催化还原(SCR)催化剂是SCR烟气脱硝技术的核心,是整个SCR系统脱硝效率和经济性的决定因素.本文工作的主要研究思路是以钒钛SCR催化剂为研究对象,研究了H2O和SO2,以及相同含量下K、Na、Ca、Pb的氧化物对钒钛催化剂NO转化率的影响.H2O的存在会抑制V2O5/TiO2催化剂脱硝活性,而SO2在一定程度上促进(V2O5/TiO2)催化剂的SCR脱硝反应,提高NO转化率;碱金属K对钒钛催化剂的钝化作用都是最强,K2O和Na2O的掺入会抑制钒钛催化剂上V2O5的还原能力,而CaO和PbO的掺入对钒钛催化剂上V2O5的还原能力影响较小.