南亚地震应急反应启示

2005年10月8日当地时间8时50分36．0秒,在巴基斯坦（北纬34．4度,东经73.6度）发生7．8级强烈地震．波及印度,阿富汗、印尼等国。地震给巴基斯坦造成重大经济损失和人员伤亡,约有8．6万人在地震中遇难,10多万人受伤,330万人无家可归。重创后的火区重建需要50亿美元和10年时间。印度官方统计．印控地区死亡约1000多人。     

大兴安岭特大森林火灾要情简编

1987年5月6日15时许,我国黑龙江省大兴安岭地区的西林吉、图强、阿木尔、漠河四个林业局的几处林场突然同时起火,8级大风使火势迅速蔓延开来。7日晚,我国北部边城漠河县城(西林吉镇)变成一片火海。县城内仅存11座结构较好的房屋。8日,西林吉、图强、阿木尔三个火车站被烧毁。10日,绣峰林场北部火势突然扩展,火线长约36公里,火焰高达十几米。11日,原有的3个火场连成东、西两大片,火区面积约43万公顷,过火林地达26万公顷,烧毁民房60万平方米,贮木场木材70万立方米;至11日,死亡142人,伤88人;     

减灾短讯

云南省富宁县列村发生“8．6”地质灾害2006年8月初,云南省富宁县局部出现连续强降雨天气,致使境内多处发生洪涝灾害。8月6日晚9时许,谷拉乡多贡村委会列村发生滑坡地质灾害事故,造成7间民房被毁,直接经济损失约18万元,由于避让及时无人员伤亡。     

地球磁场大面积短暂异常与灾害性天气相关性初探

本文利用全国88个磁观测站提供的1990年10月1日～1991年8月31日期间地球磁场绝对强度值,进行空间线性相关分析,发现1990年11月～1991年1月,部分地区发生地磁异常,即相关系数|r_2|值(乘以因子100后)由正常值明显下降至10～40左右。而4～8个月后,地磁异常区与该地区发生的气象灾害有很好的对应关系.     

缺震方法在鲁南地区的应用

利用缺震方法对山东南部(鲁南)三个小区的地震分别进行统计处理,观测到发生在西区的三次4.5级(M_L,下同)以上地震在本区均有“缺震”反映,其中1983年11月7日菏泽5.9级地震异常达11月之久;东区有反映邻区较大地震的“窗口”效应;而中区仅对本区的4.0级以上地震对应较好,对邻区地震对应效果不甚明显。最后对缺震方法的预报意义进行了讨论。     

中国东部地区的地震灾害及对策初探

地震是一种自然现象,有其明显的自然属性,而地震灾害则具有明显的社会属性。地震灾害是相对于人类活动而言的。本文借用胡焕庸线,将中国大陆分成东区和西区两个区,并初步探讨了人口稠密和经济发达的中国东部地区的防震减灾对策。     

基于GIS的太湖流域暴雨洪涝灾害风险定量化研究

暴雨洪水灾害是威胁人类的区域重要气象灾害,暴雨风险研究具有重要的现实意义。在GIS/RS技术支撑下,采用AHP层次分析法和综合指数方法对太湖区域暴雨洪水风险压力进行了定量化研究。研究发现:①由于降水频度高危险性指数为5.5～7.1,湖西区属于重度危险到极度危险区;浦东浦西区危险性指数为4.5～5.5,属于中度危险到重度危险区;武澄锡区、阳澄淀泖区由于地势低洼,危险性指数为4.2～5.5,属于轻度危险到重度危险区;杭州湾北岸的杭嘉湖区、浙西区受径流影响,危险指数为2.3～4.8,属于微度危险到中度危险区。②上海的浦东、浦西区与苏州、无锡、常州、杭州、镇江的脆弱性指数为7～10,属于重度脆弱到极度脆弱区;张家港、常熟、太仓、昆山以及浙北地区的湖州、嘉兴等地脆弱性指数为4.8～7.0,属于中度脆弱到重度脆弱区;浙西的山区脆弱性指数为1～4.6,属于微度脆弱到轻度脆弱区。③太湖流域北岸的湖西区、武澄锡区、阳澄淀泖区以及浦东浦西区的综合风险指数较高;杭嘉湖区次之;浙西区综合风险最低。     

400余名矿工安全大撤离

2002年5月20日晚21时16分在山东枣庄市峄城区发生3.6级塌陷地震。山东地震部门派出专业人员赴现场调查后确认,地震为峄城区底阁镇境内5个石膏矿采空区塌陷所致。 地震使原来平坦无际的麦田“七零八落”,出现多个大小不等的陷落区,最     

全球近期灾害录(2010.10.11—12.10)

<正>印度东北部发生沉船事故2010年10月10日晚,一艘载有42名乘客的客船在印度比哈尔邦伯格萨尔地区的恒河中翻沉。截至11日,沉船事故遇难人数已升至36人,目前仍有6人失踪。孟加拉国发生火车撞人事故10月11日,孟加拉国西北锡拉杰甘杰县发生一起火车撞人     

全球近期灾害录(2010.8.11—10.10)

<正>秘鲁发生严重车祸2010年8月11日,在秘鲁北部城市特鲁希略,一辆大巴在该市冲下山坡,造成22人死亡,27人受伤。尼日利亚发生多辆汽车相撞事故8月11日,尼日利亚首都阿布贾阿苏科罗区发生严重交通事故,多辆汽车相撞,已造成7人死亡,多人受伤。     

突出重点 全面防御 健全体系 强化管理 社会参与 共同抵御

陈建民局长在2011年全国地震局长会暨党风廉政建设工作会议上指出,科学规划＂十二五＂时期的事业发展,按照＂科学防灾、积极避灾＂的要求,大力开展基础探测工作,加强抗震设防要求与行业抗震设计规范的衔接,强化监管,把防震保安工作纳入新农村建设,全面提升民居的抗震能力,实现有效减灾。     

岩土矿物与疾病

地方病是与地质环境有一定依存性的疾病。它的致病物质除直接来自人类生产和生活制品外,主要源于自然界的大气、水土、岩石中。换言之,人类生存发育与一定地区的水、土和生物化学元素含量有关,当某些元素含量过高,与人需要量不相适应时,就可能导致人发生某种疾病。归纳与地质因素有关的地方病有甲状腺肿(克汀病)、克山病、硒中毒、氟中毒、铜毒、铅毒症、不孕症、食道癌、肝癌、布鲁氏菌病、鼻咽癌、口腔癌、乳腺癌等。     

陕西汉中“98.7”洪涝灾害剖析

对汉中市１９９８年７月上旬的雨情、灾情作了初步统计,分析了致灾原因及经验与教训。     

Foundations of community disaster resilience: well-being,identity, services,and capitals

If community disaster resilience is to mature into a robust and lasting area of research, methodologically facilitated dialogue between empirical observations and theory is necessary. However, methodological and empirical research has outpaced community disaster resilience theory. To address this gap, a theoretical framework called WISC is presented. WISC is named after four constructs of the framework: well-being, identity, services, and capitals. WISC relates the two concepts of community and infrastructure, broadly defined, to the four constructs it is named after. The 4 constructs are respectively defined by 29 variables. The broadest interpretation of WISC is that infrastructure supports and facilitates components of community within human settlements. Infrastructure is represented as combinations of capitals and services; community is represented by connections of identity and well-being. Ultimately, well-being of a community is dependent on that community's collective capital. But these two constructs are mediated by the intervening constructs of identity and services. WISC goes beyond existing frameworks by addressing essential elements of theory building that have been overlooked in the literature, while synthesizing other frameworks and areas of knowledge. WISC provides a powerful foundation for posing and evaluating hypotheses, improving data collection efforts, and, most importantly, enabling critical theory building.     

Social entrepreneurship,co-production,and post-disaster recovery

Post-disaster recovery requires co-production; that is, the inputs of citizens are essential for successful community recovery to occur. Citizens contribute to post-disaster recovery by volunteering, taking on consultative and decision-making roles within their communities, and directly participating in post-disaster reconstruction efforts. Without meaning ful contributions from citizens—the intended beneficiaries—unilateral efforts by public officials and authorities will inevitably fail. This study shows that social entrepreneurs can thus play a critical role in spurring post-disaster recovery by facilitating co-production. It focuses on the role of social entrepreneurs after disasters and centres on one rural village, Giranchaur Namuna Basti in the Sindhupalchowk District of Nepal. Specifically, the study uses the case of the Dhurmus Suntali Foundation's Namuna village project in Giranchaur following the 7.8-magnitude earthquake that struck on 25 April 2015 to examine the pivotal role that social entrepreneurs assume in promoting voluntary activities, community engagement, and participation in post-disaster recovery efforts.     

Ethnicity,income, and disaster preparedness in Deep South Texas,United States

This paper examines the influence of a series of demographic and socioeconomic factors on preparedness outcomes for a sample of residents of the Rio Grande Valley in the southernmost part of Texas, United States. Data were collected as part of the regional Pulse of the Valley Study, a general social survey of south Texas residents conducted by the Center for Survey Research at the University of Texas‐Rio Grande Valley. The purpose of this investigation is to understand better the effects of ethnicity and income on preparedness within a region of the US that suffers from widespread poverty and limited infrastructure and is prone to flooding and hurricanes. Taken together, the results suggest that while age, disaster experience, and income are associated with preparedness, the relationship between preparedness and ethnicity remains complex. Furthermore, policymakers should consider initiatives that address the socioeconomic and other issues that shape preparedness for a disaster.     

Immediate behavioural responses to earthquakes in Christchurch,New Zealand,and Hitachi,Japan

This study examines people's immediate responses to earthquakes in Christchurch, New Zealand, and Hitachi, Japan. Data collected from 257 respondents in Christchurch and 332 respondents in Hitachi revealed notable similarities between the two cities in people's emotional reactions, risk perceptions, and immediate protective actions during the events. Respondents' physical, household, and social contexts were quite similar, but Hitachi residents reported somewhat higher levels of emotional reaction and risk perception than did Christchurch residents. Contrary to the recommendations of emergency officials, the most frequent response of residents in both cities was to freeze. Christchurch residents were more likely than Hitachi residents to drop to the ground and take cover, whereas Hitachi residents were more likely than Christchurch residents to evacuate immediately the building in which they were situated. There were relatively small correlations between immediate behavioural responses and demographic characteristics, earthquake experience, and physical, social, or household context.